Ijciet 10 02_038

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 355-368, Article ID: IJCIET_10_02_038
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=02
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
SELECTED GROUNDWATER SAMPLES FROM
SIKANDRA RAO TOWN AND ITS ADJOINING
VILLAGES (HATHRAS DISTRICT) UTTAR
PRADESH, INDIA
Harit Priyadarshi*
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mangalayatan University, Beswan,
Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sarv Priya
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KIET, Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India.
Shabber Habib Alvi
Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar
Pradesh, India.
Ashish Jain
Lecturer , Department of Civil Engineering, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 µS/m -931 µS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370

Harit Priyadarshi, Sarv Priya, Shabber Habib Alvi and Ashish Jain
mg/l), Total Dissolved Solid (103 mg/l-464 mg/l) , Nitrate (0 mg/l -4.43 mg/l),
Sulphate (26 mg/l-66 mg/l), Iron (0.02-0.07 mg/l) and Fluoride (0.08 mg/l-1.17 mg/l).
The values of these parameters are found to be within the acceptable limits, below the
acceptable limits as well as partially in the range, as prescribed by Bureau of India
Standard (BIS) -10500-2012. Thus, the study reveals the need for proper and timely
evaluation of groundwater quality and simultaneously highlights the urgency of the
necessary steps to be taken for the preservations and up-gradation of water quality.
Hence the drinking water quality in the study area is not scaled as per the standard
values of the concern parameters and showing alarming levels of pollutants.
Therefore it needs some degree of treatment before utilizing it for any consumption
purpose.
Keywords: Sikandra Rao, BIS, Physico-chemical parameters, Health effects,
groundwater.
Cite this Article: Harit Priyadarshi, Sarv Priya, Shabber Habib Alvi and Ashish Jain,
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples from Sikandra Rao
Town and its Adjoining Villages (Hathras District) Uttar Pradesh, India, International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp. 355-368.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=02
1. INTRODUCTION
The clean water is one of the essential requirements for living. The availability of the clean
water is decreasing day by day due to increase in anthropogenic activities that are harmful to
Groundwater aquifers. These include urbanization, agriculture and industrialization.
Therefore, water analyses are very essential for public health studies (Rafiuulah et.al. 2012,
Bakraji et al, 1999 Kot et al., 2000 and Bheshdadia et al., 2012). This study has been carried
out to assess the water quality by studying its physico-chemical characteristics. This aquifer
receives recharge from in filtering rainfall, which may dissolve and transport effluents which
may pollute the groundwater aquifers.
In India, most of the population is dependent on damp water as the major source of
drinking water supply. The groundwater is believed to be comparatively much cleaner and
free from pollution than surface water. But prolonged discharge of industrial effluents,
domestic sewage and solid waste dump in the landfills are the causes the groundwater
pollution, which results into health problems. The rapid growth of urban areas has further
affected groundwater quality due to over exploitation of resources and improper waste
disposal practices. Hence, there is a need for and concern over the protection and
management of surface water and groundwater quality. Heavy metals are priority toxic
pollutants. In some places the water is more turbid and hard at levels above the permissible
limits. Some physicochemical parameters are very much responsible for the water borne
diseases, which led to a life crippled in many villages of India and so as Uttar Pradesh. At
some places, the water cannot be used for domestic and industrial purposes.
The Government of India has emphasized the objective of safe drinking water supply to
the population and so desired by Hathras district. State Government is responsible for
undertaking. Water quality assessment of all the groundwater sources used for public water
supply schemes.
These industries use huge quantity of water for processing and release most of the water
in the form of effluent. The wastewater being generated is discharged into the nearby water
channels. Similarly, the geochemical and morphological structure changes and for other

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples from Sikandra Rao Town and its
Adjoining Villages (Hathras District) Uttar Pradesh, India
subsequent uses. Considering the above aspects of surface water contamination, the present
study was undertaken to investigate the impact of the Groundwater of Sikandra Rao and its
adjoining Villages. Thus, in this research work an attempt has been made to assess the
physical and chemical parameters of Groundwater parameters including pH, total dissolved
solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), chloride (Cl), was determined. The analyzed data were
compared with standard values recommended by BIS 2012.
2. DATA ACQUISITION
Field visits were planned on regular basis of Sikandra Rao town, district Hathras, Uttar
Pradesh and eleven of its adjoining villages; namely Ratanpur, Saray, Mahamahee,
Nagalahari, Baramahee, Kothi wali Nahar, Nagla Vision, Bilhaar, Arnot, Husainpur and
Sikandararao chauraha respectively to collect the data regarding availability and quantity of
water resources in the study area, total land areas, population and cattle density, average
annual rainfall, irrigation as well as domestic requirements and standards of living of the
people in the area. To have an insight of the perspective water resource locations within the
study area, a topographic map was acquired from the block development office (BDO) at
Sikandra Rao town and is shown in Figure.01.
Figure 1 Topographic map of Sikandra Rao, Town Hathras District, Uttar Pradesh

Figure 2 Detailed topographic map showing the locations and quantity of major water resources of
Study area
Other details like population of town and its adjoining villages, irrigable land, non-
irrigable land, barren land, soil type, amount of rainfall, revenue collection, total area of town
and villages etc. were also acquired from the BDO, Shown in Figure 2.
3. FIELD SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Ground water samples were collected from in and around Sikandrarao and its adjoining
villages. Groundwater samples were drawn from fifteen rural centers from the twelve
selected sites namely Ratanpur, Saray, Mahamahee, Nagla Hari, Baramahee, Kothi wali
nahar, Naglavision, Bilhar, Arnot, Hussainpur, Sikandra Rao Chauraha respectively were
collected during March 2017.
The samples were collected in prewashed (with detergent, diluted HNO3 and doubly de-
ionized distilled water, respectively) clean polythene bottles without any air bubbles and
tightly sealed after collection and labeled in the field. The temperatures of the samples were
measured in the field on the spot at the time of sample collection. The samples were
immediately analyzed in the chemistry lab to minimize physicochemical changes.
Groundwater physical and chemical constituents were compared with BIS (2012) reference
guidelines, to determine its suitability for drinking (Table 1 & 3).

3.1. FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS
Field Photograph of sample at Ratanpur village. Field Photograph of sample at Saray village.
Field photograph of sample at Mahamahee Village. Field photograph of sample at Kothi wali nahar.
Field photograph of sample at Sikandra Rao, Chauraha.

Field Photograph of sample at Nagla Hari Village
3.2. Parameters to be analyzed
The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and
improving quality of life. It is necessary to know details about different physical parameters
such as temperature, pH, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity,
Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Parameters Such as Chloride, Iron, Nitrate, Fluoride
and Sulphate are used for testing of water quality.
TABLE 1. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS:
S. No. Location T°C
pH
(BIS-
10500-
2012)
6.5-8.5
Turbidity
(BIS-10500-
2012) 05
N.T.U.
Total
Dissolved
Solid(BIS
-10500-
2012) 500
mg/l
Total
Hardness
(BIS-
10500-
2012) 200
mg/l
Total
Alkalinity(
BIS-
10500-
2012) 200
mg/l
Electrical
Conductivit
y (BIS-
10500-
2012) 300
(μS/cm)
1 Ratanpur (H) 17 8 1.02 344 314 304 691
2 Saray (T) 17 7.75 1.08 264 262 214 528
3 Mahamahee (H) 17 8.25 3 464 216 370 931
4 Mahamahee (T) 17 8.25 1.26 335 292 288 669
5 Nagla Hari (T) 17 8 0.85 323 282 242 646
6 Baramaee (T) 17 8 1.36 119 112 92 237
7 Kothi wali Naher 17 8.25 2.58 103 102 84 206
8 Baramaee (H) 17 8.25 2.37 159 156 150 319
9 Nagla Vision (H) 17 7.25 1.24 228 224 218 457
10 Bilhar (T) 18 7.75 0.85 249 190 242 498
11 Arnot (H) 17 8.25 1.74 176 168 162 352
12 Bilhar (H) 17 8 1.57 334 282 302 670
13 Hussainpur (H) 17 8 1.23 141 140 140 282
14 NaglaVision (T) 17 7.75 1.15 218 186 206 436
15
SikandraRao
Chauraha (H)
17 8 1.63 312 286 266 627

3.3. Temperature
Temperature effects the seasonal and diurnal variation. It controls the rate of all biochemical
and biological reactions including growth, multiplication, decay, mineralization, production
etc. Temperature is recorded with the help of maximum minimum thermometer .Recorded
temperature during sample collection was 16 degree Celsius for all samples except for Bilhar
temperature recorded was 17 degree Celsius and 18 degree Celsius at Sikandra rao
chauhraha.
3.4. pH (Hydrogen Ion Activity)
Figure 3 Variability of pH in the study area.
It is used to express the intensity of acidic or alkaline condition of the solution. Most of
the water resources are slightly acidic.BIS has recommended maximum permissible limit of
pH from 6.5 to 8.5. At all samples pH values were found in within desirable limits and
suitable range. The pH of all stations was in the range of 7.25 to 8.25 and was found in within
the limit prescribed by BIS. The groundwater thus is mildly acidic to slightly alkaline in
nature.
3.5. Turbidity
In most of the water samples the turbidity due to presence of colloidal and very fine
dispersions. At all the seven sampling stations the turbidity values in the range of 0.85 N.T.U.
to 3 N.T.U. and found within the limit prescribed by BIS. BIS Standard says that the
maximum desirable turbidity is 1 to 5 N.T.U.
Figure 4 Variability of Turbidity in the study area.

3.6. Total Dissolved solids
TDS is the presence of dissolved solids ant it indicates the behavior of salinity in the
groundwater. Water containing more than 500 mg/l of TDS is not considered desirable for
drinking water supplies, TDS values varied from 103 mg/l to 464 mg/l. Table 2. About 20%
of groundwater sources in Study area have TDS levels Between 75-150 mg/l, this is
particularly required for drinking , Forty percent have TDS levels ranging from 150 mg/l to
300 mg/l , this is also particularly required for drinking , Forty percent have TDS levels
ranging from 300 to 3000 mg/l, and This is acceptable for drinking. Overall, groundwater in
study area is suitable for drinking base on TDS concentration. The TDS was found to be in an
acceptable range for the water samples collected from the Sikandra Rao town and its
adjoining Villages.
Table 2 Table showing degree of Hardness.
Total
Hardness in
mg/l
No. of Samples
%of
samples
Classification
0-75 Nil Nil Required for Drinking
75-150 03 20 Required for drinking
150-300 06 40 Required for drinking
300 -3000 06 40 Acceptable for drinking
>3000 Nil Nil Unhealthy for drinking and Irrigation
Total 10 100
Figure 5 Variability of Total Dissolved Solid in the study area.
3.7. Total Hardness
Hardness is one of the very important properties of ground water from a utility point of view
for different purposes. In groundwater, hardness is mainly contributed by bicarbonates,
carbonates, sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. So, the principal hardness
causing ions are calcium and magnesium BIS standards given for hardness include 200 mg/L
344 mg/l
264 mg/l
464 mg/l
335 mg/l
323 mg/l
119 mg/l
103 mg/l
159 mg/l
228 mg/l
249 mg/l
176 mg/l
334 mg/l
141 mg/l
218 mg/l
312 mg/l
0
100
200
300
400
500
Total Dissolved Solid
Sample Location

(highest desirable) and 600 mg/L (maximum permissible). The samples Ratanpur, Saray,
Mahamahee, Nagala Vision, Bilhar and Sikandra Rao Chauraha have very high hardness
value, which is beyond the maximum permissible limit.
.
Figure 6 Variability of Total Hardness in the study area.
3.8. Total Alkalinity
Total alkalinity is a measure of the ability of water to neutralize acids. The alkalinity of
groundwater is mainly due to carbonates and bicarbonates. Alkalinity in terms of HCO3
-
of
all these water samples ranged from 84 mg/l to 370 mg/l respectively. The acceptable limit of
alkalinity is 200 mg/l and in the absence of alternate water source, alkalinity up to 600 mg/l is
acceptable for drinking. In the present study; the value of total alkalinity content in all
sampling sites has been found under permissible alkalinity level.
Figure 7 Variability of Total Alkalinity in the study area.
314 mg/l
262 mg/l
216 mg/l
292 mg/l
282 mg/l
112 mg/l
102 mg/l
156 mg/l
224 mg/l
190 mg/l
168 mg/l
282 mg/l
140 mg/l
186 mg/l
286 mg/l
0
100
200
300
400
500
Total Hardness
Sample Locations

3.9. Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductance is a measure of the ability of an aqueous solution to carry an electric
current that depends on the presence and total concentration of ions, their mobility and
valance and on the temperature. It is valuable to measure the amount of ions dissolved in
wastewater and water. It is a useful tool to assess the purity of water. The BIS permissible
limit for electrical conductivity (EC) of water is 300 μS/cm and the values of EC in all
sampling points were ranged from 206 μS/cm to 931 μS/cm. These values are above the BIS
permissible limit, except Baramaee Village, Kothi wali Nahar and Husainpur Village.
Figure 8 Variability of Electrical Conductivity in the study area.
TABLE 03 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS:
S. No. Location
Chloride(
BIS-
10500-
2012) 250
mg/l
Iron(BIS-
10500-
2012) 1.00
mg/l
Nitrate
(BIS-10500-
2012) 45
mg/l
Fluoride (BIS-
10500-2012) 1.0
mg/l
Sulphate (BIS-
10500-2012) 200
mg/l
1 Ratanpur (H) 43 0.2 0.88 1 53
2 Saray (T) 21 0.04 1.32 0.21 43
3 Mahamahee (H) 22 0.7 0.11 1.17 24
4 Mahamahee (T) 25 0.18 1.77 0.79 36
5 Nagla Hari (T) 36 0.02 4.43 0.53 48
6 Baramaee (T) 17 0.03 0 0.28 31
7 Kothiwali Naher 12 0.12 0 0.08 28
8 Baramaee (H) 16 0.45 0 0.26 29
9 Naglavision (H) 14 0.05 0.44 0.35 38
10 Bilhar (T) 31 0.03 0.11 0.39 42
11 Arnot (H) 18 0.28 1.32 0.51 33
12 Bilhar (H) 21 0.2 3.1 0.33 66
13 Hussainpur (H) 12 0.18 0 0.71 26
14 Nagla vision (T) 12 0.02 0.11 0.45 32
15
Sikandra
RaoChauraha
52 0.18 0.44 0.69 50

3.10. Chloride
The Department of National Health and Welfare, Canada reported that, the chloride comes
from natural and man-made sources are the main sources of chloride in groundwater. The
sources are agricultural runoff, inorganic fertilizers, industrial and septic tank effluents,
animal feed stocks. Chloride is not harmful to human at low concentration but could alter the
taste of water at concentrations above 250 mg/l. The values of chloride obtained 12.0 mg/l to
52 mg/l and found in within the limit. By BIS maximum acceptable is 250 mg/l.
Figure 9 Variability of Chloride in the study area.
3.11. Iron
Iron is necessary for your health. The most well-known role that iron plays in human
nutrition is in the formation of the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to all cells of
the body. Iron is also used in cellular metabolism and is found in many of the body’s
enzymes. Low iron stores in the body can lead to iron deficiency, anemia and fatigue and can
make one more susceptible to infections, lowest reading was 02 mg/l and highest was 0.7
mg/l.
Figure 10 Variability of Iron in the study area.
3.12. Nitrate
Nitrate is the highest oxidizable form of nitrogen and occurs in trace quantities in surface
water but may attain high levels in some ground water and is toxic when present in excessive

amounts in drinking water. Mostly nitrate comes from industrial, agricultural chemicals and
fertilizer application. The most common source of nitrate concentration is attributed to
animals and human waste disposal practices and the use of agricultural fertilizer. The nitrate
concentration measurements, for these water samples range between 0 mg/l 0.43 mg/l. The
recommended value of nitrate is 45 mg/l as expressed by BIS (2012).
Figure 11 Variability of Nitrate in the study area.
3.13. Fluorides
Most ground water samples have low or acceptable concentrations of fluoride (1.0 mg/l)
according to the recommendation of BIS (2012). However, some large groundwater
provinces have significant concentrations which cause prominent health problems. Presence
of large amounts of fluoride is associated with dental and skeletal fluorosis (>1.5 mg/l) and
inadequate amounts with dental caries (< 1 mg/l). From the result indicated in Table 3. All
samples have average Fluoride concentration below 1.5 mg/l, which is found between 0.8
mg/l and 1.17 mg/ l. This shows the water is recommended for drinking purpose with respect
to Fluoride. On the other hand, this result reveals that the amount of Fluoride concentration is
very small in the range of 0.21 mg/l which is reflected by dental caries in some areas. This
requires some remedial action to be done, i.e., more supply of fluoride to the water or from
other sources is required.
Figure 12 Variability of Fluorides in the study area.
1 mg/l
0.21mg/l
1.17 mg/l
0.79 mg/l
0.53 mg/l
0.28 mg/l
0.08 mg/l
0.26 mg/l
0.35 mg/l
0.39 mg/l
0.51 mg/l
0.33 mg/l
0.71 mg/l
0.45 mg/l
0.69 mg/l
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Fluorides
Sample Locations

3.14. Sulphates
The Sulphate concentration ranges from 28 mg/l to 66 mg/l most samples fall below 200 mg/l
threshold value that recommended by BIS (2012) guidelines for drinking water. And all
values found in within the limit of BIS. By BIS acceptable in 200 mg/l in samples maximum
reading was 28 mg/l and minimum 66 mg/l. All readings of sample came in acceptable
range.
Figure 13 Variability of Sulphate in the study area.
4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The Rapid growth of population in the area increases its residences dependence more on
groundwater but the groundwater quality is not found up to mark. People must become more
aware about the utilization of Groundwater and how their activities may lead to
contamination of groundwater sources. This study was carried out to assess the quality of
Groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages using some physicochemical
parameters. Results have shown that Groundwater varied markedly between the town
locations. Despite the observed variability, Groundwater sources in the study area are not
suitable for drinking purpose without necessary treatment. Further and deeper studies as well
as analysis work is being recommended in this area.
Chemical pollutants in potable water can cause a variety of problem for living beings.
The way that has been recognized to improve water quality is that the most effective and
protective way through the application of regular checkup and taking exact measure within
regular interval of time before it is supplied to living beings. The ground water samples
which were taken from the various places in study area were analyzed for different
physicochemical parameters and most of the parameters found to be below the maximum
permissible limits of BIS (2012). For sample with above permissive value need immediate
interventions and need a special attention to improve the quality of drinking water. Generally,
some of the parameters of the water sample were found to be within the limit of drinking
water quality standards. However, it is also important to investigate other potential water
contaminations such as chemicals, microbial and radiological materials for a longer period of
time, in order to assess the overall water quality.
53 mg/l
43 mg/l
24 mg/l
36 mg/l
48 mg/l
31 mg/l
28 mg/l
29 mg/l
38 mg/l
42 mg/l
33 mg/l
66 mg/l
26 mg/l
32 mg/l
50 mg/l
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sulphate
Sample Locations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the concerned authorities of construction division of Uttar
Pradesh Jal Nigam, Aligarh. We are grateful to Prof. Shadab Khursheed, Department of
Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Prof. M. Masroor Alam,
Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and Sangharsh Rao
Scientist in Application of Remote Sensing Center Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, who we have
had the immense pleasure in work during this extensive ongoing research work.
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