It is about aging and how aging is tried to controlled by different sort of methods and animals models are used in the testing the products created by science. It explains the different theories of aging in a very detailed manner. And the very least includes different animal models like mouse and monkey on which these treatments are applied and checked the effects of them that how we can control aging. We, can never say that controlling aging is something about that we are becoming immortal it is totally about finding the factors which can reduce tha aging and aging related diseases.
This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
1. Definition
2. History
3. Discrimination of stem cells from other types of cells
4. Types
5. Why stem cells are important
6. Properties
7. Application of stem cells
8. Advantages and disadvantages
This presentation provides an overview of Cell senescence, Aging, Theories of Aging,principle of senescence, Mechanism of action, Factors, Diseases caused due to this action, Senescence and cancer, Insulin signalling cascade, Telomere shortening.
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
1. Definition
2. History
3. Discrimination of stem cells from other types of cells
4. Types
5. Why stem cells are important
6. Properties
7. Application of stem cells
8. Advantages and disadvantages
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renew and to differentiate into different cell types or tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
Have possibility to become a specialised cell.
Have the ability to divide continuously and develop into various other kinds of cells.
Have immune potential and can help to treat a wide range of medical problems.
Discovery of stem cells lead to a whole new branch of medicine known as Regenerative medicine.
THE BIOLOGY OF AGING cohen_bonkowski_0410.pdfMurilloGomes9
Presentation Overview
• Part 1 (Dena)
– What is aging? Why study aging?
– Lessons from centenarians
– Evolutionary perspective on aging
– Calorie restriction
• Part 2 (Michael)
– Long lived mutants
– Conserved aging pathways
– Hot topics: aging in the news
Use of Microalgae for Phycoremdiation & biodiseal productioniqraakbar8
Several wastewater treatment methods are available.
But, they are not feasible for certain nutrients removal.
Considering these issues, microalgae is best alternate approach.
Photosynthetic , and accumulative capabilities of microalgae are making it especially attractive.
Zero waste water treatment and biofuel productioniqraakbar8
A number of studies have reported successful cultivation of several species of microalgae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Phormidium, Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, and Arthrospira for wastewater treatment and the efficacy of this method is promising
waste water treatment through Algae and Cyanobacteriaiqraakbar8
Use of algae in wastewater treatment. Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies.
Impact of Organic & Inorganic Fertilizers on Agricultureiqraakbar8
It often result in degradation of natural resources, releasing contaminants into soil, air, and water which directly impact human health. Inorganic fertilizers are subjected to easy breakdown in soil compared to organic manures and, therefore, easily contaminate soil, water, and air.
CRISPER Cas & Food supply chain Applicationiqraakbar8
The prokaryote-derived CRISPR–Cas genome editing systems have transformed our ability to manipulate, detect, image and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in living cells of diverse species. The ease of use and robustness of this technology have revolutionized genome editing for research ranging from fundamental science to translational medicine. Initial successes have inspired efforts to discover new systems for targeting and manipulating nucleic acids, including those from Cas9, Cas12, Cascade and Cas13 orthologues.
The next generation of crispr–cas technologies and Applicationsiqraakbar8
The prokaryote-derived CRISPR–Cas genome editing systems have transformed our ability to manipulate, detect, image and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in living cells of diverse species. The ease of use and robustness of this technology have revolutionized genome editing for research ranging from fundamental science to translational medicine. Initial successes have inspired efforts to discover new systems for targeting and manipulating nucleic acids, including those from Cas9, Cas12, Cascade and Cas13 orthologues.
Magnetic particles in algae biotechnology iqraakbar8
Magnetic nano- and microparticles have been successfully used in many areas of algae biotechnology, especially for harvesting of algal biomass, separation of algal biologically active compounds, immobilization of algal cells, removal of important xenobiotics using magnetically modified algae.
Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. Upon interaction between the bait and the prey, the DBD and AD are brought in close proximity and a functional TF is reconstituted upstream of the reporter gene.
Microbial proteomics helps to identify the proteins associated with microbial activity, microbial host-pathogen interactions, and antimicrobial resistant mechanism. Microbial activity of pathogens can be confirmed by using the 2-D gel-based and gel-free method with the combination of MALDI-TOF-LC-MS/MS.
Genomics is the study of the structure and action of the genome, i.e. the sum total of genetic material present in an organism. Genetics is the study of heredity and of the mechanisms by which genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next.
Cyanobacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle.
Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.
Gene transfection or Method of gene transferiqraakbar8
Genetic Transfection is a very useful and basic molecular biology technique of introducing nucleic acids into cells. In general terms, to transfect means to introduce genetic material (DNA, RNA, siRNA) into eukaryotic cells using chemical methods and without the use of viruses or electroporation machines.
Proteomics Practical (NMR and Protein 3D softwareiqraakbar8
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.
Nanotechnology drug delivery applications occur through the use of designed nanomaterials as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules such as liposomes. ... Improve the ability to deliver drugs that are poorly water soluble. Provide site-specific targeting to reduce drug accumulation within healthy tissue.Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed to deliver the required amount of drugs effectively to appropriate target sites and to maintain the desired drug levels. Research in newer DDS is being carried out in liposomes, nanoparticles, niosomes, transdermal drug delivery, implants, microencapsulation, and polymers.
Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is selected based on a marker linked to a trait of interest, rather than on the trait itself. This process has been extensively researched and proposed for plant and animal breeding.Marker-assisted breeding uses DNA markers associated with desirable traits to select a plant or animal for inclusion in a breeding program early in its development. ... This genetic test is helping breeders to select for hornless cattle, which makes it safer for the animals themselves and the people handling them.
Genomics C elegan genome and model organismiqraakbar8
The C. elegans genome is about 100 million base pairs long and consists of six pairs of chromosomes in hermaphrodites or five pairs of autosomes with XO chromosome in male C. elegans and a mitochondrial genome. The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes.
Like all technologies, biotechnology offers the potential of enormous benefit but also potential risks. Biotechnology could help address many global problems, such as climate change, an aging society, food security, energy security and infectious diseases, to name just a few.human health and animal health and welfare and increasing livestock productivity. Biotechnology improves the food we eat - meat, milk and eggs. Biotechnology can improve an animal's impact on the environment. And biotechnology enhances ability to detect, treat and prevent diseases.
C3 plants uses C3 cycle or Calvin cycle for dark reaction of photosynthesis. C4 plants uses C4 cycle or Hatch-Slack Pathway for the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Examples of C3 plants: Wheat, Rye, Oats, Rice, Cotton, Sunflower, Chlorella. Examples of C4 plants: Maize, Sugarcane, Sorghum, Amaranthus.
Antifreeze protein is currently a hot topic of interest.The function of the antifreeze protein is to lower the freezing temperature and to restrict the ice formation and change the ice nature by suppressing the growth of ice nuclei. It also delays the recrystallization on frozen storage. It is involved in different kind of functions like increase storage life of fruits, make the animals temperature tolerant, prevent crystal formation so, improve yield quality.Antifreeze proteins are used to tackle the problem and store food products in frozen form without loss of any texture. Antifreeze proteins are used in the food sector in products like ice cream, frozen fish and meat, and frozen dough in order to ensure the uniform texture in products.
This is technique used widely for protein separation from a mixture and is very easy and less costly method. Slides cover all essential points about EMSA and it is quite interesting to know that how it detect and separate different proteins and their mobility shift assay.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Aging
• It is an opportunity and challenge both at a time and
increased life expectancy is a common features of most of
countries today.
• We can define aging when two criteria are met……
Probability of
death increase
with the age of
organism.
Characteristics
changes in the
phenotype occur
in all individuals
overtime.
“It is an accumulating
process of detrimental
changes in the cells and
tissues with the increase
in age, led to increase in
the risks of diseases and
death.
3. It is a biological reality that is beyond human
control.
Loss of normal function onset of age
related diseases ultimately death.
Life expectancy is increased with better
technologies but age related diseases continue
to seriously compromise quality of life.
It is not only to extend life span but to maintain
good health and quality of life.
Dietary flavonoids act as anti-aging compounds.
Aging
4. • There are more than 300 theories, none of the which
could qualify as being the definitive theory of aging; all of
them could be, at best, labeled as “ or “aspect theories”.
1-Oxidative stress Theory:
Researchers found out that as we age we basically
started to accumulate free radicals and other oxidant
which are harmful and if left unchecked for long time it
will left serious consequences to the cells that led to
oxidative stress.
Theories of Aging:
Oxidant ROS formation mtDNA damage
Impaired DNA synthesis More ROS formation Aging
5. It is an interesting theory and got attention recently, come
forward while looking for Caloric restriction. Monkey are the
example and many animal models are studied and observed
includes mice and fish.
• Physiology study of CR person show certain improvements.
• Sirtuins protein were discovered responsible for CR affect.
Sirtuin Theory of Aging
6. Telomere
shortage:
It is an end of DNA
which protect the
DNA from damage.
With each cell division
they kept shortening
and shortening and
after about 50
divisions there is
nothing left to protect
DNA. That lead to
senescence of cell
and eventually
leading.
Damage DNA or
Genome Damage
theory:
DNA damage take two
forms: dsDNA, ssDNA
breaks, recognized by
repairing enzyme and
mutation of the base
sequence which
cannot be recognized
by enzyme and lead to
aging in a couple of
ways.
Cell senescence which
is the when functioning of
aging cell goes into
decline. They can stop
dividing or can change
the activity of dividing
cells or can begin
secreting inflammatory
molecules. As no. of
senescent cell is small
but their damage is per
found and widespread
and as they become
accumulating with the
time this damage can be
more pronounced and
lead to aging.
3-
4-
5-
5-
4-
3-
7. 6-Epi-genetics:
• Study of mechanism that manages the expression of
genes and many of these mechanism are declining with
the age. And term expression means to check gene is on
or not.
• As these mechanisms are declining with age so if gene
is activated in correctly it can lead to aging.
7-Mis-folded protein:
• Protein are long, short chains of amino acids and are
folded in a very specific and effective form. Protein
function by getting into correct shape id proteins are
unfolded or mis-folded they may either malfunction or do
not function at all.
• This is major cause of aging as in case of many age
related neuro-generative diseases such as Parkinson's
disease.
8. Stem cell exahuastion:
Undifferentiated cells that can develop into specific cell and allow the
renew of cell in an organ. As stem cell exhaused due to DNA damage
or over expression of proteins and block cellular cycle and is primary
cause of aging.
Glycation:
When sugar molecules in blood stream binds with protein and fat
result in harmful AGEs which impact the whole body. It has massive
effects on body particulalry on skin collagen and elastin to become
discolored weak, wrinkles, sagging and loss of radiance. And these
all are symptoms of aging.
AMPK pathway: ATP is the form of energy source as ATP
releases it is converted into AMP and rising level of AMP and
declining level of ATP lead to production of an enzyme named as
AMPK enzyme. This enzyme promote the rapid efficient release of
energy lower blood sugar, fat level, risk of heart disease, diabetes
and metabolic disorders. As we age this AMPK level decreases
sharply with the age lead to different disorders.
8-
9-
10-
9. Animal models used for Aging Research
• Animal species are phylogenetically close to
humans may be used as human models for the
study of human aging.
• Many species with close genetic homology may
serve as translational models to study aging and
even age related diseases.
• Mice and fish are effectively models for studying
the mechanism of aging and help in better
understanding of genetic and physiological basis
of longevity.
10. 1
• Mice have relatively short life spans and share 99% of
their genes with humans.
2
• Various genetic engineering technologies are available that
can easily manipulate the genes of mice, which helps in the
understanding genetics of human aging.
3
• Mice are used to test diets and compounds/drugs for their
ability to delay aging and extend longevity in a mammalian
model.
• Caloric restriction studies have demonstrated extended life
spans in mice.
Mouse:
11. Fish:
• Fish have been used as a gerontological model.
• It has number of advantages as for studying aging
including the availability of large no. of offspring from
single matings and their reasonably short life span, the
low costs for breeding and maintenance, and the ability
to manipulate life span by temperature reduction and
food restriction.
• In particular, guppies have proved to be an invaluable
model for evolutionary analyses of aging, killifish are
shortlived and may be exploitable for life span
manipulation studies, and zebra fish come with many
biological tools from their widespread use as a model of
vertebrate development.
• These fish are well suited for the investigation of basic
processes implicated in aging, such as insulin signaling,
oxidative stress, and comparative studies of species with
widely divergent longevities.
12. Aging and age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s
disease, and Huntington’s disease may increase in
coming years, however, successful treatment for age-
related diseases are limited
Plants always played a major role in the treatment of human
and animal diseases, and use of medicinal plants and their
products is increasing, as they contain chemical compounds
of potential value and several Indian medicinal plants have also
been proven to have anti-diabetic, antihypertensive and anti-
aging activities.
The pharmaceutical industry worldwide plays a major role in
developing new approaches to drug discovery, aiming at faster and
efficient ways to bring medicines to the market.
Several drugs and plant products are tested on animal to study the efficacy
of compounds as anti-aging. So, we can say that animal biotechnology
plays an important role in fighting aging and age-related diseases.
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL TO
UNDERSTAND AND FIGHT AGING:
13. Monkey:
• Calorie-restriction studies in monkeys also
suggest that the mortality rate in calorie-restricted
animals will be lower than that in control subjects.
• Furthermore, studies shows that calorie-restricted
monkeys have lower body temperatures and
insulin concentrations than do control monkeys
and both of those variables are biomarkers for
longevity in rodents. Calorie-restricted monkeys
also have higher concentrations of
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
• The importance of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
is not yet known, but it is suspected to be a marker
of longevity in humans, although this is not
observed consistently.
14. Mice
• In the new paper, Belmonte and his collaborators—
compared rats who ate 30 percent fewer calories with rats
on normal diets. The animals' diets were controlled from age
18 months through 27 months.
• They isolated and analyzed a total of 168,703 cells from
40 cell types in the 56 rats.
In each isolated cell, single-cell genetic-sequencing used to measure the
activity levels of genes also look at overall composition of cell types within
tissue and compared old. Many of the changes that occurred in rats on the
normal diet grew older didn't occur in rats on a restricted diet.
Many of the tissues and cells of animals on the diet closely resembled
those of and young mice on each diet
15. • Overall, 57 percent of the age-related changes in cell
composition seen in the tissues of rats on a normal diet
were not present in the rats on the calorie restricted diet.
• The number of immune cells in nearly every tissue
increased as control rats aged but was not affected by
age in rats with restricted calories.
"People say that 'you are what you eat,'
and we're finding that to be true in lots of
ways," says Concepcion Rodriguez
Esteban, another of the paper's authors
and a staff researcher at Salk. "The state
of your cells as you age clearly depends
on your interactions with your
environment, which includes what and
how much you eat."