Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Marker Assisted Gene Pyramiding for Disease Resistance in RiceIndrapratap1
Why marker assisted gene pyramiding?
For traits that are simply inherited, but that are difficult or expensive to measure phenotypically, and/or that do not have a consistent phenotypic expression under specific selection conditions, marker-based selection is more effective than phenotypic selection.
Traits which are traditionally regarded as quantitative and not targeted by gene pyramiding program can be improved using gene pyramiding if major genes affecting the traits are identified.
Genes with very similar phenotypic effects, which are impossible or difficult to combine in single genotype using phenotypic selection, can be pyramided through marker assisted selection.
Markers provides a more effective option to control linkage drag and make the use of genes contained in unadapted resources easier.
Pyramiding is possible through conventional breeding but is extremely difficult or impossible at early generations..
DNA markers may facilitate selection because DNA marker assays are non destructive and markers for multiple specific genes/QTLs can be tested using a single DNA sample without phenotyping.
CONCLUSION:
• Molecular marker offer great scope for improving the efficiency of conventional plant breeding.
• Gene pyramiding may not be the most suitable strategy when many QTL with small effects control the trait and other methods such as marker-assisted recurrent selection should be considered.
• With MAS based gene pyramiding, it is now possible for breeder to conduct many rounds of selections in a year.
• Gene pyramiding with marker technology can integrate into existing plant breeding program all over the world to allow researchers to access, transfer and combine genes at a rate and with precision not previously possible.
• This will help breeders get around problems related to larger breeding populations, replications in diverse environments, and speed up the development of advance lines.
For further queries please contact at isag2010@gmail.com
Association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes to genotypes.Varioius strategey involved in association mapping is discussed in this presentation
To handle complex Traits like Yield, different stress we must do modification in DNA molecular breeding techniques help us to do such changes in DNA to archive the Goals.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Marker Assisted Gene Pyramiding for Disease Resistance in RiceIndrapratap1
Why marker assisted gene pyramiding?
For traits that are simply inherited, but that are difficult or expensive to measure phenotypically, and/or that do not have a consistent phenotypic expression under specific selection conditions, marker-based selection is more effective than phenotypic selection.
Traits which are traditionally regarded as quantitative and not targeted by gene pyramiding program can be improved using gene pyramiding if major genes affecting the traits are identified.
Genes with very similar phenotypic effects, which are impossible or difficult to combine in single genotype using phenotypic selection, can be pyramided through marker assisted selection.
Markers provides a more effective option to control linkage drag and make the use of genes contained in unadapted resources easier.
Pyramiding is possible through conventional breeding but is extremely difficult or impossible at early generations..
DNA markers may facilitate selection because DNA marker assays are non destructive and markers for multiple specific genes/QTLs can be tested using a single DNA sample without phenotyping.
CONCLUSION:
• Molecular marker offer great scope for improving the efficiency of conventional plant breeding.
• Gene pyramiding may not be the most suitable strategy when many QTL with small effects control the trait and other methods such as marker-assisted recurrent selection should be considered.
• With MAS based gene pyramiding, it is now possible for breeder to conduct many rounds of selections in a year.
• Gene pyramiding with marker technology can integrate into existing plant breeding program all over the world to allow researchers to access, transfer and combine genes at a rate and with precision not previously possible.
• This will help breeders get around problems related to larger breeding populations, replications in diverse environments, and speed up the development of advance lines.
For further queries please contact at isag2010@gmail.com
Association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes to genotypes.Varioius strategey involved in association mapping is discussed in this presentation
To handle complex Traits like Yield, different stress we must do modification in DNA molecular breeding techniques help us to do such changes in DNA to archive the Goals.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
Process whereby a marker is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant or determinants of a trait of interest (i.e. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or quality).
Trait of interest is selected not based on the trait itself but on a marker linked to it.
The assumption is that linked allele associates with the gene and/or quantitative trait locus (QTL) of interest. MAS can be useful for traits that are difficult to measure, exhibit low heritability, and/or are expressed late in development.
Pre-Requisites: Two pre-requisites for marker assisted selection are: (i) a tight linkage between molecular marker and gene of interest, and (ii) high heritability of the gene of interest.
Markers Used: The most commonly used molecular markers include amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSR) or micro satellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), etc. The use of molecular markers differs from species to species also.
Genetic markers, Classical markers, DNA markers, MICROSATELLITES, AFLP, SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, QTL: Quantitative Trait Locus, Activities of marker-assisted breeding, Marker-based breeding and conventional breeding Perspectives,The application of molecular technologies to plant breeding is still facing the following drawbacks and/or challenges
Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance RandeepChoudhary2
Topic Role of Marker Assisted Selection in Plant Resistance is described in detail including some case studies.
Types of markers used in genetic engineering and biotechnology are described in detail.
Marker assisted selection is a process whereby a marker (morphological, biochemical or one
based on DNA/RNA variation) is used for indirect selection of a genetic determinant of a trait
of interest. Since the first reported linkage of an agronomically important trait (a quantitative
trait locus affecting seed weight) to a simply controlled gene (seed colour) in common bean by
Sax (1923), it has taken more than 60 years for genetic markers to become a qualified tool for
plant breeding programs. In rice, the Xieyou 218 hybrid was the first to be developed through
MAS to select individuals carrying a bacterial blight-resistant gene. Marker-assisted selection
(MAS) can be applied at the seedling stage, with high precision and reductions in cost. Genetic
mapping of major genes and quantitative traits loci (QTLs) for agricultural traits is increasing
the integration of biotechnology with the conventional breeding process. Traits related to
disease resistance to pathogens and to the quality of some crop products are offering some
important examples of a possible routinary application of MAS. For more complex traits, like
yield and abiotic stress tolerance, a number of constraints have severe limitations on an efficient
utilization of MAS in plant breeding. However, the economic and biological constraints such
as a low return of investment in small-grain cereal breeding, lack of diagnostic markers, and
the prevalence of QTL-background effects hinder the broad implementation of MAS but over
the past 2 decades, a number of R-genes conferring resistance to a diverse range of pathogens
have been mapped in many crops using molecular markers.
Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is selected based on a marker linked to a trait of interest, rather than on the trait itself. This process has been extensively researched and proposed for plant and animal breeding.Marker-assisted breeding uses DNA markers associated with desirable traits to select a plant or animal for inclusion in a breeding program early in its development. ... This genetic test is helping breeders to select for hornless cattle, which makes it safer for the animals themselves and the people handling them.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop Breeding
1. MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN
CROP BREEDING
Presented By:– Pawan Kumar
ROLL. NO. – 143G03
Deptt:- Plant Breeding & Genetics
Submitted To:-
Dr. A. K. Saxena
2. MAS
Marker assisted selection
The use of DNA markers that are tightly-linked to target
loci as a substitute for or to assist phenotypic screening
DNA markers can reliably predict phenotype
Assumption
3. Breeding for specific traits in plants is expensive and time
consuming
The progeny often need to reach maturity before a
determination of the success of the cross can be made
The greater the complexity of the trait, the more time and
effort needed to achieve a desirable result
The goal to MAS is to reduce the time needed to determine if
the progeny have trait
The second goal is to reduce costs associated with screening
for traits
If we can detect the distinguishing trait at the DNA level we
can identify positive selection very early.
4. Gene vs. Markers
The gene of interest directly causes production of protein(s) or
RNA that produce a desired trait or phenotype.
Markers (a DNA sequence or the morphological or biochemical
markers produced due to that DNA) are genetically linked to the
gene of interest.
The gene of interest and the marker tend to move together during
segregation of gametes due to their proximity on the same
chromosome and concomitant reduction
in recombination (chromosome crossover events) between the
marker and gene of interest.
If the gene of interest is not known, markers linked to the
gene of interest can still be used to select for individuals with
desirable alleles of the gene of interest.
The term 'perfect marker' is sometimes used when tests are
performed to detect a SNP or other DNA polymorphism in the
gene of interest,
5. Marker types
Morphological markers: markers are often detectable by eye, by
simple visual inspection. leaf sheath coloration, height, grain color,
aroma of rice etc.
Biochemical Markers: A protein that can be extracted and
observed; for example, isozymes and storage proteins.
Cytological Markers: The chromosomal banding produced by
different strains; for example, G banding.
DNA based or Molecular Markers: A unique gene (DNA
sequence), occurring in proximity to the gene or locus of interest,
can be identified by a range of molecular techniques such
as RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, DAF, SCAR, microsatellite, or single-
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection.
6. Important properties of ideal
markers for MAS
Easy recognition of all possible phenotypes (homo-
and heterozygotes) from all different alleles
Demonstrates measurable differences in expression between trait
types or gene of interest alleles, early in the development of the
organism
Testing for the marker does not have variable success depending
on the allele at the marker locus or the allele at the target locus (the
gene of interest that determines the trait of interest).
Low or null interaction among the markers allowing the use of
many at the same time in a segregating population
Abundant in number
Polymorphic.
7. Prerequisites for an efficient
marker-assisted breeding program
Appropriate marker system and reliable markers: For a plant
species or crop, a suitable marker system and reliable markers
available are critically important to initiate a marker-assisted
breeding program. suitable markers should have following
attributes:
Ease and low-cost of use and analysis;
Small amount of DNA required;
Co-dominance;
Repeatability/reproducibility of results;
High levels of polymorphism; and
Occurrence and even distribution genome wide
8. F2
P2
F1
P1 x
large populations consisting of thousands of plants
PHENOTYPIC SELECTION
Field trials
Glasshouse trials
DonorRecipient
CONVENTIONAL PLANT BREEDING
Salinity screening in
phytotron
Bacterial blight screening Phosphorus deficiency plot
9. F2
P2
F1
P1 x
large populations consisting of thousands of plants
ResistantSusceptible
MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION (MAS)
MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING
Method whereby phenotypic selection is based on DNA markers
10. Activities of marker-assisted
breedingMarker-assisted breeding involves the following activities provided the
prerequisites are well equipped or available:
Planting the breeding populations with potential segregation for traits
of interest or polymorphism for the markers used.
Sampling plant tissues, usually at early stages of growth, e.g. emergence
to young seedling stage.
Extracting DNA from tissue sample of each individual or family in the
populations, and preparing DNA samples for PCR and marker
screening.
Running PCR or other amplifying operation for the molecular markers
associated with or linked to the trait of interest.
Separating and scoring PCR/amplified products, by means of
appropriate separation and detection techniques, e.g. PAGE, AGE, etc.
Identifying individuals/families carrying the desired marker alleles.
Selecting the best individuals/families with both desired marker alleles
for target traits and desirable performance/phenotypes of other traits,
by jointly using marker results and other selection criteria.
11. The situations favorable for MAS include
The selected character is expressed late in plant
development, like fruit and flower features or adult
characters with a juvenile period
The target gene is recessive
Special conditions are required in order to invoke expression
of the target gene(s), as in the case of breeding for disease
and pest resistance or the expression of target genes is
highly variable with the environments.
The phenotype of a trait is conditioned by two or more
unlinked genes.
12. Advantages of MAS
Simpler method compared to phenotypic screening
◦ Especially for traits with laborious screening
◦ May save time and resources
Selection at seedling stage
◦ Important for traits such as grain quality
◦ Can select before transplanting in rice
Increased reliability
◦ No environmental effects
◦ Can discriminate between homozygotes and heterozygotes
and select single plants
13. Potential benefits from MAS
More accurate and
efficient selection of
specific genotypes
◦ May lead to accelerated
variety development
More efficient use of
resources
◦ Especially field trials
Crossing house
Backcross nursery
14. (1) LEAF TISSUE
SAMPLING
(2) DNA EXTRACTION
(3) PCR
(4) GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
(5) MARKER ANALYSIS
Overview of
‘marker
genotyping’
16. Marker-assisted
backcrossing
The general procedure of MABC is as follow
Select parents and make the cross, one parent is recurrent parent
(RP), and the other one used as donor parent (DP)
Plant F1 population and detect the presence of the marker allele(s) at
early stages of growth to eliminate false hybrids, and cross the true
F1 plants back to the RP.
Plant BCF1 population, screen individuals for the marker(s) at early
growth stages, and cross the individuals carrying the desired marker
allele(s) (in heterozygous status) back to the RP.
Plant the final backcrossing population (e.g. BC4F1), and screen
individual plants with the marker(s) for the target trait. Have the
individuals with required marker allele(s) selfed and harvest them.
Plant the progenies of backcrossing-selfing (e.g. BC4F2), detect the
markers and harvest individuals carrying homozygous DP marker
allele(s) of target trait for further evaluation and release.
18. Marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS)
The long selection cycles impose restrictions on the
practicability of recurrent selection method of breeding.
In continuous nursery programs pre flowering genotypic
information is used for marker assisted selection and
controlled pollination.
It is possible today to define an ideal genotype as a pattern
of QTLs, all QTLs carrying favorable alleles from various
parents.
It is likely that through such a MARS breeding scheme
higher genetic gain will be achieved than through MABC.
19. Gene Pyramiding
Widely used for combining multiple disease resistance genes for
specific races of a pathogen
Pyramiding is extremely difficult to achieve using conventional
methods
Consider: phenotyping a single plant for multiple forms of
seedling resistance – almost impossible
Important to develop ‘durable’ disease resistance against different
races
20. F2
F1
Gene A + B
P1
Gene A
x P1
Gene B
MAS
Select F2 plants that have
Gene A and Gene B
Genotypes
P1: AAbb P2: aaBB
F1: AaBb
F2
AB Ab aB ab
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb
ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
Process of combining several genes, usually from 2 different
parents, together into a single genotype
x
Breeding plan
21. Early generation MAS
MAS conducted at F2 or F3 stage
Plants with desirable genes/QTLs are selected and alleles can
be ‘fixed’ in the homozygous state
◦ plants with undesirable gene combinations can be discarded
Advantage for later stages of breeding program because
resources can be used to focus on fewer lines
22. F2
P2
F1
P1 x
large populations (e.g. 2000 plants)
ResistantSusceptible
MAS for 1 QTL – 75% elimination of (3/4) unwanted genotypes
MAS for 2 QTLs – 94% elimination of (15/16) unwanted genotypes
23. P1 x P2
F1
PEDIGREE METHOD
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8 – F12
Phenotypic
screening
Plants space-
planted in rows for
individual plant
selection
Families grown in
progeny rows for
selection.
Preliminary yield
trials. Select single
plants.
Further yield
trials
Multi-location testing, licensing, seed increase
and cultivar release
P1 x P2
F1
F2
F3
MAS
SINGLE-LARGE SCALE MARKER-
ASSISTED SELECTION (SLS-MAS)
F4
Families grown in
progeny rows for
selection.
Pedigree selection
based on local
needs
F6
F7
F5
F8 – F12
Multi-location testing, licensing, seed increase
and cultivar release
Only desirable F3
lines planted in
field
Benefits: breeding program can be efficiently
scaled down to focus on fewer lines
24. Combined approaches
In some cases, a combination of phenotypic screening and MAS
approach may be useful
1. To maximize genetic gain (when some QTLs have been
unidentified from QTL mapping)
2. Level of recombination between marker and QTL (in other
words marker is not 100% accurate)
3. To reduce population sizes for traits where marker
genotyping is cheaper or easier than phenotypic screening
25. ‘Marker-directed’ phenotyping
BC1F1 phenotypes: R and S
P1 (S) x P2 (R)
F1 (R) x P1 (S)
Recurrent
Parent
Donor
Parent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 …
SAVE TIME & REDUCE
COSTS
*Especially for quality traits*
MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION (MAS)
PHENOTYPIC SELECTION
(Also called ‘tandem selection’)
Use when markers are not
100% accurate or when
phenotypic screening is
more expensive compared
to marker genotyping
