Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
The dyestuff sector is one of the important segments of the chemicals industry in India, linked with a variety of sectors like textiles, leather, paper, plastics, printing inks and foodstuffs.
Unit operations and process involved in manufacturing of dyes and dye intermediates, wastewater characteristics of dyes and dye intermediates, effluent discharge standards, treatment technology for dye and dye intermediates, solid waste generation and Gaseous emissions.
The presentation gives a idea about the methods for water analysis. The parameters included are testing pH, hardness, sulphate, phosphorus, COD and many other parameters.
The dyestuff sector is one of the important segments of the chemicals industry in India, linked with a variety of sectors like textiles, leather, paper, plastics, printing inks and foodstuffs.
Unit operations and process involved in manufacturing of dyes and dye intermediates, wastewater characteristics of dyes and dye intermediates, effluent discharge standards, treatment technology for dye and dye intermediates, solid waste generation and Gaseous emissions.
The presentation gives a idea about the methods for water analysis. The parameters included are testing pH, hardness, sulphate, phosphorus, COD and many other parameters.
This presentation was presented at Watertech 2014 conference in Banff, AB earlier this year. The presentations shows the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an environmental forensics investigation to identify PAHs from a crude oil release into a river. The presentation covers how pattern assessment, diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis of extended PAH analysis of sediments can be used to identify PAHs from the crude oil release from those present in the sediments from other anthropogenic sources.
Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chlorideRabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
lab: Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chloride
To estimate aluminium by back titration using zinc sulphateMithil Fal Desai
In the complexometric titration of Al3+, excess of EDTA is reacted with Al3+ to form Al-EDTA complex. The unreacted EDTA can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ using EBT indicator. The pH of the solution is maintained at around 10 using ammonia buffer. The indicator color in the buffer is blue, while the Zn-indicator complex appears wine red. The exact concentration of EDTA salt solution is determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ at pH 10, using EBT indicator
Mark Bumiller of HORIBA Scientific discusses tactics for getting the best possible particle size results for pigments, inks, and paints. These applications tend to be more challenging than most, so the information in this presentation will be valuable for any chemist responsible for these materials.
Sources of Water, Hardness of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA method, Alkalinity of water, Scale and Sludge formation, Boiler Corrosion, Priming , Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement
Here, you find out the
Requirements for preparation of benzimidazole
Synthetic reaction of benzimidazole
Theory regarding benzimidazole
Procedure for preparation of benzimidazole
Observation and calculations
Result or report
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
This presentation was presented at Watertech 2014 conference in Banff, AB earlier this year. The presentations shows the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an environmental forensics investigation to identify PAHs from a crude oil release into a river. The presentation covers how pattern assessment, diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis of extended PAH analysis of sediments can be used to identify PAHs from the crude oil release from those present in the sediments from other anthropogenic sources.
Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chlorideRabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
lab: Synthesis of benzamide from benzyl chloride
To estimate aluminium by back titration using zinc sulphateMithil Fal Desai
In the complexometric titration of Al3+, excess of EDTA is reacted with Al3+ to form Al-EDTA complex. The unreacted EDTA can be determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ using EBT indicator. The pH of the solution is maintained at around 10 using ammonia buffer. The indicator color in the buffer is blue, while the Zn-indicator complex appears wine red. The exact concentration of EDTA salt solution is determined by titrating it with a standard solution of Zn2+ at pH 10, using EBT indicator
Mark Bumiller of HORIBA Scientific discusses tactics for getting the best possible particle size results for pigments, inks, and paints. These applications tend to be more challenging than most, so the information in this presentation will be valuable for any chemist responsible for these materials.
Sources of Water, Hardness of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA method, Alkalinity of water, Scale and Sludge formation, Boiler Corrosion, Priming , Foaming, Caustic Embrittlement
Here, you find out the
Requirements for preparation of benzimidazole
Synthetic reaction of benzimidazole
Theory regarding benzimidazole
Procedure for preparation of benzimidazole
Observation and calculations
Result or report
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
Evaluation of anthropogenic activities in udyavara river basin, south west co...eSAT Journals
Abstract River environment is one of the highly water yielding place for present generation. It is influenced by geomorphic processes like shoreline erosion, siltation, sedimentation, flooding etc. Modification in river ecology is also influenced by the estuaries and sea. Most of the population will be alongside the river basin fetching river water for daily use. In this project work, Udyavara river basin is taken into consideration which is also prevailing at the coastal belt of Karnataka in Udupi district. Udyavara River incorporates the catchment that feed into the estuaries, coastlines and the groundwater that underlies the river basin. Increasing population, industrialization, solid waste dumping and improper sanitary conditions may contaminate the river water for future use. This study considers implementing of measures aimed at maintaining and improving the aquatic environment by restriction to adverse anthropogenic activities. Recently environmental problems have arisen in the river basin which is leading to monitoring and settling environmental objectives for groundwater and surface water pollution. The overall objective of the present study is to prevent deterioration and achieve environmental improvement. It can be concluded based on the results that environmental problems can be solved in this stage and sustainability can be achieved. Keywords: Udyavara River Basin, anthropogenic activities, third order, riverine environment, water pollution, water quality
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Performance evaluation of existing waste water treatment planteSAT Journals
Abstract
Dairy industry is one of the major industries causing water pollution. In India, dairy industry generates about 6-10 L of wastewater/L
of milk processed, depending upon the process scheme and products manufactured. Poorly treated wastewater with high levels of
pollutants caused by poor design, operation or maintenance of treatment systems creates major environmental problems, when such
waste water is discharged to surface water or on land. Considering the above stated implications an attempt has been to evaluate the
performance of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at KMF dairy, Gulbarga. Samples were collected from seven points; Raw waste
water [P1] to Secondary clarifier [P6] including the treated effluent [P7] to evaluate the performance of WWTP. Parameters
analyzed for evaluation of performance of WWTP are pH, Acidity, Alkalinity, COD, BOD5 @ 20° C, TS. Tests were performed to find
the fate of pollutants in WWTP. The present study shows that COD removal efficiency of WWTP was found to be 49.89% and BOD5
removal efficiency of WWTP was found to be 74.07%. Though COD efficiency is high but its concentration in the treated effluent
exceeds the limit prescribed by the regulatory authorities. Hence it is recommended to redesign the WWTP to achieve better
performance.
Keywords: Waste water, performance, organic content, dairy industry
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Physico Chemical Properties of Light Greywater for Residential Society in Bad...ijtsrd
Water plays a vital role and one of the basic necessities of human being. As per the report from the United Nations has estimated that in the year 2025, about 2.6 billion people will be facing water scarcity problems which mean more than half of the population will be affected by water scarcity and even it will not be exerted to say that third world war may occur due to water. 1 Water dearth has turn out to be one of the most critical problems of the current era. Some experts have also suggested that water shortage will turn out to be more severe than oil dearth in the future. The need for increased water requirement for the growing population in the new century is generally assumed, without considering whether available water resources could meet these needs in a sustainable manner. The question about from where the extra water is to come, has led to this study. It is necessary to learn physico chemical properties of contamination of water to understand its reuse in a residential building. It is possible to intercept this grey water, at the household level, treat it so that it can be recycled for using other purposes. In this report we are going to study the domestic light grey water i.e. washing clothes, wash basin, bathroom from day to day life of case study of residential building Mohan Willows in Bhosale Nagar, Shirgaon, Balapur. The samples were analysed for the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. The parameters examined were pH, Turbidity, TDS, COD, BOD, Oil and Grease, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Alkanity, Sulphate, Iron, Lead, Zinc, DO and Nitrate. The research showed that the quality of light greywater with respect to COD, BOD, turbidity and total hardness requires adequate treatment prior to household reuse. With regard to the trace and heavy metal contents, no further treatment is required. Suresh D. Suryawanshi | Prof. Padmakar J Salunke | Prof. Shreeshail Panchu Gaikwad "Physico-Chemical Properties of Light Greywater for Residential Society in Badlapur, Thane District Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50260/physicochemical-properties-of-light-greywater-for-residential-society-in-badlapur-thane-district-maharashtra/suresh-d-suryawanshi
Similar to Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag city (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag city
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 320
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF BHISHMA LAKE AT GADAG CITY
Anupama Kuradagi1
, R B. Gadag2
1
Anupama Kuradagi, Student, Department of Civil Engg, KLE’s Dr.MSSCET, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
2
R B. Gadag, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engg, KLE’s Dr.MSSCET, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread all over the
world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study the effects of
pollution of water quality in Bhishma lake due to rapid urbanization and to identify the sources of pollution in lake. The samples
were collected from January to April and bi-monthly tests were carried out. The physico-chemical characteristics of water
samples like pH, turbidity, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, potassium, sodium,
dissolved oxygen, BOD were analyzed in order to determine the level of contaminants present in lake water and its possible
mitigation measures. Water qualities such as pH, Total Dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride,
sodium, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) were determined for water samples collected from five stations in lake. The analysis of lake water parameters
showed that the total hardness, turbidity, total dissolved solids and alkalinity values exceeding the desirable limit and due to
presence of organic and inorganic pollutants Dissolved Oxygen (DO) has reduced, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has increased which shows the poor quality of water and is not suitable for human
consumption these values have been graphically plotted.
Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is a primary source of life and sustains all human
activities such as domestic needs, agriculture, industries etc.,
the allocation and management of water resource is
becoming a difficult task due to increasing demands,
decreasing supply and diminishing quality. This calls for
judicious use of water resources. [1]
The use of water by man, plants and animals is universal,
without it there can be no life. Every living thing requires
water. Man and animal not only consume water but they
also consume vegetation, for their food. Vegetation in turn
cannot grow without water. The use of water is increasing
rapidly with growing population. Already there is an acute
shortage of both surface and underground water in many
parts of the country. Careless pollution and contamination of
the streams, lakes, reservoirs, wells and other underground
water sources has greatly impaired the quality of available
water. [1]
1.2: Water Pollution.
Water pollution is the contamination of the water body like
lake, pond, river and ocean. Water pollution occurs when
pollutants directly or indirectly enters in to the water bodies
without proper treatment. [2]
1.3: Classification of Sources Of Pollution.
The sources of pollution may be classified into two parts. [2]
Point source.
Non point source.
Point sources: A point source is a stationary location or
fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged or
emitted or any single, identifiable discharge point of
pollution such as a pipe or ditch. [2]
Non-point sources : The term non-point source is used
to identify source of pollution that are diffuse and do
not have a point of origin or that are not introduced
into a receiving stream from a standard outlet.[2]
1.4: Sources of Pollution In Lakes.
It includes land use from agriculture, urban and urban
development and other uses which contribute to
pollution. Untreated domestic waste discharge from the
cities also contributes to the pollution of lakes. [3]
Daily human activities like vehicles deposit oil on to
roads ,driveway and parking lots , flowing water picks
up fertilizers applied to lawns and crops, pet and
livestock waste which contains bacteria and virus.[3]
1.5: Eutrophication.
Fig 1.1: Typical representation of causes of eutrophication
in lake. [5]
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 321
Lakes are defined by stagnant water surrounded by land.
Quality and quantity of water does not only shows
difference in the stream flow regime but also damages
ecosystem. physical, chemical and biological parameters
show the hydrologic status of water which shows quality
and quantity of lakes. Light, wind, water and
temperature, etc., classified under physical parameters.
The chemical inputs include minerals, gas, oxygen and
other metals. [5]
Eutrophication is a process taking place by enrichment
of water by nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous.
Eutrophication is the major problem faced by the surface
water bodies that affects the quality of water. It damages
fresh water and causes algal blooms, fish kills because of
depletion of DO and effects other aquatic species.
Domestic sewage include large quantity of phosphorus
and nitrogen which effects lake water. Agriculture runoff
also damages quality of lake water as it contains
pesticides and fertilizers. [6, 7]
Eutrophication is the major problem faced by developed
and developing countries. Nutrients in the lakes usually
come from point source e.g. municipal and industrial
wastes and non-point source, e.g. agriculture run off. [7]
Lakes are classified as oligotrophic, eutrophic and
mesotrophic depending on the nutrients present in the
water bodies. Climate, vegetation, inflow and
topography also effects lake water. [7]
2. Objectives of the study
To study the effects of point and non point pollution
sources on water quality of Bhishma lake in Gadag city
due to rapid urbanization.
To identify the sources of pollution for Bhishma lake
water and how much sewage is joining into the
Bhishma lake with what characteristics?
To study the characteristics of raw sewage and physico
- chemical characteristics of Bhishma lake water and
check it’s suitability for drinking purpose.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1:General
Physico-chemical parameters for the water samples in
Bhishma lake were analyzed during the study period.
Methods and equipments used in the study are given in the
table 3.1.
Sl.
No.
Parameters Principle
Instrument /
Technique used
1 pH Electrometry pH meter MK VI, Systronics,Sr.No-9872
2 Total Dissolved Solids Ionometry Conductivity meter/Ionometer 307,Systronics,Sr.No-373
3 Alkalinity Titrimetric method Titration, Volumetric glassware
4 Total Hardness EDTA Titrimetric method Titration, Volumetric glassware
5 Nitrate Phenol Di-sulphonic Acid
method
Digital Spectrophotometer
6 Phosphate Colorimetry method Digital Spectrophotometer
7 Sodium Flame Photometry Flame photometer,Systronics,type:128
8 Potassium Flame Photometry Flame photometer,Systronics,type:128
9 Chloride Argentometric method Titration, Volumetric glassware
10 Turbidity Nephelometry method Nephlometer,
Elico 22A,Sr.No-0065
11 Dissolved Oxygen Azide modification method Volumetric glassware.
12 Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
Dilution method BOD incubator, BOD bottles & titration apparatus.
13 Chemical Oxygen
Demand
Open Reflux method COD digester.
14 Suspended Solids Gravimetric method Suction apparatus, desicator.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 322
3.2: Characteristics of Sewage
Table 3.2: Standards for discharging effluents in surface
water. [19]
SI.
No
Characteristics Tolerance
limit
1. Total suspended solids, mg/L,
max
100
2. Particles size of total suspended
solids.
Shall pass IS
sieve 850
3. PH 5.5 to 9.0
4. Temperature Shall not
exceed 40o
C in
any section of
the streams
within 15m
downstream
from the
effluent outlet
5. Color & Odor Should be
absent as far as
practicable.
6. COD, mg/L, max 250
7. Oil & grease, mg/L ,max 10
8. Phenolic compounds, mg/L max 1.0
9. Cyanides (as CN), mg/L, max 0.2
10. Sulphides (as S), mg/L, max 2.0
11. Radioactive materials
a. Alpha emitters µc/ml, max
b. Beta emitters µc/ml, max
10-7
10-6
12. Insecticides Absent
13. Total residual chlorine, mg/L,
max
1.0
14. Fluorides (as F),mg/L, max 2.0
15. Arsenic (as As),mg/L, max 0.2
16. Cadmium (as Cd),mg/L, max 2.0
17. Hexavelent Chromium (as
Cr+6
),mg/L, max
0.1
18. Lead (as Pb), mg/L, max 0.1
19. Copper (as Cu), mg/L, max 3.0
20. Mercury (as Hg), mg/, max 0.01
21. Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, max 3.0
22. Selenium (as Se), mg/L, max 0.05
23. Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, max 5.0
24. Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, max 5.0
25. BOD for 5 days a 200
C, mg/L,
max
30
3.3: Sampling Technique
3.3.1: Grab Sampling
A grab sample is one discrete sample where the sample is
collected at once and can only represent the conditions at a
particular time. It can be done manually by dipping the
container directly into the water to be sampled or by using a
pump. [21]
3.3.2: Collection of Sample
Samples were collected and stored in bottles. Diluted
hydrochloric acid or detergents were used for cleaning the
bottles. Once the bottles were cleaned thoroughly rinsed
with the reagent water and sealed properly. All samples
were properly labeled with time of sampling and date of
sampling and the source. The samples were tested in
laboratory within the 24 hours. If the time exceeds 24 hours
the samples have to be preserved at 40
C and the analysis
should be done within 48 hours. [21]
The samples from the lake were collected from January
2015 to April 2015. Bi-monthly samples were collected
periodically during morning hours between 8 am to 10 am.
The physico-chemical parameters such as turbidity, pH, DO,
TDS, BOD, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, sodium, chloride,
hardness, suspended solids, COD & alkalinity were
analyzed in both, Environmental laboratory, Department of
Civil Engineering, KLE Dr. MSSCET Belgavi and Krishi
Vigyana Kendra, Hulkoti according to APHA AWWA
standard methods. [21]
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1: Characteristics of Raw Sewage Joining Into
Bhishma Lake.
Parameters Raw sewage
January-20
Raw sewage
February-20
Raw sewage
Marh-20
Raw sewage
April-20
pH
6.20 6.30 6.50 6.70
Chloride 55.20 mg/L 58.32 mg/L 64.20 mg/L 68.12 mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids 580.10 mg/L 6OO.23 mg/L 630.11mg/L 648.18 mg/L
Dissolved Oxygen 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 208.32 mg/L 220.12 mg/L 232.80 mg/L 238.72 mg/L
Chemical Oxygen Demand 335.12 mg/L 355.16 mg/L 372.12 mg/L 392.20 mg/L
Nitrate 54.17 mg/L 56.21 mg/L 57.23 mg/L 58.11mg/L
Phosphate 6.32 mg/L 6.29 mg/L 6.30 mg/L 6.33 mg/L
Suspended Solids 192.23 mg/L 222.35 mg/L 243.14 mg/L 273.21 mg/L
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 323
The raw sewage which is joining into Bhishma lake is dark
grey in color with stinking smell and the temperature is
280
C which is measured with the help of thermometer.
Grab sampling was carried out monthly for four months
from January 2015 to April 2015. Monthly once the raw
sewage was collected in a bottle 30cm from the surface and
tested for the above parameters in the lab rotary.
4.2.1:pH.
The pH values analyzed for the water samples at sampling
stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
Table 4.2: shows the pH values analyzed at five sampling
stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015.
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS:10500-2012
Jan 27th
7.5 8.0 8.2 8.3 7.8
6.5-8.5
Feb 11th
7.7 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.7
Feb 26th
7.4 8.2 7.9 8.0 7.6
Mar 13th
7.8 8.0 8.1 8.2 7.9
Mar 27th
7.6 7.9 8.2 8.0 8.1
Apr 11th
7.5 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.0
Apr 26th
7.8 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.9
Mean pH 7.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.6
The desirable limit of pH is 6.5-8.5 for drinking water as per
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):10500-2012. The pH
values at all the sampling stations were found to be within
the desirable limit.
4.2.2: Alkalinity.
The alkalinity values analyzed for the water samples at
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
Table 4.3: shows the alkalinity values analyzed at five sampling stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015.
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS:10500-2012
Jan 27th
160.00 250.00 165.00 230.00 260.00 DL
Feb 11th
158.00 245.21 162.00 232.00 264.00
200 mg/L
Feb 26th
162.16 251.40 163.22 235.10 262.40
Mar 13th
164.28 252.36 161.80 231.60 265.00
Mar 27th
166.00 253.70 166.43 233.55 261.60
Apr 11th
159.13 256.00 160.80 234.00 267.63
Apr 26th
157.04 254.50 167.40 230.64 260.50
Mean
Alkalinity
160.92 253.14 163.80 232.38 263.01
The desirable limit of alkalinity is 200 mg/L for drinking
water as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):10500-2012.
Tests were carried out from Jan 2015- April 2015. The
average alkalinity values at sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
are 160.92, 253.14, 163.80, 232.38 and 263.01 mg/L
respectively. At stations 2, 4 and 5 were found to be
exceeding the desirable limit for Bhishma lake.
4.2.3: Dissolved Oxygen (Do).
The DO values analyzed for the water samples at sampling
stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
Table 4.4: shows the DO values analyzed at five sampling stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015.
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS:
10500-
2012
Jan 27th
1.86 2.89 3.10 3.56 3.84
NG
Feb11th
1.83 2.88 3.15 4.0 3.65
Feb 26th
1.80 2.86 3.20 4.2 4.20
Mar 13th
0.80 2.83 3.24 3.9 4.13
Mar 27th
0.84 2.84 2.89 4.00 4.00
Apr 11th
0.89 2.75 2.88 4.22 3.97
Apr 26th
0.90 2.60 2.80 4.10 4.10
Mean DO 1.27 2.80 3.03 3.90 3.97
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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4.2.4: Nitrate.
The nitrate values analyzed for the water samples at
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
Table 4.5: Nitrate values analyzed at five sampling stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015.
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS:10500- 2012
Jan
27th 15.00 15.00 12.00 17.00 12.00
DL
Feb
11th 14.00 12.00 10.00 15.00 11.00
45 mg/L
Feb
26th 15.00 13.00 11.00 17.00 10.00
Mar
13th 13.00 16.00 13.00 14.00 12.00
Mar
27th 12.00 14.00 12.00 13.00 13.00
Apr
11th 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 11.00
Apr
26th 11.00 15.00 11.00 13.00 14.00
Mean
Nitrate
12.85 13.85 11.82 15.00 11.85
It is found that the average values of nitrate for all the
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 12.85, 13.85, 11.82,
15.00 and 11.85 mg/L respectively were found to be within
desirable limit. The desirable limit for nitrate is 45 mg/L for
drinking water as per Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS):10500-2012.
4.2.5: Phosphate.
The phosphate values analyzed for the water samples at
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
Table 4.6: Phosphate values analyzed at five sampling stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015.
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS:10500-
2012
Jan 27th
0.024 0.028 0.026 0.030 0.029
NG
Feb 11th
0.022 0.026 0.024 0.028 0.026
Feb 26th
0.021 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027
Mar 13th
0.024 0.024 0.027 0.024 0.025
Mar 27th
0.023 0.023 0.028 0.025 0.028
Apr 11th
0.025 0.027 0.024 0.027 0.029
Apr 26th
0.022 0.028 0.022 0.023 0.027
Mean
Phosphate
0.023 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027
It is found that the average phosphate values for all the
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 0.023, 0.025, 0.025,
0.026 and 0.027 mg/L respectively. These values are
significant for leaching of fertilizers and pesticides.
4.2.6: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Bod).
The BOD values analyzed for the water samples at sampling
stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
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Table 4.7: BOD values analyzed at five sampling stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS: 10500-
2012
Jan 31st
4.5 5.2 4.8 4.5 5.1
NGFeb 16th
4.1 5.0 4.6 4.3 5.0
Mar 2nd
4.3 4.8 4.4 4.2 4.8
Mar 16th
4.0 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.6
Mar 30th
4.2 5.1 4.5 4.6 4.4
Apr 14th
4.1 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.4
Apr 30th
4.6 5.2 4.5 4.8 5.3
Mean BOD 4.25 4.97 4.62 4.50 4.80
It is observed that average BOD values at all the five
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 4.25, 4.97, 4.62, 4.50
and 4.80 mg/L respectively. From the analysis it is clear that
average BOD values are high and water is contaminated
with organic matter and inorganic pollutants.
4.2.13: Chemical Oxygen Demand (Cod).
The COD values analyzed for the water samples at sampling
stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are given below.
Table 4.2.8: COD values analyzed at five sampling stations for Bhishma lake, Jan 2015 to Apr 2015.
Month
Sampling
station-1
Sampling
station-2
Sampling
station-3
Sampling
station-4
Sampling
station-5
BIS:10500-2012
Jan 31st
10.0 11.0 12.00 10.0 13.0
NG
Feb 16th
8.62 9.53 10.26 9.31 12.0
Mar 2nd
8.54 9.52 8.46 8.70 9.90
Mar 16th
9.42 10.23 9.00 9.52 8.60
Mar 30th
9.67 9.21 8.62 9.72 7.52
Apr 14th
9.40 10.40 8.31 10.25 7.60
Apr 30th
9.52 9.40 11.30 9.72 7.65
Mean COD 9.31 9.89 9.70 9.60 9.46
It is observed that average COD values at all the five
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are 9.31, 9.89, 9.70, 9.60
and 9.46 mg/L respectively. These average values of COD
indicate the extent of pollution because of organic and
inorganic pollutants present in the water.
4.2: Sewage Quantity Discharging Into Bhishma
Lake.
Table 4.2.9: Sewage quantity discharging into Bhishma lake. [22]
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr
Sewage quantity in liter/ month
15,25,440 15,25,520 15,25,405 12,25,612
Average sewage quantity in liter
14,50,494
5. CONCLUSIONS
Bhishma lake is situated in the Gadag city. Total area of
lake is 20,234m2
. Five sampling stations were selected for
the water quality analysis. A part of city sewage and
domestic waste is entering into lake. Five sewage points are
joining the Bhishma lake 1) Karyappa circle, 2) Near
Mahatma Gandhi hospital, 3) Hotel Shivani Inn cross, 4)
Bellary road idiga maidhan and 5) Dambal naka. 2,542.4
liter of sewage is joining from each point. Per day 50,848
liter of sewage is discharged for four hours into the Bhishma
lake. It is a rain fed natural lake and from the analysis it was
found that the major problem faced by lake is sewage
discharge, waste dumping and other human activities such
as washing cloth, animals and vehicles. Water is available
throughout the year in the Bhishma lake.
During the study period of four months from January
2015 to April 2015 the raw sewage sample were
collected monthly once and the following parameters
were tested such as pH, Chloride, DO, BOD, COD,
TDS, Nitrate, Phosphate and Suspended solids. The
values obtained for pH varied from 6.20 to 6.70,
Chloride varied from 55.20 to 68.12 mg/L, DO were
found to be 0, BOD varied from 208.32 to 238.72
mg/L, COD varied from 335.12 to 392.0 mg/L, TDS
varied from 580.10 to 648.18 mg/L, Nitrate varied
from 54.17 to 58.11 mg/L, Phosphate varied from 6.32
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to 6.33mg/L and Total Suspended Solids varied from
192.23 to 273.21 mg/L. From the obtained values the
strength of the sewage is considered to be medium.
The average alkalinity values at sampling stations 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 were 160.92, 253.14, 163.80, 232.38 and
263.01 mg/L respectively. At stations 2, 4 and 5 were
found to be 253.14, 232.38 and 263.01 mg/L
respectively exceeding the desirable limit of 200 mg/L
for drinking water as per Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS):10500-2012.
The average chloride values at sampling stations 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 were 152.61, 233.25, 161.61, 232.02 and
231.74 mg/L respectively for the Bhishma lake were
found to be within the desirable limit of 250 mg/L for
drinking water as per Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS):10500-2012.
The average DO values at all the five sampling stations
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1.27, 2.80, 3.03, 3.90 and 3.97
mg/L respectively. Due to presence of organic and
inorganic pollutants in the water DO in the Bhishma
lake water is very less. There is no consistency in the
average DO values as per the findings.
From the present study it was found that the average
nitrate values at sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
12.85, 13.85, 11.82, 15.00 and 11.85 mg/L respectively
were found to be within desirable limit. For drinking
water as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):10500-
2012 the desirable limit of nitrate is 45 mg/L. These
values signify fertilizer leaching.
It is observed that average BOD values at all the five
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 4.25, 4.97, 4.62,
4.50 and 4.80 mg/L respectively. Due to presence of
organic and inorganic pollutants in the Bhishma lake
water the BOD values are high. These average values
directly signify presence of organic matter and the
microbial activities.
It is observed that average COD values at all the five
sampling stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 9.31, 9.89, 9.70,
9.60 and 9.46 mg/L respectively. These average values
of COD indicate the presence of non-biodegradable
contaminants in the Bhishma lake water.
From the present study it can be concluded that the
Bhishma lake is getting polluted by the entry of raw
sewage, so the sewage should be diverted away from
the lake or allowed to join the lake after treatment.
Human activities which directly load the lake with
pollutants must be monitored. Waste dump is also
contributing for the pollution of the lake so the waste
dump should be shifted to a place away from the lake
and its watershed areas.
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