The document provides an overview of Romanesque art between 1050-1200 AD. It discusses the rise of churches during this period due to growing pilgrimages across Europe. Architecturally, Romanesque buildings featured stone vaulting, barrel and groin vaults, arcades, and round arches borrowed from Roman designs. Sculpture of this era focused on religious narratives and relics to educate the largely illiterate populations and attract pilgrims.

1. Chapter 15: Romanesque Art Magister Ricard Art History

2. What is Romanesque? Roman Catholic Church is firmly established in Europe Refers to period between 1050-1200 AD Architectural elements are heavily borrowed from Rome Pilgrimages (tourism!) were big business, influenced architecture Sculpture taught religious ideas (due to illiteracy)

3. What Should You Know? What is the main reason or cause for the rise of churches during the 11th and 12th centuries? What are the architectural elements of this period? How are they different than the following Gothic period?

6. Age of Pilgrimages Artist: n/a Title:Christ and Disciples on the Road to Emmaus Medium: Pier relief Size: figures nearly life-size Date: c. 1100 Source/ Museum: Cloister of the Abbey of Santo Domingo, Silos, Castile, Spain

7. Apocalypse NOW! Many believed the apocalypse was coming in the year 1000 This created more devout Christians In 711, the Muslims invaded western Europe (Spain) With the Viking threat also being a thing of the past, more unemployed soldiers Crusades were devised to take back Holy Land from Muslims Pilgrimages were undertaken to show piety

8. Here come them pilgrims! Romanesque Architecture

9. Traits of Romanesque Architecture Used the basilica-plan as the model Following Carolingian and Ottonian architects Did not use concrete, instead used cut stone and mortar Buildings before 11th century used timber roofs, Romanesque use stone vaulting Barrel and groin vaults resting on piers to create large openings Arcades in side aisles allowed for pilgrims to walk around without disturbing ceremonies Cruciform layout (long nave traversed by short transept) Round arches!

10. Santiago de Compostela

12. Santiago de Compostela Artist:n/a Title:Transept, Cathedral of Saint James, Santiago de Compostela. View toward the crossing Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date:1078–1122 Source/ Museum: Galicia, Spain Held body of St. James, apostle to Iberian peninsula

13. Relics and Reliquaries One of the main attractions for pilgrims were the relics Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine) used icons Western Christians (Roman Catholic) venerated relics Every altar was to have a relic, these items become subdivided – even stolen Relics generated tourism, income for these churches and towns

14. Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy Remains of a child martyr Stolen from original shrine in Agent, France Head made from Roman statue Medium: Silver gilt over a wood core, with added gems and cameos of various dates Size: Height 33" (85 cm) Date:Late 9th or 10th century with later additions

15. Religious Orders: Cistercian Monks Advocated strict mental and physical discipline Life devoted to prayer Intellectual pursuits combined with manual labor Founded in 1098 with the Abbey of Citeaux

17. Baptistery Campanile Cathedral

19. Sant’Ambrogio, Milan Dedicated to Saint Ambrose Uses compound piers with 3 huge ribbed groin vaults No clerestory Begun 1080; vaulted after an earthquake in 1117

21. Nave, Durham Cathedral

23. Gallery

25. Saint-Etienne, Caen Vertical element follows Carolingian architects, precedes Gothic designs Spires built in 13th century Was converted from timber roof to stone masonry vault after 1120 William the Conqueror was buried there in 1087

27. Messages for the Masses Romanesque sculpture

28. Sculptural Features Architecture dominated the arts due to its demand of manpower Facades usually were didactic and symbolic Most important images were located in tympanum – semicircle above the door Archivolts frame the tympanum Trumeau – sculpted supports of door and central pier

29. Sculptural Features Tympanum Trumeau Archivolts

31. The Last Judgment, Saint-Lazare, Autun Artist:Gislebertus Title:Last Judgment, Tympanum on West Portal, Cathedral (Originally Abbey Church) of Saint-Lazare, Autun Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date:c. 1120–30 or 1130–45 Source/ Museum: Burgundy, France

32. Christ in Majesty Combines Byzantine style and Mozarabic Fills apse in San Clement of Taull, Spain Consecrated in 1123 “Ego sum lux mundi” Used glazing

35. The Bayeux Tapestry Not really a tapestry, but an embroidery Tapestry is woven Embroidery is applied to woven ground Harold, Anglo-Saxon nobleman, betrays his oath to William, Duke of Normandy With the Normans victory in 1066, William the Conqueror emerges as king of England