Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is selected based on a marker linked to a trait of interest, rather than on the trait itself. This process has been extensively researched and proposed for plant and animal breeding.Marker-assisted breeding uses DNA markers associated with desirable traits to select a plant or animal for inclusion in a breeding program early in its development. ... This genetic test is helping breeders to select for hornless cattle, which makes it safer for the animals themselves and the people handling them.
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
Within the last twenty years, molecular biology has revolutionized conventional breeding techniques in all areas. Biochemical and Molecular techniques have shortened the duration of breeding programs from years to months, weeks, or eliminated the need for them all together. The use of molecular markers in conventional breeding techniques has also improved the accuracy of crosses and allowed breeders to produce strains with combined traits that were impossible before the advent of DNA technology
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Molecular Marker and It's ApplicationsSuresh Antre
Molecular (DNA) markers are segments of DNA that can be detected through specific laboratory techniques. With the advent of marker-assisted selection (MAS), a new breeding tool is now available to make more accurate and useful selections in breeding populations.
Genomics and its application in crop improvementKhemlata20
meaning ,definition of genome ,genomics ,tools of genomics ,what is genome sequencing ,methods of genome sequencingand genome mapping ,advantage of genomics over traditional breeding program, examples of some crops whose genome has been sequenced, important points about genomics, work in the field of genomics ,applications of genomics .classification of genomics .different Omics in genomics like Proteomics ,Transcriptomics ,Metabolomics ,Need of genome sequencing
Biotechnology for Crop Improvement.
Molecular Plant Breeding-Marker Assisted Breeding/Selection.
Comparison between three main and commonly discussed marker systems- RFLP, RAPD and AFLP.
Basic Understanding for Simple Sequence Repeats, SCAR and CAPS.
Strategies to overcome food shortages using molecular plant breeding approaches, Application of various molecular marker systems and examples.
Reference List.
Presenter: Brenda Chong
Process whereby a marker is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant or determinants of a trait of interest (i.e. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or quality).
Trait of interest is selected not based on the trait itself but on a marker linked to it.
The assumption is that linked allele associates with the gene and/or quantitative trait locus (QTL) of interest. MAS can be useful for traits that are difficult to measure, exhibit low heritability, and/or are expressed late in development.
Pre-Requisites: Two pre-requisites for marker assisted selection are: (i) a tight linkage between molecular marker and gene of interest, and (ii) high heritability of the gene of interest.
Markers Used: The most commonly used molecular markers include amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSR) or micro satellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), etc. The use of molecular markers differs from species to species also.
Within the last twenty years, molecular biology has revolutionized conventional breeding techniques in all areas. Biochemical and Molecular techniques have shortened the duration of breeding programs from years to months, weeks, or eliminated the need for them all together. The use of molecular markers in conventional breeding techniques has also improved the accuracy of crosses and allowed breeders to produce strains with combined traits that were impossible before the advent of DNA technology
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Molecular Marker and It's ApplicationsSuresh Antre
Molecular (DNA) markers are segments of DNA that can be detected through specific laboratory techniques. With the advent of marker-assisted selection (MAS), a new breeding tool is now available to make more accurate and useful selections in breeding populations.
Genomics and its application in crop improvementKhemlata20
meaning ,definition of genome ,genomics ,tools of genomics ,what is genome sequencing ,methods of genome sequencingand genome mapping ,advantage of genomics over traditional breeding program, examples of some crops whose genome has been sequenced, important points about genomics, work in the field of genomics ,applications of genomics .classification of genomics .different Omics in genomics like Proteomics ,Transcriptomics ,Metabolomics ,Need of genome sequencing
Biotechnology for Crop Improvement.
Molecular Plant Breeding-Marker Assisted Breeding/Selection.
Comparison between three main and commonly discussed marker systems- RFLP, RAPD and AFLP.
Basic Understanding for Simple Sequence Repeats, SCAR and CAPS.
Strategies to overcome food shortages using molecular plant breeding approaches, Application of various molecular marker systems and examples.
Reference List.
Presenter: Brenda Chong
Process whereby a marker is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant or determinants of a trait of interest (i.e. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or quality).
Trait of interest is selected not based on the trait itself but on a marker linked to it.
The assumption is that linked allele associates with the gene and/or quantitative trait locus (QTL) of interest. MAS can be useful for traits that are difficult to measure, exhibit low heritability, and/or are expressed late in development.
Pre-Requisites: Two pre-requisites for marker assisted selection are: (i) a tight linkage between molecular marker and gene of interest, and (ii) high heritability of the gene of interest.
Markers Used: The most commonly used molecular markers include amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSR) or micro satellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), etc. The use of molecular markers differs from species to species also.
Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance RandeepChoudhary2
Topic Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance is described in detail including some case studies.
Types of markers used in genetic engineering and biotechnology are described in detail.
Marker assisted selection is a process whereby a marker (morphological, biochemical or one
based on DNA/RNA variation) is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant of a trait
of interest. Since the first reported linkage of an agronomically important trait (a quantitative
trait locus affecting seed weight) to a simply controlled gene (seed colour) in common bean by
Sax (1923), it has taken more than 60 years for genetic markers to become a qualified tool for
plant breeding programs. In rice, the Xieyou 218 hybrid was the first to be developed through
MAS to select individuals carrying a bacterial blight-resistant gene. Marker-assisted selection
(MAS) can be applied at the seedling stage, with high precision and reductions in cost. Genetic
mapping of major genes and quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for agricultural traits is increasing
the integration of biotechnology with the conventional breeding process. Traits related to
disease resistance to pathogens and to the quality of some crop products are offering some
important examples of a possible routinary application of MAS. For more complex traits, like
yield and abiotic stress tolerance, a number of constraints have severe limitations on an efficient
utilization of MAS in plant breeding. However, the economic and biological constraints such
as a low return of investment in small-grain cereal breeding, lack of diagnostic markers, and
the prevalence of QTL-background effects hinder the broad implementation of MAS but over
the past 2 decades, a number of R-genes conferring resistance to a diverse range of pathogens
have been mapped in many crops using molecular markers.
Marker assisted selection is the breeding strategy in which selection for a gene is based on molecular markers closely linked to the gene of interest rather than the gene itself, and the markers are used to monitor the incorporation of the desirable allele from the donor source. Selection of a genotype carrying desirable gene via linked marker (s) is called Marker Assisted Selection. MAS can be applied to possible to use this kind of information.
The prerequisites for the classical procedure of MAS are the tight linkage between molecular marker and gene of interest and high heritability of the gene of interest. It is noteworthy that the “quality” and the number of markers have a major impact on the success of MAS. The quality of markers relates to their characteristics and to the cost and the efficiency of the genotyping process. The number of markers affects the reliability of the linkage between them and the gene(s). In other words, screening a large number of markers has the potential to identify close and reliable linkage between the marker and the gene of interest. MAS has greater potential for efficient gene pyramiding combining several important genes in one cultivar. MAS is gaining considerable importance as it can improve the efficiency of plant breeding through precise transfer of genomic regions of interest and acceleration of the recovery of the recurrent parent genome. Marker-assisted selection is gaining considerable importance as it would improve the efficiency of plant breeding through precise transfer of genomic regions of interest (foreground selection) and accelerating the recovery of the recurrent parent genome (background selection). The use of MAS in crop improvement will not only reduce the cost of developing new varieties but will also increase the precision and efficiency of selection in the breeding program as well as lessen the number of years required to come up with a new crop variety.
Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are the three core omics technologies, which respectively deal with the analysis of genome, proteome and metabolome of cells and tissues of an organism.
Use of Microalgae for Phycoremdiation & biodiseal productioniqraakbar8
Several wastewater treatment methods are available.
But, they are not feasible for certain nutrients removal.
Considering these issues, microalgae is best alternate approach.
Photosynthetic , and accumulative capabilities of microalgae are making it especially attractive.
Zero waste water treatment and biofuel productioniqraakbar8
A number of studies have reported successful cultivation of several species of microalgae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Phormidium, Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, and Arthrospira for wastewater treatment and the efficacy of this method is promising
waste water treatment through Algae and Cyanobacteriaiqraakbar8
Use of algae in wastewater treatment. Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies.
Impact of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizers on Agricultureiqraakbar8
It often result in degradation of natural resources, releasing contaminants into soil, air, and water which directly impact human health. Inorganic fertilizers are subjected to easy breakdown in soil compared to organic manures and, therefore, easily contaminate soil, water, and air.
CRISPER Cas & Food supply chain Applicationiqraakbar8
The prokaryote-derived CRISPR–Cas genome editing systems have transformed our ability to manipulate, detect, image and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in living cells of diverse species. The ease of use and robustness of this technology have revolutionized genome editing for research ranging from fundamental science to translational medicine. Initial successes have inspired efforts to discover new systems for targeting and manipulating nucleic acids, including those from Cas9, Cas12, Cascade and Cas13 orthologues.
The next generation of crispr–cas technologies and Applicationsiqraakbar8
The prokaryote-derived CRISPR–Cas genome editing systems have transformed our ability to manipulate, detect, image and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in living cells of diverse species. The ease of use and robustness of this technology have revolutionized genome editing for research ranging from fundamental science to translational medicine. Initial successes have inspired efforts to discover new systems for targeting and manipulating nucleic acids, including those from Cas9, Cas12, Cascade and Cas13 orthologues.
Magnetic particles in algae biotechnology iqraakbar8
Magnetic nano- and microparticles have been successfully used in many areas of algae biotechnology, especially for harvesting of algal biomass, separation of algal biologically active compounds, immobilization of algal cells, removal of important xenobiotics using magnetically modified algae.
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
Microbial proteomics helps to identify the proteins associated with microbial activity, microbial host-pathogen interactions, and antimicrobial resistant mechanism. Microbial activity of pathogens can be confirmed by using the 2-D gel-based and gel-free method with the combination of MALDI-TOF-LC-MS/MS.
Genomics is the study of the structure and action of the genome, i.e. the sum total of genetic material present in an organism. Genetics is the study of heredity and of the mechanisms by which genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next.
Cyanobacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle.
Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.
Gene transfection or Method of gene transferiqraakbar8
Genetic Transfection is a very useful and basic molecular biology technique of introducing nucleic acids into cells. In general terms, to transfect means to introduce genetic material (DNA, RNA, siRNA) into eukaryotic cells using chemical methods and without the use of viruses or electroporation machines.
Proteomics Practical (NMR and Protein 3D softwareiqraakbar8
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.
Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes. ... Improve the ability to deliver drugs that are poorly water soluble. Provide site-specific targeting to reduce drug accumulation within healthy tissue.Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed to deliver the required amount of drugs effectively to appropriate target sites and to maintain the desired drug levels. Research in newer DDS is being carried out in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, implants, microencapsulation, and polymers.
Genomics C elegan genome and model organismiqraakbar8
The C. elegans genome is about 100 million base pairs long and consists of six pairs of chromosomes in hermaphrodites or five pairs of autosomes with XO chromosome in male C. elegans and a mitochondrial genome. The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes.
Like all technologies, biotechnology offers the potential of enormous benefit but also potential risks. Biotechnology could help address many global problems, such as climate change, an aging society, food security, energy security and infectious diseases, to name just a few.human health and animal health and welfare and increasing livestock productivity. Biotechnology improves the food we eat - meat, milk and eggs. Biotechnology can improve an animal's impact on the environment. And biotechnology enhances ability to detect, treat and prevent diseases.
C3 plants uses C3 cycle or Calvin cycle for dark reaction of photosynthesis. C4 plants uses C4 cycle or Hatch-Slack Pathway for the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Examples of C3 plants: Wheat, Rye, Oats, Rice, Cotton, Sunflower, Chlorella. Examples of C4 plants: Maize, Sugarcane, Sorghum, Amaranthus.
Antifreeze protein is currently a hot topic of interest.The function of the antifreeze protein is to lower the freezing temperature and to restrict the ice formation and change the ice nature by suppressing the growth of ice nuclei. It also delays the recrystallization on frozen storage. It is involved in different kind of functions like increase storage life of fruits, make the animals temperature tolerant, prevent crystal formation so, improve yield quality.Antifreeze proteins are used to tackle the problem and store food products in frozen form without loss of any texture. Antifreeze proteins are used in the food sector in products like ice cream, frozen fish and meat, and frozen dough in order to ensure the uniform texture in products.
This is technique used widely for protein separation from a mixture and is very easy and less costly method. Slides cover all essential points about EMSA and it is quite interesting to know that how it detect and separate different proteins and their mobility shift assay.
It is about aging and how aging is tried to controlled by different sort of methods and animals models are used in the testing the products created by science. It explains the different theories of aging in a very detailed manner. And the very least includes different animal models like mouse and monkey on which these treatments are applied and checked the effects of them that how we can control aging. We, can never say that controlling aging is something about that we are becoming immortal it is totally about finding the factors which can reduce tha aging and aging related diseases.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
Marker assisted selection in plants
1. Marker Assisted Selection
Presenters:
Fatima Tahir 16604
Nimra Akhtar 16626
Iqra Akbar 16630
Hira Ashfaq 16634
Muhammad Umar 16652
Maria Mubeen 16662
Maryam Iqbal 16672
Presented to:
Dr. sher Muhammad
Bioinformatics & biotechnology
2. Topic Overview
What is
marker
assisted
selection
Source of
marker
Assisted
selection
Working of
Marker
assisted
selection
Marker
assisted
selection in
plant
breeding
examples
Applications
of MAS
Advanta
ges of
MAS
Limitation
s of MAS
3. What is Marker Assisted Selection?
The addition of genomic information
to phenotypic information
to increase the selection response
to the traditional method is known
as Marker-Assisted Selection
(MAS).
4. Types of Selectable Markers
The selectable markers
that confers selective
advantages to its host
organism. An example
will be antibiotic
resistance, which
allows host organism to
survive antibiotics
selection
The selectable markers
that will eliminate its
host organism upon
selection. An example
would be thymidine
kinase, which would
make the host sensitive
for ganciclovir
selection.
9. Properties of Ideal Markers for MAS
Easy
recognition
of all
possible
phenotypes
from all
different
alleles
Abundant
in number polymorp
hic
Demonstrate
measurable
differences in
expression
between trait
types or gene
of interest
alleles, early
in the
development
of organism.
Low or null
interaction
among the
markers
allowing the
use of many
at the same
time in a
segregating
population.
10. Traits for Successful MAS
MAS work best for
traits
Low h2
Disease
resistan
ce
Can’t be
measured
even after
selection
has done.
Currently
not selected
due to lack
of available
phenotypic
data.
11. Molecular Breeding
“Plant breeding which utilizes molecular
genetic tool and approaches for genetic
improvement of crop plants”.
More precise and reliable then
conventional breeding.
12. Molecular Assisted Selection:
is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest
is selected based on a marker (morphological, biochemical or
DNA/RNA variation) linked to a trait of interest.
13. Genetic markers
• Morphological (asses visible expression)
• Biochemical.( related to protein and biochemical metabolites
production)
• Molecular markers (tightly associated to the fragment of DNA)
Molecular markers:
• Site of variation inside the DNA that act as a marker.
• Point mutations, insertion, deletions, errors etc.
• Neutral (non-coding) and co-dominant
• Higher ability of detection and mostly used markers
• Able to show high level of polymorphism
14. Classification:
1) mode of gene action:
(co-dominant or dominant markers);
(2) method of detection:
(hybridization-based molecular markers or
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- based markers);
(3) mode of transmission:
(paternal organelle inheritance, maternal
organelle inheritance, bi-parental nuclear
inheritance or maternal nuclear inheritance)
15. • Restriction fragment
length polymorphism
(RFLP)
• Random Amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
• Amplified Length
Polymorphism. ( AFLP)
• Variable Number Tandem
Repeat.
• Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism (SNP)
• Simple sequence
Repeats. SSR Markers.
• Inter simple sequence
repeats.
• Allele specific Associated
primers.
• Inverse Sequence tagged
repeats
Molecular markers types
16. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
It is a type of polymorphism that results from variation in the DNA
sequence recognized by restriction enzymes. These are bacterial
enzymes used by scientists to cut DNA molecules at known
locations. RFLPs are used as markers on genetic maps.
17. Random Amplified polymorphic DNA
It is a type of PCR, but the segments of amplified DNA are random.
No knowledge of the DNA sequence is required.
Not suitable for Larger DNA and possibility of mismatch.
18. Amplified fragment
length polymorphism
(AFLP) was first
described by Vos et al
and is a PCR-based
technique that uses
selective amplification
of a subset of digested
DNA fragments to
generate and compare
unique fingerprints for
genomes of interest.
Amplified Length Polymorphism
19. SSR MARKERS
•sequences of 2-
5 base sets of
DNA that shows
variation pattern
and occurs
throughout the
genome.
• Discovered and
developed by Litt
and Luty and
by Edwards in
humans
20. Plant Breeding
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of
plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
Aims of Plant breeding:
• Plant breeding aims
to improve the
characteristics of
plants so that they
become more
desirable
agronomically and
economically.
•increase yield,
improved quality,
disease and pest
resistance, maturity
duration, moisture
and salt tolerance
etc for specific
crops.
21. Types of Breeding
There are two Major types of Breeding;
Conventional/Classical Breeding:
Conventional plant breeding is the development or
improvement of cultivars using conservative tools for
manipulating plant genome within the natural genetic
boundaries of the species. Mendel's work in genetics use
here in this scientific age of plant breeding. This type of plant
breeding is based on the phenotypic selection of desired trait
Modern Breeding:
It is also designated as molecular breeding. Modern plant
breeding may use techniques of molecular biology to select,
or in the case of genetic modification, to insert, desirable
traits into plants. Application of biotechnology or molecular
biology is also known as molecular breeding.
24. Modern breeding
Molecular breeding:
Molecular breeding is the application of
molecular biology tools, often in plant breeding and
animal breeding.
The areas of molecular breeding include:
Genetic
transforma
tion
Genetic
engineering
Marker
assisted
selection and
genomic
selection
QTL
mapping
or gene
discovery.
25. Marker assisted selection:
Marker assisted selection is
an indirect selection process
where a trait of interest
is selected based on
a marker (morphological,
biochemical or DNA/RNA
variation) linked to a trait of
interest.
It helps us to identify specific
gene, and then the markers
are locate near the desired
area of gene as both are in
close proximity on the same
chromosome, this we refer as
genetic linkage helps to
predict weather a plant will
have the desire gene.
27. Marker assisted backcrossing
Backcross breeding is a well-
known procedure for the
introgression of a target gene
from a donor line into the
genomic background of a
recipient line.
The objective is to reduce the
donor genome content of
progenies by repeated back-
crosses.
It involves the effective
selection of target loci, also
minimizing the linkage drage,
and gives accelerated
recovery of recurrent parent.
29. Pyramiding
Widely used for combining multiple
disease resistance genes for specific
races of a pathogen.
Pyramiding is extremely difficult to
achieve using conventional methods.
Important to develop ‘durable’
disease resistance against different
races.
32. Marker assisted selection in plants
Maize:
One successful
example of MAS for
maize improvement
is the utilization of
opaque2-specific
SSR markers in
conversion of maize
lines into quality
protein maize
(QPM) lines with
enhanced nutritional
quality
Three SSR
markers (Umc
1066, Phi 057
and Phi 112)
present within
opaque 2 gene
have been
used for this
purpose.
The MAS
used for
conversion of
normal maize
lines into
QPM is
simple, rapid
and accurate.
33. MAS breeding in plants
Soybean: (SCN resistance)
The soybean cyst nematode
(SCN), is worldwide main pathogen of
soybean. The most efficient and
economical control method is the use
of resistant cultivars.
But the development of resistant
cultivars is limited due to certain
factors which is time consuming, labor-
intensive and requires much space in
the greenhouse.
The development of 1, 000
microsatellites (SSRs) led to the
construction of a consensus map for
soybean Thus, the markers near
important QTL can be used as marker
for finding regions in the linkage map.
This study evaluated the effectiveness
of using microsatellite near the
loci rhg1 and Rhg4, for the selection of
soybean lines resistant to SCN.
• Soybean: ( Aphid resistance)
In 2000 soybean aphid
become a new soybean pest in
North America in 2000.
Resistant to soybean aphid
was identified in Dowling, a
maturity group VII cultivar .
Cross is done between
Dowling resistant and Loda
(susceptible cultivar) and
tested lines for resistance.
At fifth cross we get 99.6%
resistant plant breeding line.
34.
35.
36. Rice
In rice MAS has been
successfully used for developing
cultivars resistant to bacterial
blight and blast. For bacterial
blight resistance four genes (Xa4,
Xa5, Xa13 and Xa21) have been
pyramided using STS (sequence
tagged site) markers.
In Indonesia, two bacterial blight
resistant varieties of rice viz
Angke and Conde have been
released by MAS.
The pyramided lines
showed higher level
of resistance to
bacterial blight
pathogen.
For blast resistance,
three genes (Pil, Piz5
and Pita) have been
pyramided in a
susceptible rice variety
Co 39 using RFLP and
PCR based markers.
37.
38. Applications of MAS
• MAS has been used
for genetic
improvement of
various characters in
different crops.
Important characters
which have been
improved through
MAS in different
crops include disease
resistance, insect
resistance, salinity
resistance, shattering
resistance.
• Marker assisted
selection (MAS) is
useful for
improvement of
quality characters in
different crops such
as for protein quality
in maize, fatty acid
(linolenic acid)
content in soybean
and storage quality
in vegetables and
fruit crops.
MAS is useful in
genetic
improvement of
tree species
where fruiting
takes very long
time (say 20
years) because for
application of
phenotypic
selection we have
to wait for such a
long time.
39.
40.
41. Advantages of MAS
• More accurate and efficient selection of specific
genotypes.
• More efficient use of resources
• Rapid method
• Identification of recessive Alleles
• Early detection of traits
• Screening of difficult traits
• Highly reproducible
• Small samples for testing
42. Advantages of MAS
• It can be performed on seedling material.
• Simpler method compared to phenotypic screening.
• Increased reliability.
• No environmental effects.
43. Advantages of MAS
• Our Competitive Advantage: Monsanto can continuously deliver
unique combinations of new traits and genetics through a
combination of seed chipping and molecular breeding.
• Molecular Breeding:
Molecular breeding, in practice, creates an inventory of a plant's
genes and what those genes do. Once the DNA to those genes are
identified (known as markers), our scientists can use those markers
to tell which plants we want to use to breed the next generation of
high-performing plants. It's like going from using a compass to a
GPS system, tremendously cutting down on time and resources.
• Seed Chipping:
seed chippers, designed by Monsanto engineers, allow us to
determine the genetics of a seed without destroying the seed itself.
The chipper sorts and rotates a seed so a tiny tissue sample can be
shaved off to be analyzed. If that seed contains the genetic traits we
desire, the seed is still viable, so a breeder can plant it in a field test
and use it in the breeding process to create more seeds of its kind.
44. Drawbacks of MAS
• MAS may be more expensive than conventional
techniques.
• Markers developed for MAS in one population may not
be transferrable to other populations.
• Markers must be polymorphic.
• Imprecise estimates of QTL locations and effects may
result in slower progress than expected.
• Recombination between the marker and the gene of
interest may occur, leading to the false positive.
• Sometimes markers that were used to detect the locus
must be converted to the “breeder friendly” markers.
45. Drawbacks of MAS
• Ideally markers should be <5 cm from the gene or
QTL. So in order to detect the desired gene flanking
markers are used but increase time and cost.
46.
47. Future challenges
• Improved cost-efficiency
• optimization, simplification of
methods and future
innovation.
• Design efficient and effective
marker assisted strategies.
• Greater integration between
molecular genetics and plant
breeding.
• Need to develop more markers
for Marker assisted breeding.
• Removal of linkage drags.
48. Conclusion
MAS is a
methodology
that has
already
proved its
value.
More valuable as
large number of
genes are
identified, and
their functions
and interactions
are elucidated. More reliable
and faster
than
conventional
phenotypic
assays.
Editor's Notes
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
