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1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2120
A Case Study: Effect of industrial effluent contaminated water disposed
in Chambal River on irrigation land
*Vinod Kumar Dhakad1, Dr. Parag Dalal2 and Dr. J.K. Shrivastava3
1M. Tech, Research Scholar, Department of chemical engineering, Ujjain engineering college,
Ujjain 456010 (MP), India
2Asst. Prof. Department of chemical Engineering, Ujjain engineering college, Ujjain 456010, (MP), India
3Prof. & Dean Department of chemical Engineering, Ujjain engineering college, Ujjain 456010, (MP), India
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Abstract - As India is an agricultural growth based
economy and it is of prime importance to have a view oneffect
of effluent waste water on irrigation land, its adverse and
beneficial effect on soil fertility, seeds germination and crop
yield. This study is to present scarcity of water in irrigation
and reuse of industrial effluent from river cause accumulation
of N, P, K, heavy metals (Na+, Ca++, Mg++, K+ and Fe), Chloride,
Ammonia and Total Dissolved Solids. This caused a long term
effect on soil fertility but along with it is also have some
positive effect likewisecontaminatedriverwatercontains high
NPK in it, which meets the fertilizer needs.
The study focused on the area nearby Chambal river in
Madhya Pradesh Region from Nagda [23.453oN 75.415oE]
downstream to Gandhi Sagar Dam [24o42’24”N 75o33’12”E]
upstream. Where nearby industrial effluent waste water
discharged into the Chambal River and irrigation in this area
mainly depends on the reuse of Chambal river water in
summer and winter season.
Key words: - Industrial Effluent, WasteWater, ChambalRiver,
Soil, Crop.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently the scarcity of water leads to the overexploitation
of groundwater for agriculture result in fallingwatertablein
Malwa Region. It is an important issue to find new resources
of water for irrigation and reuse of river water. Industries
near river bank discharged their effluent into fresh water
without any adequate treatment (Bharti et al., 2013). Reuse
of industrial waste water provides an alternate source of
water and nutrients in it are beneficial to accelerate growth
of crops, which in turn helps farmers economically by
reducing chemical fertilizer use (Xi et al., 2014).
Chambal River like most rivers in India plays anintegral role
in the lives of thousands of communities living along the
banks of the river. The river has approximatelya spanof400
km in Madhya Pradesh. Old mythological name of this large
river is Charmanyawati. River Chambal,a principletributary
of River Yamuna, originates in the Vindhyan ranges from
Manpur near Mhow in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh at
East longitudes 73o20” and North latitudes 22o27” at an
elevation of 354 meter from sea level. It enters Rajasthan
near Chourasigarh & flow through Kota, Sawai Madhopur,
and Dholpur Districts over a length of 376 Km. Chambal
finally enters in Uttar Pradesh and meets Yamuna River.
Soil health may be define from crop production point of
view, a healthy soil is one that produces good crops suitable
for human and animal consumptions and has the ability to
recuperate to sustain production (Chhonkat et al., 2000).
Apart from valuable nutrients some contaminants causes
potential risk to soil fertility. Irrigation with water may also
have impact on soil parameters such as pH, salinity, cation
exchange capacity,buffering capacity,permeability, porosity,
toxic contaminants, macro and micro nutrients for plant
growth. Soil quality depends not only on the properties and
components of irrigation water, but also on the soil
characteristics, such as soil type nutrient condition and
concentration of heavy metals (Xi et al., 2014, Sharma and
Kaur, 2014, Ambika et al., 2010).
Major crops that are cultivated in this region comprise of
wheat, Maize, Sorghum among cereals, Gram, Tour, Urad
and Moong among pulses, while Soyabean, Groundnut and
Musturd among oilseeds. Horticulture crops like Onion,
Garlic, Ladyfinger, Cabbage, Pumpkin, Brinjal, Cauliflower
and Chilli among fruits like Papaya, Watermelon, Melon and
Cucumber. In some parts narcotic crop Opium is also
cultivated.
This study is carried out in the area along Chambal River
from Nagda, a city situated 59.5 km away from holy city
Ujjain, to Gandhi Sagar Dam in Mandsaur District. Near river
bank there are various types of industries such as fertilizer,
textile, cement, sugar, dye, steel/iron furnishing industries,
small scale treatment and production industries (distillery,
dairy, chemical and pesticides). Effluents from these
industries contain N, P, K, heavy metals, organic and
inorganic pollutants and toxic colors. This may affect the
quality of fresh river water, soil health andgroundwater and
plant tissues of the region.
Thus, we have to study water qualityparametersofChambal
River like pH, Temperature, Turbidity,Total Alkalinity,Total
Hardness, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Transparency, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Nitrate,
Phosphate, Sulphate, Ammonia, Chloride, DO, BOD and COD
and also soil quality parameters like pH, EC, OrganicCarbon,
N, P, K, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, K+ and Fe.

2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2121
2. RELEVANT LITERATURE
2.1 Effect of effluent on Chambal River Water
Pipraiya et al., (2017) studied the physico-chemical
characteristics of Chambal River water at three selected
location for sampling as Kota (Rajasthan),
Dhoulpur(Rajasthan)AndBhind-Etawaborderduringwinter
and summer season (2014-15). Compared water quality
parameters like pH, alkalinity, DO, chloride, BOD, COD, Total
hardness, Electrical conductivity (EC) and calcium, with IS
10500:2012 andalso checked thechangesoccurredfromlast
research carried out on same river. Concluded that some
parameters like DO require keen attention at selected
sampling station Kota. Strict attention is required for quality
of discharged effluent from industries at station Kota.
Reddy P.B. (2017) this study provides base line information
to find out influence of water quality on primary
phytoplankton productivity, which is indicator of toxicant
contamination. His major findings are Temperature changes
from 19.2-24.80C, Transparency 22.4-12.9cm, DO 7.2-5.1
mg/l, Phosphate 0.02-1.1 mg/l, Nitrate 50.1-421.2mg/l,
Sulphate 19.2-121.5 mg/l and Net Primary Productivity
reduced from 0.145-0.074. This shows pollution of river
water and concluded regular supervisionofthewaterquality
is recommended to prevent the pollution in this segment of
the River.
Gupta et al., (2011), Investigated the Physico-chemical
assessment of water quality ofriverChambalinKotacityarea
of Rajasthan state (India) and find out the average of three
year (2007-2009) water quality parameter as pH 7.5-8.25,
Turbidity 3.9-8.2 NTU, Total alkalinity 112-148 mg/l, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) 180-219 mg/l, Total hardness 132-
146 mg/l, Chloride 14.9-18.9 mg/l, Nitrate 10.6-36.5 mg/l,
Sulphate 13.4-26.4 mg/l, Sodium 16.6-34.6 mg/l, potassium
2.6-3.8 mg/l, Iron 0.11-0.18 mg/l, Ammonia 0.12-0.75 mg/l,
DO 4.3-6.1 mg/l, COD 7.40-38.80 mg/l, BOD 1.20-12.20.
Concluded thatincreasedamountofAmmonia,BOD,CODand
low DO shows river is moderately polluted at Kota.
Reddy et al., (2012), worked on the impact of waste water of
Chambal River and biomarker responses in fish due to
pollution. Analyze water quality, responses of fish against
waste water (by Histological, hematologicalandbiochemical
studies of fish). The major findings of this study are that
heavy metals present in industrialeffluentaremoretoxicand
causedliver damage. Water from sampling station is not free
from pollution and cannot be used for domestic purposes,
drinking and even for agriculture.
2.2 Effect of waste water reuse on crop and soil health
Reddy P.B. et al. (2014) Investigated the water and soil
sample at Nagda selecting three sampling station, one
pollution free stationupstreamasreferencestationandother
two stations downstream as polluted station. Analyzed the
wide variation of waste water and soil parameters as pH
changes from 7.7-10.1,Ca2+11.9-99.1mg/l,Mg2+5.6-8.9mg/l,
Na2+ 22.1-38.2mg/l, K+0.5-4.5mg/l, potassium 16.1-
57.0kg/ha, phosphorus 0.44-1.80 kg/ha, nitrogen 122-
149kg/ha, organic carbon % 2.2-65 and EC 0.55-
1.14mmhos/cm. They concluded that industrial effluent has
significantly changed the water quality of Chambal River at
Nagda as expected due to a wide spectrum of dyes
manufacturing sources and due to presence of dyes and
chemical in Textile effluent.
Sahare et al., (2014) investigated the physiochemical
parameter of industrial effluent, ground water and soil
(receiving and not receiving effluent) and suggested some
possible solutions of problemthatareproperlanddisposalof
waste, dilution of sewage water in irrigation, use of zeolite
and raising hyper accumulator plant.
Ambika et al., (2010) Shows that Crop growth and Soil
properties affected by Sewage Water Irrigation and
concluded that irrigationwater quality is one of the main
factors limiting the plant growth. Sewage water often have a
high nutrient load, suspended solids, dissolved nitrates,
pesticides, heavy metals and many other toxic materials /
chemicals which may be hazardous and it may affect the soil
micro-flora, soil textureandqualityandalsotheplantgrowth
and development. Effect of its direct and long term use for
irrigation needs thorough study.
Chhonkar et al., (2000) studied the effect of distillery and
paper mill effluent on soil health, crop and water bodies and
concluded that industrial effluent is characterized by high
BOD and COD and contain high percentage of different
organic and inorganic materials. This impacts agricultural
land as well as environment.
Sharma and Kaur,Reviewtheliteraturerelevanttosoilhealth
and listed the effect of effluent at different places over soil
characteristics. It shows dye industries effluent at Ujjain MP,
India contains high amount of chlorides which deteriorate
soil quality.
Roy et al., (2013), worked on industrial wastewatereffecton
crop and concluded that farmer’s when goes towards
fertilizer cost savings but toxicity of waste water bring about
their economic losses. It increased pesticide cost and weed
problem. Although it increased growth of crop but reduced
grain yield and delayed maturities. It also increased crop
diseases and soil pollution. It is not favorable inn green
environment, socioeconomic condition and sustainable
development.
3. CONCLUSION
Above study shows that industrial effluentsdegradesthe soil
quality and water quality of fresh Chambal River water. The
irrigation with this water affects thecropandtherearesome
possible solutions of this problem associated withindustrial
effluent.

3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2122
 Diluted textile effluent may be used for crops without
affecting soil quality.
 Application of ventury setup in drip or sprinkler
irrigation where zeolite/ kaolin filters can be added to
reduce the heavy metal availability to soil.
 The concerning government bodies has to spread
awareness and represent a modal to use bio-fertilizer,
which boost the yield potentials as well as decreasesthe
metal availability to plants.
 Cultivating horticulture plants like sevanthi, marigold,
isabgol and guar gum help in improving soil quality.
 Fruit plants and trees like Orange, Jack Fruit, Jujube
Fruit, Guava and Pomegranate should be cultivated
because it gives long term productivity and regular
crops can cultivated between their rows.
 Some new crops which absorb heavy metals and reduce
heavy metal concentration in soil may be cultivated.
 Continuous monitoring of industrial effluent must be
done to avoid excessive accumulation of heavy metals.
 Farmers has to try some small scale practices like first
collect waste water into a well and treat it with
ammonia liquor and sulfuric acid,whichsettletheslurry
at bottom as ammoniumsulphate(canfurtherbeusedas
fertilizer or treating agent) and then use this treated
water in irrigation.
It is concluded from above literature that there is need of
research on micro and macro nutrient requirementofcrops,
soil microbial and enzymatic activity and to develop some
models for irrigation to mitigate the effect of effluent on soil
and crop, which in turn leads to sustainable development.
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© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2123
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