The document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Gomati River in Lucknow, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. The study found contamination with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor pesticides at some locations, as well as various heavy metals. The water quality was determined to be unsafe for human consumption based on the contaminant levels found.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM MUNCIPAL LANDFILL AND ITS EFFECT ON SURROUN...Dr. Naveen BP
Percolating water passing through waste becomes contaminated and will have dissolved soluble organic and inorganic compounds as well as suspended particles. Also the pore fluid of the waste is often released and mixes with this water. The entire contaminated fluid is called leachate. There are many factors that affect leachate production like annual precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, and freezing, mean ambient temperature, waste composition, waste density, initial moisture content, and depth of the waste fill. The production of leachate reduces when a landfill is closed. The decomposition of waste in presence of water can be separated into two different phases of degradation viz., initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic. Generally, the leachate undergoes natural chemical changes over time that reduces its toxicity. Some of the soluble contaminants enrich the water table, or the saturated zone. Some of remaining molecules naturally adsorbed to the clay liner particles. The paper discusses the characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfill and its effect on surrounding water bodies near Mavallipura landfill area in Bangalore. Two samples of water from the nearby pond and well were collected from downstream of Mavallipura landfill site. Physico-chemical characterization of leachate has shown that the leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While the heavy metals concentration was in traces as the waste is dumped in the landfill is mainly domestic in nature. The pH of the leachate is marginally alkaline as the pH is 7.4. The results also showed that the highest metal concentration that exists in the leachate was Iron which is about of 11.16 ppm. BOD5 and COD of the leachate are 1500 mg/l and 10400 mg/l, respectively. The leachate characteristics indicate favorable growth of algae in natural water contaminated with leachate with the alkaline condition and with the presence of magnesium as nutrient, which has been confirmed in the nearby surface pond. Knowledge of leachate quality will be useful in planning and providing remedial measures to protect surface and ground water quality in the area.
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
ABSTRACT- A study was carried out to assess the pollution load in river Yamuna at Mathura (U.P.) and its impact on
population size of some aquatic microbes. The key indicators of sewage waste load were Coliform count (MPN), BOD,
sulphates, chloride and ammonia. The susceptible microbes that were analysed included Ulothrix, Paramecium spp.
Difflugia sp. and species of Cyclops. The study revealed that the river is very badly polluted especially with sewage,
garbage and effluents from city and local industries. The population of Coliform bacteria and Ulothrix (algal organisms)
was found very high in those areas, where organic pollutants were very high in amount. But other organisms like,
Paramecium spp. Difflugia spp. and Cyclops exhibited a severe decline in population count, indicating heavy pollution
load, especially during summer months.
Key-words- Pollutants, BOD, Coliform bacteria, Sewage waste
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
ABSTRACT- A study was carried out to assess the pollution load in river Yamuna at Mathura (U.P.) and its impact on
population size of some aquatic microbes. The key indicators of sewage waste load were Coliform count (MPN), BOD,
sulphates, chloride and ammonia. The susceptible microbes that were analysed included Ulothrix, Paramecium spp.
Difflugia sp. and species of Cyclops. The study revealed that the river is very badly polluted especially with sewage,
garbage and effluents from city and local industries. The population of Coliform bacteria and Ulothrix (algal organisms)
was found very high in those areas, where organic pollutants were very high in amount. But other organisms like,
Paramecium spp. Difflugia spp. and Cyclops exhibited a severe decline in population count, indicating heavy pollution
load, especially during summer months.
Key-words- Pollutants, BOD, Coliform bacteria, Sewage waste
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Assessment of Canal Sediments for Agricultural Uses - JBESInnspub Net
The study was conducted to analyze the extent of heavy metals contamination and bacteriological content in the sediments of Lahore Branch Canal. The main purpose of digging this canal was that the areas of Lahore and Kasur could be irrigated for the means of agriculture. Due to improper drainage systems of industrial sectors and residential areas the level of pollution is increasing in the canal. Sediment samples were collected from three sites located at the canal intersections namely Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University New Campus and Dharampura during the canal closure period in 2014 and 2015. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc and Iron) by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the bacteriological content (Total coliform) was analyzed by pour plate method. The metals Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Cobalt were detected in minute concentration. Only the concentration of iron was higher than the recommended limit. According to the Codex Alimentarius standards, all the sediments samples were in safe limits. The Total coliform concentrations for the areas Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University and Dharampura were 2500, 5000 and 6000 colonies in year 2014 respectively. In 2015 the colonies of total coliform were found to be 1100, 4130 and 6400 in the same areas respectively. When these sediments are used for agricultural purposes the deposited metals present in them pose harm to the crops. When crops are eaten by human, the metals ultimately get transferred to human. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/assessment-of-canal-sediments-for-agricultural-uses/
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 µS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
An assessment of seasonal fluctuations in physicochemical variables in Lake Z...AI Publications
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This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME-A CASE STUDYijiert bestjournal
Purandar Lift Irrigation scheme is on Mula-Mutha River near Pune in India envisaged to supply
4 TMC of water to drought prone area of Purandar, Daund, Haveli & Baramati. It is observed
that the raw water quality available near source is far below the acceptable limits for surface
water irrigation.
The farmers are raising objections for supply of raw water for irrigation purpose. The main
reason for the reluctance of the farmers in using available river water is undesirable organic & in
organic impurities, blackish green color & obnoxious smell of water. The chemical analysis
results indicate that BOD (Biological Oxidation Demand) & COD (Chemical Oxidation
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Our main aim in the project was to find out whether the polluted water of the river would have
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For this purpose we conducted several site visits to check the extent of pollution of the river
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EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND SOIL PROPERTIES NEAR PHARMACEUTICAL CO...IAEME Publication
There has been an increase in number of pharmaceutical companies in the present
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treated waste water while optimum amounts of bacterial and fungal activity was
found in the soil samples near the industries. The presence of high amount of sodium
and salinity was also observed. This could damage the crop productivity and soil
fertility. There is an urgent need to propose strict restrictions on discharge of harmful
effluents in the environment.
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An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physicochemical Characteristics, Pesticide And Heavy Metal
1. Purushottam Trivedi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, ( Part -2) September 2016, pp.66-75
www.ijera.com 66|P a g e
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular
Relevant To Physicochemical Characteristics, Pesticide And
Heavy Metal
Purushottam Trivedi, A Singh, A Srivastava, V P Sharma, C P Pandey, L P
Srivastava & Sarika Malik*
Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,
Department of Applied Science, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow,
*
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Noida International University
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals
in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected
from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and
left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH,
op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol,
heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were
analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and
confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was
contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which
may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative
standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024
μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor
(ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river.
The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn
(0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter;
pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride
(17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher
level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health
directly and indirectly.
Keywords: Pesticides, heavy metal, physicochemical parameters, Gomati River
I. INTRODUCTION
No life without water is a common saying
depending upon the fact that water is the one of the
naturally occurring essential requirement of all life
supporting activities. The quality of water is vital
concern for mankind since it is directly linked with
human welfare. Since it is a dynamic system,
containing living as well as nonliving, organic,
inorganic, soluble as well as insoluble substances.
So its quality is likely to change day by day and
from source to source. Any change in the natural
quality may disturb the equilibrium of the system
and would become unfit for designated uses. The
availability of water through surface and
groundwater resources has become critical day by
day. Only 1% water is available on land for
drinking, agriculture, domestic power generation,
industrial consummation, transportation and waste
disposal (Ranee et al. 2010). The exponential
growth of Lucknow on both sides of river has led to
severe pollution. The quality of water in the river is
seriously affected by pollutants which enter through
drains that bring domestic as well as industrial
effluents and discharge into the river and also from
the sewage system that pumps untreated effluent
into it during its journey through the city. Upstream
of Gomati river in Lucknow city receives wastes
from sugar and distillery industries of Sitapur
district. In Lucknow city also various industries like
distillery, milk dairy, vegetable, oil, carbon etc are
pouring effluents directly into the river (Singh et al.
2005; Singh et al. 2007). Gomati River is a source
of surface water for the nearby communities. Due to
increased pollution levels, water quality of river is
deteriorating continuously day-by-day at the very
faster rate. The healthy aquatic ecosystem is
depends on the biological diversity and physico-
chemical characteristics. Cryptosporidiosis, typhoid
fever, Cholera, dysentery, hepatitis are some of the
common waterborne diseases that spread through
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Purushottam Trivedi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, ( Part -2) September 2016, pp.66-75
www.ijera.com 67|P a g e
contaminated water. Human faecal material is
generally caused greater risk to human health
because it contains human enteric pathogens (Scott
et al. 2003).
Besides the other pollutants, pesticide resi-
dues are also one of the dominant contaminant of
water as lot of pesticides are used to combat the
insect–pest complex of agriculture and other fields
related to health programme. Particularly pesticides
like OCP’s and H leave residues that stay in the
environment without breaking down for a long time
and thus have a great detrimental effect on the envi-
ronment. Monitoring of pesticide residues in water
samples has been an issue of great relevance in the
last decades. Many innovations have occurred in
analytical methods for the extraction organic com-
pounds from different environmental matrices that
reduce the analysis time, minimize the number of
analytical steps, use fewer reagents in smaller
amounts and provide high recovery. Several method
have been developed to accomplish this task, in-
cluding: LLE (Liquid Liquid Extraction), SPE (Sol-
id Phase Extraction), SFE (Supercritical Fluid Ex-
traction), SPME (Solid Phase Micro extraction),
MLLE (Micro Liquid Liquid Extraction) (Biziuk et
al. 1996; Pihlstrbm et al. 1997; Schulein et al. 1995;
Ho et al. 1995; Dugay et al. 1998; GutiCrrez et al.
1998). At present, the most effective methods of
pesticides from environmental samples are QuECh-
ERS which involves extraction with MeCN parti-
tioned from the aqueous matrix using anhydrous
MgSO4 and NaCl followed by a d- SPE cleanup
with MgSO4 and PSA. This method was introduced
in 2003 and, besides having several advantages; it
explores the possibilities offered by modern instru-
mentation (Anastassiades et al. 2003). This method
and several modified versions have been applied to
the extraction of different types of pesticides, main-
ly of fruits and vegetables (Srivastava et al. 2011).
Most applications in the analysis of pesticide resi-
dues are based on chromatographic determination
by GC-ECD, but it is often necessary to use other
techniques such as mass spectrometry for qualita-
tive information to identify the analytes separated
by the chromatographic technique. Method valida-
tion is an important requirement in the practice of
chemical analysis.
The release of heavy metals into the envi-
ronment has alarmingly increased because of emis-
sions from automobiles, coal burning, mining, in-
dustrial activities and trash incineration. Most heavy
metals are released into the environment, then find
their way into the aquatic phase as a result of direct
input, atmospheric deposition, and erosion caused
by rains. Aquatic life in the Gomati River was de-
stroyed in June, 2003, when untreated sewage was
dumped into the river water, causing a drastic drop
in oxygen level. Sugar mills and distilleries located
upstream from Lucknow together with more than 20
sewage outlets in Lucknow were thought to be re-
sponsible for this pollution load leading to the criti-
cal situation. Such episodes occur from time to time
in this river as reported in the newspapers. Both
natural process and anthropogenic activities are
responsible for introducing metals into the aquatic
system. Some of the metals are important for the
growth, development and health of living organ-
isms. But the same metal may be considered toxic
one as its concentration exceeds to the normal per-
missible limit. There have been indiscriminate dis-
charges of factory effluents into river. The quality
of water was monitored based on its organic and
inorganic constituents, biological oxygen demand
(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved
oxygen (DO) and some factors like Hardness, Al-
kalinity, Dissolved oxygen etc which plays an im-
portant role for the good water ecology.
In view of above the present study was
aimed to present QuEChERS approach intended for
pesticide residues analysis and also monitor the
pollution level of pesticide residues and heavy
metal which affecting the water quality of river and
emphasizing probable effect on ecology. The study
is to reveal out the pollution status of whole stretch
of river Gomati in terms of pesticide residues and
heavy metal analysis and physicochemical
characteristics in Uttar Pradesh.
Fig 1. Map showing the River Gomati and the sample site, India
3. Purushottam Trivedi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, ( Part -2) September 2016, pp.66-75
www.ijera.com 68|P a g e
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Chemicals
OCP’s and H pesticide standards of α-
HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT,
pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α-
endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol,
heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor and
pendimethalin were procured from Supelco Sigma-
Aldrich USA, Fluka Sigma- Aldrich Schweis and
Rankem Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India. All solvents
like n-hexane, acetone, and ethyl acetate (HPLC
grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Co.
USA, Spectrochem Pvt. Ltd. India. Sodium chloride
(NaCl) and anhydrous magnesium sulphate
(MgSO4) were purchased from Himedia Pvt. Ltd.
India. Primary secondary amine (PSA) bondasil 40
μm part 12213024 of agilent was used for sample
preparation. Metal standard of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Fe Zn and Mn were procured from Qualigens fine
chemicals. The remaining chemicals used in this
study were purchased from Merck Pvt Ltd Mumbai.
III. SAMPLING
Five sampling sites was selected which
cover the residential Lucknow region namely
Gaughat (I), Red pakka Pul (II), Hanuman Sethu
(III), Gomati Bairaj (IV), Dilkusha Garden (V) (Fig.
1). Gaughat is the upstream of the river. The river
water at this place is used as raw water supply for
civil consumption to the city. Dilkusha garden is the
last site, where the river leaves the city and other
three sites in between these two sites were chosen
where river receives effluents coming from urban
homes and industries through various drains. The
samples of water were collected from both the
banks and middle stream of the river on each site.
For collection of water sample, sampling bottles
were soaked overnight in 10% HNO3, washed twice
with double distilled water rinsed three times with
stream water, leaving the last rinse for five minute
to equilibrate. Water samples were collected in
acidified PVC bottles. Preservation and
transportation of the samples to the laboratory were
as per standard methods (APHA 1998). These
samples were transported to laboratory in an ice box
to avoid unpredictable changes in physicochemical
characteristics.
Water samples were pre-filtered for
remove suspended materials and preserved by
adding 5 ml of concentrated H2SO4 to prevent
biological activity. The containers were carefully
filled just to overflowing, without passing air
bubbles through sample or trapping air bubbles in
sealed containers. Preparation of the containers
included washing with detergent, rinsing with tap
water, ultrapure water (Millipore) and air-dried.
Preservation and transportation of the water samples
to the laboratory were as per standard methods.
Each sample was identified clearly and indelibly by
allocating a unique identification number. All
analyses were undertaken within the shortest time
possible (within 2 days) to minimize potential
analyte losses.
Physicochemical analysis
The samples were analyzed for
physicochemical parameters. pH was measured
using a pH analyzer (WTW model Multi 340),while
conductance and salinity were analyzed by
MohrKundsen AgNO3 titration method (APHA
1998). Temperature was measured on the site using
mercury thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was fixed
immediately after collection and then determined by
Winkler’s method. Samples for BOD were
incubated in laboratory for five days at 200
C. Total
hardness was estimated by the complex metric
titration with standard EDTA solution using
Eriochrome Black T as indicator. Whatman 541
filter papers were used for the determination of TSS
and TDS.
Sample extraction for pesticide residues analysis
10 ml water sample was extracted with 10
ml ethyl acetate, 4 gm of anhy. MgSO4, 1.0 gm
NaCl, and shaken for 5 min @ 50 rpm on rotospin
test tube mixture. The extract was centrifuged for 5
min @ 3,000 rpm. 5 ml aliquot of sample extract
was cleaned with the mixture of 300 mg PSA, 300
mg C18 and 650 mg MgSO4. The extract was again
shaken for 5 min @ 50 rpm on rotospin and
centrifuged for 5 min @ 3,000 rpm. The supernatant
was collected in 2 ml auto sampler-vial and mixed
with 5 μl acidified ethyl acetate (ethyl acetate
acidified with 5% formic acid). 1 μl of clean sample
injected in GC-ECD.
GC-ECD analysis
An Shimadzu GC-2010/ECD (Shimadzu
Technologies) equipped with fused silica capillary
column, DB-1 (30 m. × 0.25mm. id) coated with
1% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane (0.25 μm film
thickness) was employed for the separation and
determination of OCP’S and H using Electron
capture detector (ECD). General operating
conditions were as follows; Injector temperature:
2800
C; detector temperature 3000
C; ultra pure
Nitrogen was used as carrier gas at a constant flow
rate of 0.75 ml/min, Column temperature program:
initially 1600
C for 1 min, increase at 2.4 C/min to
2350
C hold for 2 min, injection volume: 1 μl split
ratio 1:5.
4. Purushottam Trivedi. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, ( Part -2) September 2016, pp.66-75
www.ijera.com 69|P a g e
GC-MS/MS confirmation
Trace GC Ultra coupled with TSQ
Quantum XLS mass spectrometer system (Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Austin, USA) was used for
confirmation. The column used was a TR-Pesticide,
30 m X 0.25 mm i. d., 0.25 μm film thickness
(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Runcorn, UK). Carrier
gas: helium (purity 99.999%) with a flow rate of 1.0
ml/min. 2.0 µl aliquot of the final extract was
injected using the split-less mode. The initial oven
temperature program is 70o
C for 1 min and then at
15o
C min-1
to 210o
C and then at 2o
C min-1
to 230o
C
and at 15o
C min-1
to 280o
C hold for 5 min. The
injector temperature was set at 280o
C.
Estimation of heavy metals in water
For Determination of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Fe Zn and Mn in water 100 ml of water sample with
blank which was digested in a K’jeldhal flask with
concentrated nitric acid (10 ml), in hot plate in fume
hood and cooled and filtered through whatman no.
42 filter paper. The volume was made upto 10 ml
with 0.1N nitric acid.
AAS analysis
Analysis was performed using AAS
(atomic absorption spectrophotometer) in flame
mode. The digested samples were analyzed by the
AAS equipped with a vapour generation assembly
(Alalytik jena ZEEnit 700)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Variations were observed in measured
parameters at all sites. The temperature was ranging
from 31-34o
C during the study period. pH values
varied between 7.8 to 8.6. EC (electrical
conductivity) is a measure of water capacity to
convey electric current and it signifies the amount
of total dissolved salts (Dahiya et al. 1999).
Conductivity of surface water varied in the range of
0.533 to 0.764 ms/cm. High EC values were
observed at dilkusha garden because presence of
high amount of dissolved inorganic substances in
ionized form. Salinity and restivity was recorded
0.3 ppt and 1.332 to 1.953 respectively. Dissolved
oxygen (DO) is important parameter in water
quality assessment and reflects the physical and
biological processes prevailing in the water. DO
values varied from 4.0 to 5.8 mg/l which is
correlated to temperature and salinity of surface
water. The maximum value of DO was at red pakka
pul and hanuman sethu and the lowest value was at
gaughat. During the study period biological oxygen
demand (BOD) was observed to be in the range 2.4
to 4.4 mg/l. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) value
indicates the presence of high concentration of both
bio-degradable and non bio-degradable pollutants in
there. COD value was in range between 10.4 to
26.62 mg/l and remarkably high in gomati bairaj
and dilkusha garden. Total dissolved solids (TDS)
indicate the salinity behavior of groundwater. TDS
of surface water varied from 202 to 388 mg/l which
are within the permissible limit. TDS value was
maximum recorded at dilkusha garden and
minimum at gau ghat. Total suspended solids (TSS)
and total solids (TS) value varies from 26.0 to 292
mg/l, 328 to 566 mg/l respectively. Hardness is the
property of water which prevents the lather
formation with soap and increases the boiling points
of water. The hardness values shown range from
172 l to 196 mg/l. Hardness of water mainly
depends upon the amount of calcium or magnesium
salts or both. Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium
(Mg2+) are directly related to hardness. Calcium
concentration ranged between 25.65 to 36.87 mg/l
which was below permissible limit. Magnesium
content in the investigated water samples was
ranging from 136.73 to 166.35 mg/l. The chloride
concentration serves as an indicator of pollution by
sewage. People accustomed to higher chloride in
water are subjected to laxative effects (Dahiya et al.
1999). In the present analysis, chloride
concentration was found in the range of 17.9 to 35.9
mg/l (Table 1).
The QuEChERS method resulted in
extracts that contained the target analyte, with high
recovery and free from interferences in the region of
the chromatogram near the retention time of the
pesticides. Validation is an essential requirement to
ensure quality and reliability of the results for all
analytical approaches. The recoveries obtained for
all pesticides in water ranged from 76.6 % - 96.2 %,
with relative standard deviations below 14% (Table
2). The spiked samples as well as the unspiked
control were analyzed in five replicates.
Repeatability of the method was evaluated through
the relative standard deviations (%RSD) associated
to measurements of the pesticides taken during
recovery. The LOD were calculated from the
standard deviation of these determinations (Table
2). The specificity of the method was determined by
analyzing blank water samples. The absence of
background peaks, above a signal-to-noise ratio of
3, at the retention times of the target pesticides,
showed that no interferences occurred (Fig. 2).
Chromatographic methods are widely used for
analytical separation, identification and
quantification of as many pesticides as possible in
single run. The residues of OCP’s and H at different
sites in river water during the study period are
summarized in Table 2. Among the various
pesticides analyzed only HCH, DDT and α-
endosulfan residues were found. HCH 0.024
µg/ml, dicofol 0.041 µg/ml, endosulfan 0.128
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µg/ml, butachlor 0.135 µg/ml, alachlor 0.035 µg/ml
and heptachlor 0.107 µg/ml were detected. Among
the targeted pesticides endosulfan sulphate, op-
DDD, pp-DDD, pp-DDT and op-DDT,
pendimethylin and atrazine were not detected in any
samples. The highest concentration of 0.134μg/ml
was observed for butachlor and 0.128 μg/ml for α-
endosulfan. The concentration ranged values of
heavy metals in Gomati river surface water are
presented in Table 3. All the samples were analyzed
in triplicate, and the mean of each value was taken.
During the analysis, blank determinations in
triplicates also were run in the same manner. In
water the concentration of Cd, Ni and Cr were not
detected during study period. The average and
ranged value of Mn 0.078 (0.044-0.112 μg/ml), Zn
0.112(0.046-0.168 μg/ml), Fe 0.718(0.554-1.179
μg/ml), Pb 0.227 (0.046-0.168 μg/ml), Cu
0.007(0.004-0.016 μg/ml) respectively.
The QuEChERS method was applied to
sample preparation in this study, because it has
several advantages over most of the traditional
extraction techniques, high recoveries; very
accurate results; low solvent usage and waste; and
high sample throughput (Lehotay 2006). Besides
these advantages, a single analyst can perform the
method without much training or technical skill, the
method is quite rugged, relatively inexpensive and
few materials and glassware are needed.
QuEChERS is nowadays the most applied
extraction method for the determination of pesticide
residues in food samples, providing acceptable
recoveries for acidic, neutral and basic pesticides,
such as fruits and vegetables, rice, milk, eggs and
avocados, olives and olive oil and soil (Srivastava et
al. 2011; Aysal et al. 2007; Koesukwiwat et al.
2008; Lehotay et al. 2005; Cunha et al. 2007;
Lesueur et al. 2008). It was observed that in
QuEChERS method the recovery was 76.66-
96.24% at 0.1 μg/ml spiking level with relative
standard deviation less than 14%. The used
chromatographic condition resulted to maximize the
resolution among the peaks and minimize the total
run time (about 34.85min.) The representative
chromatograms obtained from extracts of pesticide-
fortified in water (0.1 µg/ml) after the QuEChERS
method are shown in Fig. 2. In practice, GC using
capillary columns with selective and sensitive
detectors ECD was one of the most often employed
analytical techniques. Relative retention times are
the criteria applied for identification of
chromatographic peaks, but an additional
confirmatory technique is also necessary. To this
end GCMS was extensively used, as it increases the
selectivity and certainty of identification, avoiding
false positives in pesticide multiresidue
determinations in water (Fig. 3). Among the
HCH isomers α-HCH was dominated, followed by
β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH. This may be attributed
to the high percent of α-HCH present in the
commercial formulation of HCH. The levels of
ΣHCH 0.024 µg/ml and α-endosulfan 0.127 μg/ml
were in river water. Several studies have indicated
that the environmental concentrations of HCH
isomers are a world-wide problem (Doong et al.
2002; Zhang et al. 2003). β-endosulfan and
endosulfan sulfate were not detected in any of
samples. Though endosulfan is less soluble in
water, the concentrations of endosulfan and its
derivatives were high in water samples, accidental
spills, spray drift, soil texture and run-in plays a
vital role in endosulfan contamination. Among the
DDT metabolites, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDD and
op-DDD were not detected. The use of heptachlor
has been banned in India for many years while
heptachlor was detected in samples. Pendimethylin
and atrazine were not detected in any of the
samples. It is worth mentioning here that the river
receives high inputs of mixed domestic and
industrial wastewater (about 150 million litres per
day) between the red pakka pul, hanuman sethu and
gomati bairaj. These results may be mainly due to
the continuing use of OCP’s and other
environmental factors such as soil types, pH, and
temperature in the study area. In the summers the
river system was under the stabilized conditions
except some man-made disturbances or recreational
activities like bathing, swimming, boating and
commercial, industrial activities; therefore, the
effect of anthropogenic inputs on these sampling
sites is expected to be high (Singh et al. 2005). Our
results revealed considerable variations in residue
levels of the OCP’s insecticides according to the
sampling sites. So then residue levels of the studied
OCP’s in the river may affect aquatic life and lead
to their accumulation into the food chain (Singh et
al. 2007). It is well known that most of the applied
pesticides are subject to many transport and
conversion products. Thus, they do not remain at
their target site but often enter aquatic environment
via soil percolation, air drift or surface runoff
affecting abundance and diversity of non-target
species producing complex effects on the
ecosystems and altering tropic interactions (Singh et
al. 2005; Singh et al. 2007). In addition, many
pesticides eventually end up in water and their
transformation products may remain for years.
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Fig 2.GC-ECD Chromatograms of OCP’s and H following QuEChERS extraction: separation was performed
using a DB-1 column: A)-blank sample, B)-Chromatograms of Standard of mixture of OCP’s and H. C)- control
water sample D)- Spiked water sample
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Fig 3.GC-MS Chromatograms of confirmed OCP’s and H in water sample
The surface water T showed an increasing trend was influenced by the intensity of solar radiation
evaporation fresh water influx and cooling and mix up with ebb and flow from adjoining nritic water (
Saravanakumar et al. 2008). The highly alkaline nature of river water was revealed by the elevation of pH from
7.8-8.6. The increase in pH could be due to either increased of carbonates and or increased photosynthetic
activities of producers. Results gives wide variation due to diverse chemical and technical procedures used in
different industries and variations in the quantity of waste discharged at time. It is well known that the
temperature and salinity effect the distribution of O2. BOD ranges varied from 2.4-4.4 which indicating heavy
load of bio-degradable matter in the effluents, high oxygen consumption by heterotrophic organisms, and a high
rate of organic matter remineralization. COD value indicates the presence of high concentration of both bio-
degradable and non bio-degradable pollutants in there.COD value is remarkably high in dilkusha garden. The
DO values indicate the degree of pollution in water bodies. Due to the addition of high organic content in the
fishing jetting leading to O2 depletion. BOD depends on temperature, extent of biochemical activities,
concentration of organic matter and such other related factors. BOD remains less than 4.4 in all cases showing
normal microbial activity. In waters contaminated with fertilizers, suspended material, or petroleum waste,
microorganisms such as bacteria will break down the contaminants. The oxygen will be consumed and the water
will become anaerobic. Typically DO levels less than 2 mg/l will kill fish. The maximum value of TSS was
observed at gomati bairaj due to floating materials like fine silt and detritus carried by agriculture water &
drainage in and around the city. The salinity was found to be lower during study period at all sites. EC in natural
water is the normalized measure of the water’s ability to conduct electric current influenced by dissolved salts
such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. The higher value of EC were observed in the present study at
dilkusha garden, this was due to the high level of dissolved salts in the agricultural water which comes from
agriculture land. Chloride was in the range of 17.99 -35.98 mg/l. Generally the natural sources of heavy metals
in coastal waters are through land and river runoff and the mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks. The
component also were washed from the atmosphere through rain fall, wind, blown dust, forest fire and volacanic
particles, adding to the distribution of heavy metals in water. It is therefore concluded that the gomati river water
is getting polluted with these metals the substantiating. Zn and Cu are generally good indicator are anthropogenic
inputs. In study period these metals might slightly elevated in content because the low salinity and high pH water
might have cause the absorbance of these metals leading to their removal from the water column. In addition
phytoplankton activity can also cause seasonal variation in copper as this metal is an essential one for
phytoplankton. Soil dust input in water increases the heavy metal concentration in river system. Higher
concentration of these metals in study period could be due to high amount of untreated effluent / sewage coming
from in and around city.
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Table 1: Different water physicochemical parameters of different site (*G-Gaughat, R-Red Pakkpul, H-
Hanuman sethu, B-Gomati Bairaj, D-Dilkusha Garden) of Gomati River
Table 2: Selected pesticides with chemical formula, class, retention time (RT), recovery (%), limit of detection
(LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), RSD (%), residue level of OCP’s and H in different site of Gomati river
*ND- Not Detected
Table 3: Concentration of heavy metal in different sites of Gomati River water
V. CONCLUSION
The new modified QuEChERS method proved to be
simple and very efficient for the determination of
OCP’s and H in Gomati River water. This analytical
methodology enables the determination of selected
pesticide residues at trace levels with good analyti-
cal performance. This method was successfully ap-
plied to the analysis of water samples, thus showing
that it is suitable for the determination of the se-
lected pesticides in real samples. The present base-
line information of physicochemical parameters,
heavy metals, pesticide residues in water would
form a useful tool for further ecological assessment
and monitoring of Gomati river ecosystem. The
study reveals that there is a considerable variation in
the concentration of residues of pesticides and
heavy metal in surface water samples of Gomati
River. The observation of heavy metal and pesticide
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residues pollution in river water may be used to
identify major pollution sources entering into Go-
mati River. These baseline data important in design-
ing the management and conservation policies of
Gomati River Water. On the basis of the study it
may be inferred that apart form contaminated water
this also responsible in ecological decline of Indian
River.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Director of the Indian
Institute of Toxicology Research Lucknow, for his
interest. Authors are also grateful to Council of
Scientific Industrial Research, New Delhi for
financial support as fellowship to Purushottam
Trivedi.
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