Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in Irrigation of...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study was conducted for irrigation water quality assessment of water resources used in irrigation of agricultural fields in Mezitli town of Mersin province. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points of surface water resources used for irrigations in irrigated farming lands of Mezitli town in 4 sampling periods (July-October). Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, water-soluble cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and anions (CO 3, HCO 3, Cl and SO 4), boron, %Na, SAR and RSC. Sample pH values varied between 7,05-8,26 and EC values varied between 292-1103 µmhos/cm. According to US Salinity Lab Classification System, irrigation waters were classified as C 2 S 1 and C 3 S 1 (moderately and highly saline waters). Boron concentrations of all samples were below the threshold value of 0,67 ppm. Significant differences were not observed in water quality parameters throughout the irrigation season.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in Irrigation of...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study was conducted for irrigation water quality assessment of water resources used in irrigation of agricultural fields in Mezitli town of Mersin province. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points of surface water resources used for irrigations in irrigated farming lands of Mezitli town in 4 sampling periods (July-October). Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, water-soluble cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and anions (CO 3, HCO 3, Cl and SO 4), boron, %Na, SAR and RSC. Sample pH values varied between 7,05-8,26 and EC values varied between 292-1103 µmhos/cm. According to US Salinity Lab Classification System, irrigation waters were classified as C 2 S 1 and C 3 S 1 (moderately and highly saline waters). Boron concentrations of all samples were below the threshold value of 0,67 ppm. Significant differences were not observed in water quality parameters throughout the irrigation season.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Assessment of Canal Sediments for Agricultural Uses - JBESInnspub Net
The study was conducted to analyze the extent of heavy metals contamination and bacteriological content in the sediments of Lahore Branch Canal. The main purpose of digging this canal was that the areas of Lahore and Kasur could be irrigated for the means of agriculture. Due to improper drainage systems of industrial sectors and residential areas the level of pollution is increasing in the canal. Sediment samples were collected from three sites located at the canal intersections namely Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University New Campus and Dharampura during the canal closure period in 2014 and 2015. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc and Iron) by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the bacteriological content (Total coliform) was analyzed by pour plate method. The metals Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Cobalt were detected in minute concentration. Only the concentration of iron was higher than the recommended limit. According to the Codex Alimentarius standards, all the sediments samples were in safe limits. The Total coliform concentrations for the areas Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University and Dharampura were 2500, 5000 and 6000 colonies in year 2014 respectively. In 2015 the colonies of total coliform were found to be 1100, 4130 and 6400 in the same areas respectively. When these sediments are used for agricultural purposes the deposited metals present in them pose harm to the crops. When crops are eaten by human, the metals ultimately get transferred to human. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/assessment-of-canal-sediments-for-agricultural-uses/
Water quality variables from peerwadi well, uranPrabhakar Pawar
Physico-chemical characteristics of water are of vital concern to human as it is directly related to human health.
Water quality is an important criterion used for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and recreation.
During present investigation, water quality variables of ground water were assessed from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach, Dist
– Raigad, Navi Mumbai from October 2010 to August 2013. Various physico-chemical parameters assessed includes pH, Temperature, Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Conductance, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Salinity, Chloride, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium
hardness. This study reveals that except the high values of chlorides and salinity, values of other physico-chemical variables are within the guideline values of WHO Standard for potable water. The quality of water from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach was found to be safe and utilizable for drinking and other purposes.
Quality of Groundwater around Rewa-Gurh Region, Rewa District Madhya Pradesh ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Operational Drainage Water Reuse Guidelines, by Shaden Abdel-Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt , Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavara...IJERD Editor
Physico-chemical analysis of open well water samples was carried out from 10 sampling locations
in Bhimavaram town during three seasons namely summer, rainy and winter of 2012-‟13 are presented. The
quality analysis was made through the estimation of physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
Turbidity, EC, TDS, Cl–, SO4
2–, NO3
–, PO4
3–, D.O, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, F–, Na+, K+ and BOD. Each parameter was
compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and BIS
standard to assess the suitability of drinking and domestic purposes. The analytical results of groundwater
samples shows that that certain parameters namely PH, D.O and Fluoride were found within the desirable limits
by BIS. However, Turbidity, EC, TH, TDS, BOD, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, were exceding the desirable limit throughout the investigation period in all locations.The results of
analysis reveal that the ground water of the area was not suitable for human consumption and domestic use due
to the influence saltwater intrusion, sewage, Industrial effluents and high urban concentration are the probable
sources for the variation of water quality in the study area
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Assessment of Canal Sediments for Agricultural Uses - JBESInnspub Net
The study was conducted to analyze the extent of heavy metals contamination and bacteriological content in the sediments of Lahore Branch Canal. The main purpose of digging this canal was that the areas of Lahore and Kasur could be irrigated for the means of agriculture. Due to improper drainage systems of industrial sectors and residential areas the level of pollution is increasing in the canal. Sediment samples were collected from three sites located at the canal intersections namely Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University New Campus and Dharampura during the canal closure period in 2014 and 2015. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc and Iron) by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the bacteriological content (Total coliform) was analyzed by pour plate method. The metals Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Cobalt were detected in minute concentration. Only the concentration of iron was higher than the recommended limit. According to the Codex Alimentarius standards, all the sediments samples were in safe limits. The Total coliform concentrations for the areas Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University and Dharampura were 2500, 5000 and 6000 colonies in year 2014 respectively. In 2015 the colonies of total coliform were found to be 1100, 4130 and 6400 in the same areas respectively. When these sediments are used for agricultural purposes the deposited metals present in them pose harm to the crops. When crops are eaten by human, the metals ultimately get transferred to human. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/assessment-of-canal-sediments-for-agricultural-uses/
Water quality variables from peerwadi well, uranPrabhakar Pawar
Physico-chemical characteristics of water are of vital concern to human as it is directly related to human health.
Water quality is an important criterion used for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and recreation.
During present investigation, water quality variables of ground water were assessed from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach, Dist
– Raigad, Navi Mumbai from October 2010 to August 2013. Various physico-chemical parameters assessed includes pH, Temperature, Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Conductance, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Salinity, Chloride, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium
hardness. This study reveals that except the high values of chlorides and salinity, values of other physico-chemical variables are within the guideline values of WHO Standard for potable water. The quality of water from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach was found to be safe and utilizable for drinking and other purposes.
Quality of Groundwater around Rewa-Gurh Region, Rewa District Madhya Pradesh ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Operational Drainage Water Reuse Guidelines, by Shaden Abdel-Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt , Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameter of Groundwater in Bhimavara...IJERD Editor
Physico-chemical analysis of open well water samples was carried out from 10 sampling locations
in Bhimavaram town during three seasons namely summer, rainy and winter of 2012-‟13 are presented. The
quality analysis was made through the estimation of physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
Turbidity, EC, TDS, Cl–, SO4
2–, NO3
–, PO4
3–, D.O, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, F–, Na+, K+ and BOD. Each parameter was
compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and BIS
standard to assess the suitability of drinking and domestic purposes. The analytical results of groundwater
samples shows that that certain parameters namely PH, D.O and Fluoride were found within the desirable limits
by BIS. However, Turbidity, EC, TH, TDS, BOD, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, were exceding the desirable limit throughout the investigation period in all locations.The results of
analysis reveal that the ground water of the area was not suitable for human consumption and domestic use due
to the influence saltwater intrusion, sewage, Industrial effluents and high urban concentration are the probable
sources for the variation of water quality in the study area
The Analysis of Romanticism Traces in Akhavan Sales Poetry, Focusing on his P...IJERA Editor
Winter is one of the most famous poems composed by Akhavan Saless and is one of the best samples of the contemporary poetry. This poem composed in Dec. 1955 was published in Winter verse collection. The general atmosphere of the poem reflects feeling of defeat, disappointment and frustration overwhelming the Iranian community post-coup d‟état, Aug. 1919, 53, through a metaphoric and symbolic expression. In the present research paper, the romantic aspects of winter have been studied and the romanticism has been traced in this poem through employing the components and features of Winter such as naturalism, metaphorizing, disappointment and pessimism. To achieve this objective firstly, we present a definition and general perspective of Romanticism; then, we trace the grounds for reflecting romanticism in Akhavan‟s poetry so that we find the reflection of romanticism in his Winter.
Content based Image Retrieval from Forensic Image DatabasesIJERA Editor
Due to the proliferation of video and image data in digital form, Content based Image Retrieval has become a prominent research topic. In forensic sciences, digital data have been widely used such as criminal images, fingerprints, scene images and so on. Therefore, the arrangement of such large image data becomes a big issue such as how to get an interested image fast. There is a great need for developing an efficient technique for finding the images. In order to find an image, image has to be represented with certain features. Color, texture and shape are three important visual features of an image. Searching for images using color, texture and shape features has attracted much attention. There are many content based image retrieval techniques in the literature. This paper gives the overview of different existing methods used for content based image retrieval and also suggests an efficient image retrieval method for digital image database of criminal photos, using dynamic dominant color, texture and shape features of an image which will give an effective retrieval result.
Data Back-Up and Recovery Techniques for Cloud Server Using Seed Block AlgorithmIJERA Editor
In cloud computing, data generated in electronic form are large in amount. To maintain this data efficiently, there is a necessity of data recovery services. To cater this, we propose a smart remote data backup algorithm, Seed Block Algorithm. The objective of proposed algorithm is twofold; first it help the users to collect information from any remote location in the absence of network connectivity and second to recover the files in case of the file deletion or if the cloud gets destroyed due to any reason. The time related issues are also being solved by proposed seed block algorithm such that it will take minimum time for the recovery process. Proposed seed block algorithm also focuses on the security concept for the back-up files stored at remote server, without using any of the existing encryption techniques.
Response time analysis of mixed messages in CANIJERA Editor
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a network protocol that allows multiple processors in a system to
communicate efficiently with each other. Microprocessors became small enough and powerful enough to start
appearing everywhere, not just inside personal computers. A CAN system sends messages using a serial bus
network, with the individual nodes (processors) in the network linked together in a daisy chain. Every node in
the system is equal to every other node. Any processor can send a message to any other processor, and if any
processor fails, the other systems in the machine will continue to work properly and communicate with each
other.In modern vehicle technology CAN is used to reduce point to point wiring harness for vehicle automation
and for data communication. To overcome the drawbacks of analog vehicle driving interface, this paper presents
the development and implementation of a digital driving system for a semi-autonomous vehicle to improve the
driver-vehicle interface. This offers increased flexibility and expandability. This system uses sensors to
measure temperature, distance from the other car, presence of alcohol in car, position monitoring, theft
monitoring and etc., and sends a warning signal to the driver if any of the parameter goes out of range to avoid
accidents. In addition to this if accident occurs in any remote area then using vibration sensor, accident is
detected and SMS is send immediately using GSM and preventing him from potentially getting into a serious
problems.
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Sys...IJERA Editor
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
A Brief Study of Video Encryption AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
Video is a set of images .Video encryption is encrypting those set of images .Thus video encryption is simply hiding your video from prying eyes .Video monitoring has always been in concerned .Multimedia security is very important for multimedia commerce on Internet such as video on demand and Real time video multicast. There are various video encryption algorithm. All have some kind of weakness .In this paper classification of various existing algorithm, its advantages and disadvantages is discussed.
A Stochastic Model of Reliability for Bivariate Gamma Distributions with the ...IJERA Editor
The theoretical study for the effect of stress on ACTH levels of individuals with a family history of alcoholism
may present a dysfunction in the activity of the HPA axis is investigated. The stress strength model describes the
life of a component which has a random strength Y and is subjected to a random stress X. R =Pr (X Y) is a
measure of the component reliability is used to find the levels of ACTH, Cortisol and -endorphin.
A Review and study of the design technique of Microstrip Patch Antenna Techno...IJERA Editor
In this paper,study and survey of microstrip antenna elements is presented, with emphasis on theoretical and
practical design techniques and material used, as previous study have been proved that material used play
significant role in the performance such as gain ,directivity ,frequency of radiation Available substrate materials
are reviewed along with the relation between dielectric constant tolerance and resonant frequency of microstrip
patches. Several theoretical analysis techniques are summarized. Practical procedures are given for both
standard rectangular and circular patches. The quality, bandwidth, and efficiency factors of typical patch designs
are discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study emphasizes on the survey and assessment of groundwater quality, sources of ground water contamination, variation of groundwater quality and which will be further purified with the use of nanomaterials. The bases for groundwater quality assessment are underground water (tube-well) and representative monitoring network enabling determination of chemical status of the underground water (tube-well). For this study, water samples were collected from 5 tube wells representing the area of 5 villages (Golaghati, Takarjala, Jampui, Mandwi, and Simna) of Tripura (India). The water samples were analyzed for physico -chemical parameters like Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium etc using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the standards. The results obtained in this study and the Association rules will be helpful for monitoring and managing presence of heavy metals in underground water in the modern research area in terms of water quality. The parameters: pH, TDS, Total hardness and content of Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and BOD were studied and compared with the standard values prescribed by ICMR, WHO, APHA and ISU/BIS. The present investigation revealed that the quality of water of a source slightly varies from area to area tube wells but was found that the underground water samples are fit for drinking and utility purpose. Keywords: Water, Total Hardness, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh, India
1. Sumant Kumar et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2015, pp.42-49
www.ijera.com 42 | P a g e
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and
Irrigation Purposes in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh, India
Sumant Kumar1
*, N.C. Ghosh1
, R.P. Singh1
, Mahesh M. Sonkusare2
, Surjeet
Singh1
, Sanjay Mittal1
1
Groundwater Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247667
2
Central Ground Water Board, NCCR, Raipur- 492007
Abstract
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The
present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154
lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven
prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The
water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+
), Potassium(K+
), Calcium(Ca2+
), Magnesium(Mg2+
),
Bicarbonate(HCO3-
), Sulphate (SO4
2-
), Nitrate (NO3
−
),Phosphate(PO4
3-
) Fluoride(F-
), Chloride (Cl−
), Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC)
and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232
NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+
(37-430 mg/L), K+
(8-
253 mg/L), Ca2+
(9-90 mg/L), Mg2+
(3-26 mg/L), SO4
2-
(5-200 mg/L), NO3
-
(0-19 mg/L), PO4
3-
(0.19-5.3 mg/L),
F-(
0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl-
(46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total
Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared
with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical
parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio
(SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is
suitable for irrigation purposes.
Keywords – Lake, water quality, drinking, irrigation, Raipur
I. Introduction
Fresh water is one of basic needs for survival of
human being. Most of fresh water bodies all over the
world are getting polluted, thus decreasing the
potability of water [1]. Lakes are the surface water
bodies which provide fresh water on Earth’s surface.
Lakes play an important role in maintaining ecology
and have a great significance on environment such as
(i) sources of water: surface water and groundwater
recharge, (ii) food and nutrition for many organisms,
(iii) act as flood control and stream flow
maintenance, (iv) recreation—education, boating,
swimming, walking and jogging on the lake bund, (v)
wildlife habitat, especially fish and birds, (vi) rain
water harvesting and, (vii) others.
Lakes, being stagnant water bodies, are more
prone to pollution than the rivers as in lakes self
purification process are less effective than rivers.
Any contamination or pollution of lakes affects
greatly the flora and fauna and also the human health
if the water is used for domestic supply. The
environmental health of any lake system depends
upon the nature of that lake and its exposure to
various environmental factors such as temperature,
depth of water, wind speed, soil types and land uses
of the catchment. Hence, lake water quality depends
not only on natural processes such as precipitation
inputs, erosion, and weathering of crustal material,
etc. but also on anthropogenic influences like urban,
industrial, and agricultural activities [2]. In recent
decades, population growth, agricultural practices
and sewage runoff from urban areas have increased
nutrient inputs many fold to the level of their natural
occurrence, resulting in accelerated
eutrophication[3,4]. The lakes and reservoirs, all over
India without exception, are in varying degrees of
environmental degradation, might be due to
encroachments, eutrophication (from domestic and
industrial effluents) and silting. There has been a
quantum jump in population during the preceding
century without corresponding expansion of civic
facilities due to which the lakes and reservoirs
become the sink of contaminants especially in urban
areas. Most urban and rural lakes have been vanished
under the population pressure with worldwide
environmental concerns [5, 6]. Raipur city was
blessed with 154 lakes locally called ―Talabs‖ but 85
Talabs are in existence. The present work has been
carried out with a focus to evaluate the prevailing
water quality of 27 prominent lakes of the city by
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Sumant Kumar et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2015, pp.42-49
www.ijera.com 43 | P a g e
analysing different parameters to know the suitability
of water for drinking and irrigation purposes.
II. Study Area
Present study is focussed on the lakes existing in
the municipal boundaries of Raipur City,
Chhatisgarh, India. Raipur city is situated in the
fertile plains of the Mahanadi River basin in
Chhattisgarh state. The city has a population of 11,
22,555 [7] and experienced a growth rate of 34.65%
during decade 2001-2011. Raipur city and its
sprawling area comprising of about 147 sq. km have
hydrogeological formations comprising mainly of
either limestone or sandstone/shale layer in different
parts. The city experiences the average annual
rainfall of 1200 mm. Once, Raipur was blessed with
154 Talabs, which had either been built by nature or
by human intervention, has presently only 85 Talabs
survived. These 85 surface water bodies of varying
sizes (2800 - 402000 sq.m) occupying a total surface
area of 2.83 sq.km [8], which is about 2% of the
city’s area. Twenty seven prominent Talabs were
chosen for water quality assessments which are
shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Location map of the study area (Raipur municipal area in red boundary)
III. Methodology
The water samples were collected in the month
of June, 2014 before onset of the monsoon from
twenty seven Talabs (Fig.2) and sample number is
labelled as L1, L2, ...L27 (Table 3). The samples
were analysed for physicochemical parameters,
organic load viz. BOD, COD and bacteriological
parameters. Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH
were measured in the field. The standard analytical
procedures as recommended by the American Public
Health Association [9] were followed for the sample
analyses. Based on the results of physicochemical
analyses, irrigation quality parameters like sodium
adsorption ratio (SAR), were also calculated. The
suitability of lake’s water for drinking and irrigation
purposes was evaluated by using Bureau of Indian
standards [10] and USSL classification [11],
respectively. The BIS guideline provides the
acceptable and permissible limits to know the
suitability of water for drinking purposes. In the
present study the permissible limits have been used
for the intended purpose.
3. Sumant Kumar et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2015, pp.42-49
www.ijera.com 44 | P a g e
Fig. 2 Location of the lakes selected for water sampling
IV. Results and Discussion
The water samples are analysed for pH,
Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness,
Sodium(Na+
), Potassium(K+
), Calcium(Ca2+
),
Magnesium(Mg2+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3-
), Sulphate
(SO42-
), Nitrate (NO3
−
), Fluoride(F−
), Chloride (Cl−
),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) and the
analytical results are summarized in Table 1. The
results are discussed for drinking and irrigation
purposes separately.
4.1 Drinking Purposes
pH is measure of the intensity of acidity or
alkalinity of water assessed on the basis of hydrogen
ion concentration. pH has no direct adverse effects on
health; however, higher values of pH hasten the scale
formation in water heating apparatus and also reduce
germicidal potential of chloride. Water with pH
below 6.5 corrodes the pipes, thereby releasing toxic
metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu etc. [12]. The pH
values of water samples of present study ranges from
6.59 to 8.29 where as permissible range is 6.5-8.5.
EC is a function of its total dissolved salts [13]
and is used as an index to represent the total
concentration of soluble salts in water. The results
show that EC values of lakes vary from 382 µs/cm
to2330 µs/cm. The maximum value of EC is
observed in Ama Talab.
TDS indicates the general nature of the water
salinity. Water with high TDS have salty taste and
produce scales on cooking vessels and boilers. TDS
value of the samples lie in the range of 244 to 1108
mg/l which are within permissible limit (2000 mg/l).
The salts dissolved in water, affect soil structure,
permeability, aeration, and indirectly the plant
growth.
Turbidity is an optical characteristic or property
of a liquid, which generally describes the clarity, or
haziness of the liquid. Turbidity is not colour related,
but relates rather to the loss of transparency due to
the effect of suspended particulate, colloidal material,
or both. Turbidity of the water ranges from 4 to 232
NTU. In most of the Talabs turbidity values are
higher than permissible limit (5 NTU).
Alkalinity is due to the presence of bicarbonates,
carbonates and hydroxides. The weathering of rocks
is the potential source of alkalinity. High alkalinity
imparts a bitter taste, harmful for irrigation as it
damages soil and hence reduces crop yields [14]. The
alkalinity ranges from 130 mg/l to 600 mg/l as
CaCO3 which is within the permissible limits (600
mg/l).
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High chloride content in water may be due to the
pollution from chloride rich effluent of sewage and
municipal waste. However chloride in excess imparts
salty taste to water and people who are not
accustomed to high chloride are subjected to laxative
effect [15]. The chloride content of the samples is in
the range of 46 to 388 mg/l which is well within the
permissible limits (1000 mg/l).
Hardness is mainly due to Ca, Mg and
eutrophication [16]. The water containing excess
hardness is not desirable for potable water as it forms
scales on water heater and utensils when used for
cooking and consume more soap during washing of
clothes. The total hardness value of sample of the
samples was in range of 66 to 330 mg/l as CaCO3 is
well within the permissible limits (600 mg/l).
Table1 Physicochemical characteristics of Talabs’ water of Raipur City, Chhatisgarh
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Practically all sodium compounds are water
soluble and tend to remain in aqueous solution. Water
in contact with igneous rocks will dissolve sodium
from its natural source. Higher concentration of Na+
ion in drinking water may cause heart problems.
Higher Na+
ion in irrigation water may cause sodicity
problems. The range of Na+
ions in water samples
varies from 5.25 to 35.49 mg/l. The range of K+
ions
in water samples varies from 8 to 78 mg/l except
Sitla Mata Mandir Talab where it is 253 mg/l.
The sources of Ca and Mg in natural water are
various types of rocks, industrial waste and sewage.
There is evidence that hard water plays a role in heart
diseases. The Ca and Mg concentration in the lakes’s
water ranges from 9 to 50 and 3 to 27 mg/l,
respectively which are within permissible limits (200
& 100 mg/l).
Fluoride content is essential for the development
of normal bones and teeth. Excessive fluoride gets
deposited on teeth causes dental flurosis, deposited
on bones cause skeletal flurosis and Cripping
flurosis. In Present samples fluoride content varies
from 0.18 to 1.41 mg/l which is within the
permissible limit (1.5 mg/l).
Nitrate concentration in groundwater and surface
water is normally low but can reach high levels as a
result of agricultural runoff, refuge dump runoffs, or
contamination with human or animal
wastes[17].When nitrate concentration is above 45
mg/l, it may lead to a disease called
Methamoglobinemia‖ or ―blue baby‖ in children. The
nitrate value varies from traces to 19 mg/l which is in
within the permissible limit (45 mg/l).
Sulphate is a substance that occurs naturally in
drinking water. Health concerns regarding sulphate in
drinking water have been raised because of reports
that diarrhea may be associated with the ingestion of
water containing high levels of sulphate. The
concentration of Sulphate varies from 3 to 57 mg/l
except for the Mahan and Kho Kho Talabs where the
values are 162 and 200 mg/l respectively but these
values are also within the permissible limit (400
mg/l).
Phosphorus is an essential nutrients for the plants
and animals that make up the aquatic food web.
Phosphorus is an essential element for plant life, but
when there is too much of it in water, it can
accelerate eutrophication. There are many forms of
phosphorus that can be measured, we have analysed
ortho phosphate as an indicator for phosphorus
enrichment. Ortho phosphate content of lake water
samples ranges from 0.19 mg/l to 1.72 mg/l, except
for Mahan Talab where it is 5.3 mg/l.
BOD is the measure of the extent of pollutant in
the water body. The untreated discharge of municipal
and domestic wastes in water bodies increases the
amount of organic content. Therefore the microbes
present in water require more amount of oxygen for
its degradation. Thus the BOD of water gets
increased. In the present study the BOD level of
water was varies from 0.1 to 11.3 mg/l.
COD test measures the oxygen demand of
biodegradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of
non biodegradable oxidisable pollutants.COD is a
water quality measure used not only to measure the
amount of biologically active substances such as
bacteria but also biologically inactive organic matter
in water. [18] related higher values of COD with
increased anthropogenic pressures on lakes and it is
evident from the results that COD values of the lakes
are very high (8-118 mg/l), an indication of flooded
organic matter.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the maximum
concentration of oxygen that can dissolve in water.
As a function of water temperature, it may vary from
place to place and time to time. DO is an important
parameter to assess the waste assimilative capacity of
the waters It fluctuate seasonally, daily and with
variation in water temperature [19], mainly due to
consumption of DO owing to respiration by aquatic
animals, decomposition of organic matter, and
various chemical reactions. Dissolved oxygen
concentration ranges from 1 mg/l to 8.6 mg/l.
Total and fecal coliform are used as indicators of
possible sewage contamination because they are
commonly found in human and animal feces.
Although they are generally not harmful themselves,
they indicate the possible presence of pathogenic
(disease-causing) bacteria, viruses, and protozoans
that also live in human and animal digestive systems.
Therefore, their presence in lakes suggests that
pathogenic microorganisms might also be present.
The range of total coliform varies from 15 to 3600
MPN/100ml and for fecal coliform the range varies
from 4 to 240 MPN/100ml.
4.2 Irrigation Purposes
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is a measure of
the suitability of water for use in
agricultural irrigation. In general, higher the sodium
adsorption ratio, the less suitable the water is for
irrigation(Table 2). The SAR values for each water
sample were calculated using the following equation.
SAR= Na+
/√(Ca2+
+ Mg2+
)/2
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Table 2 Classification of irrigation water based on SAR
From Table 3 it can be observed that SAR value ranges from 1.64 to 19.95 which indicate that Talabs’water
is suitable for irrigation. Most of the Talabs are having SAR values less than 10 which mean low sodium water
(Table 3) and quality is excellent for irrigation of all types of crops and all types of soils.
Table 3 Classification of Talabs’ water for irrigation purposes based on SAR value
Sample No. Lake/Talab name SAR Values SAR based classification of
water
L1 Budhha Talab
3.74 Excellent
L 2 Maharajbandh Talab 2.76 Excellent
L 3 Chironji Talab 7.13 Excellent
L 4 Naya Talab 4.69 Excellent
L 5 Naraya Talab 3.11 Excellent
L 6 Kho Kho talab 12.41 Good
L 7 Bandhua Talab 2.60 Excellent
L 8 Paharai Talab 4.83 Excellent
L 9 Malsai Talb 10.15 Good
L 10 Ama Talab 19.95 Fair
L 11 Dhobi Talab 8.43 Excellent
L 12 Shetla Talab 3.91 Excellent
L 13 Ghorai Talab 3.60 Excellent
L 14 Mahan Talab 3.28 Excellent
L 15 Karbala Talab 2.99 Excellent
L 16 Handi Talab 8.30 Excellent
L 17 Telibandha Talab 2.69 Excellent
L 18 Raja Talab 2.26 Excellent
L 19 Katora Talab 2.41 Excellent
L 20 Bandha Talab 7.93 Excellent
L 21 Gogaon Talab 8.37 Excellent
L 22 Gondwara Talab 3.87 Excellent
L 23 KhamtaraiTalab 4.22 Excellent
L 24 Sitala Mata Mandir Talab 8.29 Excellent
L 25 Pankhatiya 5.55 Excellent
L 26 Rohinpura Talab 2.01 Excellent
L 27 Sarona Lake 1.64 Excellent
US salinity laboratory (USSL) classification
evaluates the irrigation water quality on the basis of
its electric conductivity (EC) as the indicator of its
salt concentration, and SAR as the indicator of its
S.No. Types of water and SAR value Quality Suitability for irrigation
1 Low sodium water (S1)
SAR value: 0–10
Excellent Suitable for all types of crops and all
types of soils, except for those crops,
which are sensitive to sodium
2 Medium sodium water (S2)
SAR value: 10–18
Good Suitable for coarse textured or
organic soil with good permeability.
Relatively unsuitable in fine textured
soils
3 High sodium water (S3)
SAR value: 18–26
Fair Harmful for almost all types of soil;
Requires good drainage, high
leaching gypsum addition
4 Very high sodium water (S4)
SAR value: above 26
Poor Unsuitable for Irrigation
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relative sodium activity. Electrical conductivity
therefore becomes a satisfactory measure of the
salinity hazard involved in the use of water for
irrigation. Waters are divided into 4 groups (C1, C2,
C3, C4) with respect to conductivity, the dividing
points between classes being at 250,750, and 2,250
micromhos/cm. SAR is a measure of sodium hazard
and is divided into four groups(S1, S2, S3, S4), the
dividing points between classes being at 10,18, and
26. All the water samples falls in C2 & C3 category
which implies salinity hazard is medium to high. As
far as sodium hazard is concerned all samples were
falls under S1 & S2 category implying low to
medium sodicity (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 USSL classification for irrigation water
V. Conclusion
In this study characterization of the
physicochemical, BOD, COD and bacteriological
parameters of twenty seven lakes’ water from
different locations in Raipur city area has been
carried out. To assess the quality of lake water each
parameter was compared with the standard
permissible limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian
Standard (BIS, 2012). From the study it is
concluded that lake water is not safe for drinking
purposes from the point of view of levels of
turbidity, TC and FC mainly. The irrigation water
quality was also assessed by estimating Salinity and
Sodium hazards. All the samples fall in S1 and S2
classes which implies low to medium sodium
hazard. For Salinity hazards, all the samples fall in
C2 and C3 classes implying medium to high
salinity. It may be concluded that lake water is good
for irrigation purposes. The lake water quality may
be improved by bans the activities that cause
pollution and diversion of sewerage water by
abstaining it to drain into lake.
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