Physico-chemical analysis of open well water samples was carried out from 10 sampling locations
in Bhimavaram town during three seasons namely summer, rainy and winter of 2012-‟13 are presented. The
quality analysis was made through the estimation of physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
Turbidity, EC, TDS, Cl–, SO4
2–, NO3
–, PO4
3–, D.O, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, F–, Na+, K+ and BOD. Each parameter was
compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and BIS
standard to assess the suitability of drinking and domestic purposes. The analytical results of groundwater
samples shows that that certain parameters namely PH, D.O and Fluoride were found within the desirable limits
by BIS. However, Turbidity, EC, TH, TDS, BOD, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, were exceding the desirable limit throughout the investigation period in all locations.The results of
analysis reveal that the ground water of the area was not suitable for human consumption and domestic use due
to the influence saltwater intrusion, sewage, Industrial effluents and high urban concentration are the probable
sources for the variation of water quality in the study area
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study emphasizes on the survey and assessment of groundwater quality, sources of ground water contamination, variation of groundwater quality and which will be further purified with the use of nanomaterials. The bases for groundwater quality assessment are underground water (tube-well) and representative monitoring network enabling determination of chemical status of the underground water (tube-well). For this study, water samples were collected from 5 tube wells representing the area of 5 villages (Golaghati, Takarjala, Jampui, Mandwi, and Simna) of Tripura (India). The water samples were analyzed for physico -chemical parameters like Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium etc using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the standards. The results obtained in this study and the Association rules will be helpful for monitoring and managing presence of heavy metals in underground water in the modern research area in terms of water quality. The parameters: pH, TDS, Total hardness and content of Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and BOD were studied and compared with the standard values prescribed by ICMR, WHO, APHA and ISU/BIS. The present investigation revealed that the quality of water of a source slightly varies from area to area tube wells but was found that the underground water samples are fit for drinking and utility purpose. Keywords: Water, Total Hardness, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study emphasizes on the survey and assessment of groundwater quality, sources of ground water contamination, variation of groundwater quality and which will be further purified with the use of nanomaterials. The bases for groundwater quality assessment are underground water (tube-well) and representative monitoring network enabling determination of chemical status of the underground water (tube-well). For this study, water samples were collected from 5 tube wells representing the area of 5 villages (Golaghati, Takarjala, Jampui, Mandwi, and Simna) of Tripura (India). The water samples were analyzed for physico -chemical parameters like Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium etc using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the standards. The results obtained in this study and the Association rules will be helpful for monitoring and managing presence of heavy metals in underground water in the modern research area in terms of water quality. The parameters: pH, TDS, Total hardness and content of Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and BOD were studied and compared with the standard values prescribed by ICMR, WHO, APHA and ISU/BIS. The present investigation revealed that the quality of water of a source slightly varies from area to area tube wells but was found that the underground water samples are fit for drinking and utility purpose. Keywords: Water, Total Hardness, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Water quality analysis of bhishma lake at gadag cityeSAT Journals
Abstract The water bodies are facing a severe threat of pollution all over the world. Eutrophication in lakes is widespread world and the severity is increasing especially in the developing countries like India. The main objective is to study t haell eoffveecrt st hoef pwoelrleu ticoonll eocf tweda tefrro qmu aJlaitnyu ianr yB htios hAmpar illa kaen dd ubei -tmo ornatphildy utrebsatsn iwzaetrieo nc aanrrdi etdo ioduetn. tiTfyh eth pe hsyosuicrcoe-cs hoefm pioclalul tciohna rianc ltaekries.t iTchs eo sfa mwaptleers sdaismsopllvees dl iokxey gpeHn,, tBuOrbDid iwtye,r ea lakanlailnyiztye,d tiont aol rdhearr dtnoe sdse,t etromtailn ed itshseo llveevde ls oolfi dcso,n ntaitmraintea,n tpsh porsepsheantte ,i nc hlalokrei dwe,a tpeor taasnsdiu imts, psoosdsiiubmle, smoidtiiguamti,o nni tmraetaes, uprheso.s pWhaatteer, pqoutaalsitsiieusm s,u Dchi ssaos lvpeHd, OTxoytagle nD i(sDsoOlv) eadn sdo lBidios c(hTeDmSic),a lt uOrbxiydgietyn, Dalekmalainnidty ,( BtoOtDal) ,h aCrhdenmesicsa, lc hOloxyrigdeen, sDheomwaendd t h(CatO tDhe) wtoetrael dheatredrnmeisnse, dt ufrobri dwitayt,e rto staaml dpilsesso clvoellde cstoeldid fsr oamnd f iavelk astlaintiiotyn sv ainlu leask ee.x cTeheed iannga ltyhsei sd oesf irlaakbele w laimteirt paanrda mdueete rtos pCrheesmeniccael oOf xoyrggeann icD aenmda nindo r(gCaOnDic) phoallsu tiannctrse aDsiesdso lwvehdic hO xsyhgoewns (DthOe ) phoaosr reqduuaclietdy , oBfi owchaetemr icaanl dO ixsy gneont Dsueimtaabnlde (fBoOr Dh)u manadn consumption these values have been graphically plotted. Keywords: Lake Water Quality analysis, BOD, COD.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
Progressive deteriortaion of groundwater quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Bas...AM Publications
The present work aims to study the progressive deterioration of groundwater quality over a period of
eight years, in and around the Vrishabhavathi Valley, an erstwhile fresh water stream, now carrying huge amounts of
industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents from the western part of Bangalore metropolis. Groundwater samples were
collected from both the borewells and open wells along the Vrishabhavathi valley watershed during April 2014 from the
same sampling sites, that were chosen for the study in 2006 by these authors and subjected to a comprehensive
physico-chemical analysis and water quality indices were worked out for the entire study area, both for the 2006 and the
present data. The water quality indices have risen alarmingly and it has been found that nearly 67% of the samples are
non-potable and it is seen that this number has risen sharply from 50 % non-potability in study 1 conducted in 2006. This
clearly shows that there is a massive deterioration of water quality in the study span of 8 years, clearly reflecting the
unabated and huge increase in the concentration of pollutants from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources that
have been making their way to the groundwaters of Vrishabhavathi valley basin. The results imply that the groundwater
of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human consumption and needs elaborate and appropriate treatment for
improving its quality.
The Environmental Impacts of Warehousing Refugees in Camps: A Case Study of L...Jenkins Macedo
Much of the literature on refugee warehousing and their impacts on the host country’s
environment assumes that refugees are exceptional resource degraders. The dominant
conceptualization of refugees’ impacts on the host country’s environment treats refugees
as actors with destructive behaviors rather than seeing the degradation as a result of
inappropriate government policies, inefficient humanitarian assistance, and the lack of
effective plan by host countries to foster durable solution. This study challenged these
assumptions through the use of a questionnaire directed at refugees at the Buduburam
refugee camp in Ghana. The questionnaires concern the patterns of environmental
resources use among refugees and was analyzed using SPSS version 17 to run regression
and correlation tests for items pertaining to resource use with those pertaining to
environmental degradation. We hypothesized that warehousing refugees in camps
significantly influenced their impacts on the local environment of the host country. We
also hypothesized that warehousing of refugees has a significant relationship with their
inability to locally integrate in the host county. The result suggests that warehousing of
refugees in camps (M= 2.55; SD = 0.969) significantly influence (F (2, 288) = 37. 687, P Value = (0.000)) the relationship between resource use (Agricultural activities M = 1.42;
SD = 0.495 and firewood use M = 1.60; SD = 0.490) and environmental degradation. The
evidence also indicates that there is a significant positive relationship (R (303) = 0.121, P Value of (0.036), Alpha (0.05) between warehousing refugees in organized camps (M =
2.58, SD = 0.975) and their inability to locally integrate in the host country (M = 1.88, SD
= 0.839).
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Water is an important natural resource, which forms the cause of all life. Water is
one of the most requisite materials in our day to day life. It is a key resource in all
economic activities ranging from agriculture to industries. Only a minimal fraction of
the planet’s plentiful water is available to the living beings as fresh water. About 97%
is found in the oceans and is very salty for drinking, irrigation, or industry. The
remaining 3% is fresh water. About 2.997% of it is arrested in ice caps or glaciers or
is concealed so deep that it costs too much time & money to extract. Only about
0.0035 of Earth’s total volume of water is easily available to us as soil moisture,
exploitable ground water, water vapor, rivers, lakes and streams. In this present study
by a systematic sampling has been carried out to find the water quality parameters of
the Lake, by collecting samples from Six different positions, which covering entire
area of the lake, and the stations were distributed covering the periphery of the entire
tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges and to suggest required
management techniques to make water free from the pollution
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract— 11 wells in Wadi Fatimah were chosen to perform this study. The studied area was classified into three regions namely Abo-Hassani, Al-Khief, and Allaf. In Abo-Hassani, the water quality agrees with the WHO standards. The TDS was between 175 and 339 ppm. The hardness was below 193 ppm. The sodium and the chloride were below 71 and 63 ppm, respectively. The water here suffers from the presence of E.Coli. In Al-Kheif region, the water suffers from the high TDS 1077 ppm and the presence of E. Coli. In Allaf region the TDS was high a little (487 ppm), but still within WHO standards for drinking water. In this region, the sulfate value and the total hardness were above 250 ppm, which exceeds the WHO standards.
Assessing groundwater quality with special reference to the human, agricultur...Innspub Net
The twenty-first century faces enormous threats to fresh water and future wars are based on water issues. And Nations shows efforts toward water resource management. Because their attitudes are sensitive and highly important for water. Water is a great bestowal of nature. This lively liquid is essential for human survival and for their primary secondary and tertiary activities. The present study deals with the assessment of groundwater quality levels for human, industrial and agricultural use of Sargodha city Punjab Pakistan. The assessment based on water quality analysis of different water parameters like Electrical conductivity, alkalinity, calcium, chloride, hardness, magnesium, Total dissolve Solids, turbidity, Sulfate etc. The water for domestic use must be free from turbidity and the drinking water should be odor free. Color less and good test or test less. The harmful micro-organism should not be in the water. The assessment of water quality highly fluctuates in the study area. Water quality parameters are mostly unsafe for drinking and agricultural purposes in central part of the city which is highly built up. While it may use for some types of industries but in surrounding areas quality of water is much better for drinking, agricultural and industrial use. Although overall water quality are unsafe for human use while very few areas have safe water for human drinking and domestic use agriculture also require less dissolve solids water but there are some crops to resist with high solids. Water may use for industries after purifying. Quality Criteria for Agricultural usage: Elements that makes water suitable or unsuitable for agricultural purposes or for irrigation are amount of silt, total salt concentration, relative properties of sodium to the other cations like calcium and magnesium, bicarbonate content and concentration of toxic element such as boron. Quality Criteria for Live Stock usage: Mainly total dissolved solids and concentration of toxic elements checked for livestock usage. Quality Criteria for Industrial usage: Water quality changed with the type of industry for example Pharmaceutical and paper industry demand of water is purest but in mining industry it is not required purest water. A medium quality of water is used for mining industry.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Inkollu Mandal, ...IJERA Editor
Physico-chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physic-chemical parameters at Inkollu mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. Nine ground water samples were collected from different places of Inkollu mandal of Prakasam district. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. By observing the results, it was shown that the parameters from the water samples were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), USPH (United state Public health ) for ground water .The results revealed that some parameters were in high concentration and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at some sampling locations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater
quality of Aligarh city, (India). Groundwater samples were
collected from 40 wells and analyzed for 20 water quality
parameters in post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013. High
coefficient of variance indicates variability of physico-chemical
parameters concentrations in ground water. The descriptive
statistical analysis was done beside Pearson correlation. From
correlation analysis it was observed that very strong correlations
exist between total hardness and Mg++ (0.99), TDS and total
hardness (0.88), TDS and Chloride (0.87). In 100% of the
samples recorded alkalinity and magnesium concentration were
found higher than maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS.
Concentration of hardness, cadmium, pH, iron, lead, and total
dissolved solids were also found above the standard limits
prescribed by BIS. This reveals deterioration of water quality. It
is therefore, suggested to take up regular monitoring of
groundwater in areas of Aligarh city.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
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Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh India
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 12 (December 2014), PP.58-65
58
Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of
Groundwater in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh India
Jhansilakshmi.,1
and E.U.B. Reddi.2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University,
2
Senior Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.
Abstract:- Physico-chemical analysis of open well water samples was carried out from 10 sampling locations
in Bhimavaram town during three seasons namely summer, rainy and winter of 2012-‟13 are presented. The
quality analysis was made through the estimation of physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
Turbidity, EC, TDS, Cl–
, SO4
2–
, NO3
–
, PO4
3–
, D.O, TH, Ca2+
, Mg2+
, F–
, Na+
, K+
and BOD. Each parameter was
compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and BIS
standard to assess the suitability of drinking and domestic purposes. The analytical results of groundwater
samples shows that that certain parameters namely PH
, D.O and Fluoride were found within the desirable limits
by BIS. However, Turbidity, EC, TH, TDS, BOD, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, were exceding the desirable limit throughout the investigation period in all locations.The results of
analysis reveal that the ground water of the area was not suitable for human consumption and domestic use due
to the influence saltwater intrusion, sewage, Industrial effluents and high urban concentration are the probable
sources for the variation of water quality in the study area.
Keywords:- Physicochemical parameters, open well water, Industrial effluents.
I. INTRODUCTION
Half of the humanity now lives in cities and within two decades, it may cross 60 per cent. It may place
heavy demand for basic needs among which water is the prime and essential resource. India has only 4 per cent
of the global waters to meet the needs of its 1.25 billion human populations [25]. India is heading towards a
freshwater crisis mainly due to improper management of water resources and environmental degradation, which
has lead to lack of access to safe water supply to millions of people. Developing countries are witnessing
changes in ground water which constitute another source of potable water Groundwater is a valuable
natural resource for various human activities [18]. According to Egwari and Aboaba [7], natural processes and
anthropogenic activities of man can contaminate groundwater, and such activities could be domestic,
agricultural or industrial in nature. The usage of groundwater has increased substantially in Bhimavaram town
of Andhra Pradesh, India. Hence it is necessary to undergo for quality analysis of groundwater in order to assess
its suitability for consumption, irrigation and industrial activities. This study aims to investigate the current
status of physico-chemical parameters in the ground water of Bhimavaram.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study area
Bhimavaram is located between 16º32¹00 northern latitude and 81º32¹00 eastern longitude and has a
total population of 1, 42,317 as per 2001 censess (Source: Municipal Office and District Collector‟s office,
2011). Bhimavaram has a geographical area of 27 km2
. The study area, the town Bhimavaram with respect to
state of Andhra Pradesh, India is shown in Fig. 1. In the town has some small scale industrial units like rice
mills, prawn processing units, fish processing units and cement-pipes.
Fig.1 map showing the study area
2. Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh India
59
Table 1: Studied wells locations with number, name, geographical coordinates and description of their
surroundings
S.No. Sample
Number
Sample name Geographical
Coordinates
Description of the
sample location’s
surroundings
1 S1 Ramabhadra Badava N16⁰32‟42
E 81„32„04
Situated adjacent to
a seepage canal
2 S2 Industrial Estate Area N 16⁰32‟59
E 81⁰32‟52 Situated adjacent to
a pharmaceutical
company
3 S3 Philips Colony N16⁰32‟24
E 81⁰32‟14 Situated adjacent to
a batteries work
shop
4 S4 China Apparao Thota
N16⁰32‟05
E 81⁰31‟59 Situated near by an
open field
5 S5
A.S.R.Nagar N 16⁰32‟29
E 81⁰30‟39 Situated near by a
prawn processing
unit
6
7
S6
S7
Maruthi Nagar
Government Hospital
N 16⁰32‟51
E 81⁰33‟19
N16⁰32‟26
E 81⁰31‟20
Situated near by
rice mills
Situated near by
Eanamadurru drain
8 S8 Y.S.R. Nagar N 16⁰31‟26
E 81⁰32‟34 Situated adjacent to
a slum area
9 S9 Sanjeeva Nagar N16⁰32‟10
E 81⁰30‟53 Situated near by a
prawn tank
10 S10 Bhagath Singh Nagar N16⁰33‟20
E 81⁰33‟21
Situated near by a
prawn processing
unit
2.2. Sample analysis
Open well with concrete apron around the well head were involved in the study. Water samples from
10 wells (Table 1), average depth 25-35m were collected into clean 500 ml plastic bottles. The sampling bottles
were cleaned with 10% of nitric acid. After the collection of samples they were labeled and brought to Andhra
university laboratory. The physico-chemical parameters were determined as described by APHA [1].
2.3. Statistical analysis
The samples were analyzed in triplicate, Graph pad prism version 6.0. To identify the seasonal variation
among the different parameters were computed as well.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Water quality analysis of open well waters at Bhimavaram
Few people in Bhimavaram depend on groundwater sources for the purpose of drinking and domestic
use. The quality of groundwater is mainly influenced by its physical, chemical and biological aspects which
vary from place to place, with the depth of water table, and from season to season. So the comprehensive study
3. Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh India
60
of the 10 (S1-S10) groundwater samples qualities, covering the entire town was performed. In general, in the
study area, the groundwater is available approximately 2-5 feet depth. The typical results of the analysis of the
ground water in wells were presented in Tables 2 and Fig 2.
The ground water is generally clear with no colour during winter and summer seasons when viewed
through normal eye but when compared with bottled water, there is some difference from turbidity point of
view.
Water samples were collected from different wells in the town. The wells selected were mostly those
that were being used by people for drinking and other domestic purposes. The pH values of all the samples at
the entire study period were normal range within the BIS permissible limit of 6.5 – 8.5 (Table 2 and Fig 2)
which indicates its suitability for various uses. But the concentration of turbidity, EC, TDS, Cl–
, SO4
2–
, NO3
–
,
D.O, TH, Ca2+
, Mg2+
, Na+
, K+
and BOD were higher than that of desirable limits mentioned by WHO
[26]reports.
As per BIS, prescribed standard limit for turbidity in drinking water is 5 NTU. Highest turbidity values
(Table 2) were found in sampling points S4 (8 NTU) and followed by sampling point S6 (7.17 NTU) in the
rainy season.
BIS standard value for EC in drinking water is 300 uS/ho. The highest EC values (Table 2 and Fig.2)
were found at open well water samples S2 (13400 µS/ho) and followed by S1 (1800 µS/ho) in the rainy season
of the year 2012-‟13. The highest value of conductivity was due to the maximum concentration of soluble salts
present in the S1 and S2 during rainy season of the year 2012-„13.
TDS values were higher in S2 (8600 mg/L) and S1 (1090 mg/L) (Table 2and Fig.2). This may be due
to leaching of various pollutants through sides and bottom of unlined drain. The similar results were also
reported Bishnoi and Malik [4] and Ram et al., [23] also observed high value of TDS in the groundwater.
The BIS desirable limit for nitrate in drinking water is 45mg/L. High concentration of nitrates was
found in several wells i.e. S4 (75 mg/L), S4 (56 mg/L) in the rainy season of the year 2012-‟13 (Table 2 and Fig.
2). This was attributed to seepage of waste water from the surroundings of the wells and may be due to
contamination from a septic system, sewage and agricultural runoff that can leach and enter into the
groundwater. The surrounding of the well is not cemented and mostly earthern. The majority of residents use the
water from nearby wells. There is likely stagnation of waste water in the close surroundings of the wells. Similar
results were reported by Rengaraj et al., [24] on groundwater at Madras city. and also Nageswara Rao [12] in
their study on groundwater at Jeedimetla Industrial Estate in Hyderabad city, Achyuthan Nair et al., [2] in
Northest Libya. It can be seen that higher values of nitrate resulted lower D.O values than the recommended
limit of 5 mg/L [26] throughout the study period in open well water samples (Table 2). This may be due to
seepage of waste water from the surroundings of the wells.
D.O affects the solubility and availability of many nutrients and thereby affecting the productivity of
aquatic system [16]. D.O content was low in summer because of enhanced utilization by micro-organisms in the
decomposition of organic matter. In summer the D.O depletion was due to high temperature.
The waste water might contain leachates of liquids from solid organic wastes dumped in the
surroundings of wells, improperly lined septic tanks near the wells, the aquifers of the wells and seepage of
fertilizers like urea, ammonia, salts, nitrates and phosphates. Major part of the fertilizers might add in the
groundwater aquifers and increase the concentration of NO3
-
, SO4
2-
and PO4
3-
in the groundwater of the wells.
The seepage of NO3-
is fast as it does not precipitate with any other metal ions unlike SO4
2-
or PO4
3-
. If the
cations in soil were considered Cl-
also is not precipitated except with Pb and so, it can seep through the soil.
This may be the reason for higher concentration of these ions (Cl-
, NO3
-
) in groundwater.
Standard limit of chlorides for drinking purpose is 250 mg/L given by WHO. Seasonal data showed
that during the study period the chloride content was found to be high during summer season 2012-‟13 in S2
(4372 mg/L) (Table 2 and Fig. 2). This might be due to decrease in amount of water and also high temperature
which increase the decaying process as also reported by Zafar and Sultana [28]. A similar observation was made
by Chaturvedi and Pandey [6] in their study. The present observations were contrary to the earlier reported by
Rai and Srivastava et al., [20] in their study.
Maximum values of sulphates were observed in the summer compared to other seasons. As per WHO,
prescribed standard limit for sulphate is 250 mg/L. The highest sulphate content was found (Table 2 and Fig. 2)
in S6with 390 mg/L followed by S9 (375 mg/L). This might be due to seepage of agricultural fertilizers. A
similar observation was made by Nwala et al., [14] and Bolaji and Tse [5] in their study. The source for the
presence of sulphate in the water samples was contamination of domestic sewage [9][22].
In the present investigation, it was noted that the fluoride values were maximum in the summer than
other seasons, none of the sampling sources crossed the maximum permissible limit of 1ppm set by WHO.
Fluoride is more commonly found in ground water than the surface waters due to weathering of fluoride bearing
rocks, primary silicates and associated accessory minerals [17][11][15].
4. Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh India
61
The WHO, (2005) desirable limit for sodium in drinking water is 250 mg/L. It was found that open well water
samples S2 (1878) contain more sodium than other samples (Table 34 and Fig. 21). Similar results were
reported by Yusuf [27] in Lagos city.
Total hardness was found in S2 (2232 mg/L) followed by sampling point S4 (687 mg/L). These values
exceeded the BIS prescribed limit of 300 mg/L drinking water. This might be due to industrial effluents directly
entering into the groundwater and may be due to decay of organic matter and weathering of rocks and minerals
[3]. The high values in these locations were attributed to the effluents from the pharmaceutical and drug
industries which reach these points due to the westerly slope of the area.
The hardness of water is not a pollution parameter, but it indicates water quality mainly in terms of
calcium and magnesium. Water containing excess hardness is not desirable for potable purposes, as it forms
scales on water heaters and utensils when used for cooking and consumes more soap during washing clothes [8].
Similar results were reported by Nair [13] in his study on groundwater from Northeast Libya.
During the study period, it was observed that the alkali metals (Na+
and K+
) levels were more compared to
alkaline earth metals (Ca++
and Mg++
).
The residential area of the town is surrounded by agricultural area where agricultural activity and usage
of fertilizers is very high throughout the year and also by aquaculture area. The open well water is available at
shallow depth of 4-5 feet. So seepage of the fertilizers especially NO3
-
, PO4
3-
from agricultural field to the
aquifer is possible resulting in the contamination of the well water.
In the study area the groundwater aquifer is likely to be recharged by rain water and canal water and
contaminated by seepage of waste water from paddy field and prawn tanks which contain cations like K+
, NH4
+
, and Ca2+
and anions like Cl-
, PO4
3-
, sO4
2-
and NO3
-
.
The soluble salts of the soil may reach the groundwater during slow seepage of rain or canal water. The
geological conditions in that area may also contribute to different salts content.
(a) Major part of the ions may be utilized by plants through the roots, a small part of the above salts may
seep through the soil which is known as cation exchange reaction in the following manner
Ca2+
soil + K+
+ Cl-
→ K+
soil + Ca2+
+ Cl-
solid solution solid solution
Ca2+
soil + NH4
+
+ NO3
-
→ NH4
+
soil + Ca2+
+ NO3
-
solid solution solid solution
and similarly other cations also follow the same pattern, resulting in increasing the salt content of the
groundwater.
(b) The very small amount of soluble leachates of organic compounds may also reach the groundwater
aquifer whereas major portions of it may get absorbed by the soil during seepage.
Thus, the groundwater aquifers were likely to be contaminated by the use of fertilizers. This may be due to
increased hardness of the groundwater as explained above. Similar observations were reported in earlier studies,
(Prem Singh [19]; Raja [21] ; Kiran Mehata [10], which stated the impact of agricultural activity on
groundwater quality.
IV. CONCLUSION
It revealed from the analysis results of groundwater samples indicate that certain parameters namely
PH
, D.O and Fluoride were found within the desirable limits by BIS. However, Turbidity, EC, TH, TDS, BOD,
Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, were exceding the desirable limit
throughout the investigation period in all locations. This may be due to the percolation of contaminated water
into the groundwater. The quality of wells in Bhimavaram region is not reliable for human consumption,
therefore continuous monitoring will be required to prevent contamination of groundwater resources. Hence
there is a need for continuous monitoring studies on ground water quality and portability.
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