Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and
industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing
urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers
and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of
Bommasandra. Bommasandra city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition
among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides,
discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also
contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
The study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater
quality of Aligarh city, (India). Groundwater samples were
collected from 40 wells and analyzed for 20 water quality
parameters in post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013. High
coefficient of variance indicates variability of physico-chemical
parameters concentrations in ground water. The descriptive
statistical analysis was done beside Pearson correlation. From
correlation analysis it was observed that very strong correlations
exist between total hardness and Mg++ (0.99), TDS and total
hardness (0.88), TDS and Chloride (0.87). In 100% of the
samples recorded alkalinity and magnesium concentration were
found higher than maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS.
Concentration of hardness, cadmium, pH, iron, lead, and total
dissolved solids were also found above the standard limits
prescribed by BIS. This reveals deterioration of water quality. It
is therefore, suggested to take up regular monitoring of
groundwater in areas of Aligarh city.
Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking Purpose in...ijtsrd
Groundwater is a necessary and essential element of any existence support system. It is not only the basic need for human survival but also a compulsory input for all development activities. This study was carried out to analysis factors regulating quality of groundwater in an area with drinking as main use. Sixty groundwater samples twenty form each year 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively have been collected from four different villages of Dharta Watershed of Udaipur district. The analytical results shows higher concentration of TDS 53.33 , EC 45 , and MH 96.67 which indicates signs of deterioration as per WHO and BIS standards. For drinking point of view water quality of the sample investigation reveal that the groundwater is not completely fit for utilization with respect to pH, EC, Na , Mg2 , and Ca2 . In some of the water samples of the area, the concentrations of these elements exceed the acceptable limits of BIS and WHO standards. Katara P. | Maheshwari B. L. | Mittal H. K. | Dashora Y. | Dashora R. | Singh P. K. | Yadav K. K "Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking Purpose in Dharta Watershed of Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30471.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30471/evaluation-of-groundwater-quality-and-its-suitability-for-drinking-purpose-in-dharta-watershed-of-udaipur-district-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Underground Water from Silchar Municipal Area of...IJERA Editor
Water samples were collected from different sources of Silchar Municipal area of Cachar district, Assam, India.
Physicochemical parameter such as PH
, EC, Hardness, Chloride, Fluorides, Iron, TDS of sixteen water samples
from different sampling sites of Silchar were determined. The experimental results were compared with
drinking water quality standards laid down by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health
Organization (WHO) and it was found that only a few water samples are not suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes due to high concentration of iron. Overall all the ground water is clear, odourless and soft.
Even few samples contain fluoride ion but the values are much below the permissible limits.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
The study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater
quality of Aligarh city, (India). Groundwater samples were
collected from 40 wells and analyzed for 20 water quality
parameters in post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013. High
coefficient of variance indicates variability of physico-chemical
parameters concentrations in ground water. The descriptive
statistical analysis was done beside Pearson correlation. From
correlation analysis it was observed that very strong correlations
exist between total hardness and Mg++ (0.99), TDS and total
hardness (0.88), TDS and Chloride (0.87). In 100% of the
samples recorded alkalinity and magnesium concentration were
found higher than maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS.
Concentration of hardness, cadmium, pH, iron, lead, and total
dissolved solids were also found above the standard limits
prescribed by BIS. This reveals deterioration of water quality. It
is therefore, suggested to take up regular monitoring of
groundwater in areas of Aligarh city.
Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking Purpose in...ijtsrd
Groundwater is a necessary and essential element of any existence support system. It is not only the basic need for human survival but also a compulsory input for all development activities. This study was carried out to analysis factors regulating quality of groundwater in an area with drinking as main use. Sixty groundwater samples twenty form each year 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively have been collected from four different villages of Dharta Watershed of Udaipur district. The analytical results shows higher concentration of TDS 53.33 , EC 45 , and MH 96.67 which indicates signs of deterioration as per WHO and BIS standards. For drinking point of view water quality of the sample investigation reveal that the groundwater is not completely fit for utilization with respect to pH, EC, Na , Mg2 , and Ca2 . In some of the water samples of the area, the concentrations of these elements exceed the acceptable limits of BIS and WHO standards. Katara P. | Maheshwari B. L. | Mittal H. K. | Dashora Y. | Dashora R. | Singh P. K. | Yadav K. K "Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking Purpose in Dharta Watershed of Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30471.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30471/evaluation-of-groundwater-quality-and-its-suitability-for-drinking-purpose-in-dharta-watershed-of-udaipur-district-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Underground Water from Silchar Municipal Area of...IJERA Editor
Water samples were collected from different sources of Silchar Municipal area of Cachar district, Assam, India.
Physicochemical parameter such as PH
, EC, Hardness, Chloride, Fluorides, Iron, TDS of sixteen water samples
from different sampling sites of Silchar were determined. The experimental results were compared with
drinking water quality standards laid down by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health
Organization (WHO) and it was found that only a few water samples are not suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes due to high concentration of iron. Overall all the ground water is clear, odourless and soft.
Even few samples contain fluoride ion but the values are much below the permissible limits.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaip...ijtsrd
Validate the suitability of water for agriculture on the basis of the quality indices is the key objective of this study. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity and bicarbonates. The quality indices were evaluated and ranged as Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.54 to 5.80 ppm, Soluble Sodium percentage 10.47 to 59.17 ppm, Residual Sodium Carbonate 26.25 to 1.24 ppm, Permeability Index 25.16 to 79.78 and Kelly’s Ratio 0.12 to 1.45 ppm. The outcomes were compared to the WHO and BIS standards. According to salinity hazard in which based on EC, 18.33 samples are unsuitable for irrigation, while 26.67 samples are utilize by suitable water treatment, On the basis of TDS 5 of water samples are belongs to moderately saline category which is reduce by some irrigation practices. On the other side based on Sodium hazard all the samples are found within the range of excellent category, which means water is suitable for irrigation purpose. The calculated indices were fit in agreement by means of WHO and BIS. The documentation contains information about the impact of the irrigation water quality on the agriculture. Katara P. | Mittal H. K. | Maheshwari B. L. | Singh P. K. | Dashora Y. "Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30429.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30429/assessment-of-water-quality-indices-for-irrigation-of-dharta-watershed-udaipur-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Optimization of Fuzzy Tsukamoto Membership Function using Genetic Algorithm t...IJECEIAES
Some aquatic ecosystems in rivers depend on the river water, so it needs to be maintained by measuring and analyzing the river water quality. STORET is one of the methods used to measure the river water quality, but it takes a quite high of time and costs. Fuzzy Tsukamoto is an alternative method that works by grouping the river water data, but it is difficult to determine the membership function value. The solution offered in this study is the use of genetic algorithm to determine the membership function value of each criterion. Based on the test results, the optimization of fuzzy membership function using genetic algorithm provides higher accuracy value that is 95%, while the accuracy value without optimization process is 90%. The parameters used in genetic algorithm are as follows: population size is 80, generation number is 175, crossover rate (cr) is 0.6, and mutation rate (mr) is 0.4.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Inkollu Mandal, ...IJERA Editor
Physico-chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physic-chemical parameters at Inkollu mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. Nine ground water samples were collected from different places of Inkollu mandal of Prakasam district. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. By observing the results, it was shown that the parameters from the water samples were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), USPH (United state Public health ) for ground water .The results revealed that some parameters were in high concentration and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at some sampling locations.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
Chitrakoot is a major holy place of Bundelkhand, situated at 24.48” to 25.12” North Latitude and 80.58” to
81.34” East Longitude. It is about 62 km from East to West and 57.5 km from North to South There are more
than thousand temples in the study area, which are located mainly in Kamadgiri parikrama and along the bank of
river Mandakini. A number of pilgrims visit the place throughout the year. Obviously a considerable amount of
waste generated from the religious activities is being discharged anywhere consequently in creation of sever
solid waste problem.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham Karwi for the parameters- pH,
Temperature, Nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrite, Chloride were analyzed using standard methods prescribed
as in the APHA, AWHA (2005). The result indicates that the water is unsuitable for Human body, Animals and
Agriculture.
Quality of Groundwater around Rewa-Gurh Region, Rewa District Madhya Pradesh ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF JAMTHADI LAKE IN SANGAMNER TALUKA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRIC...Dr Dama
LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF JAMTHADI LAKE IN SANGAMNER TALUKA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA
1Bhagde Rupendra, 3Dama L. B., 1Karpe Dhanashri, 1Bhavare Vandana, 2Tambe Ashok and 4Sopan Ainar
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An analytical study on impact of industrial effluent on the kharun river, rai...eSAT Journals
study area, during February - March 2015. The high concentration of
alkalinity (209 mg/L) and hardness (220 mg/l) shows the severe condition of river water due to discharge of Industrial effluent.
Heavy metal or toxic metal concentration was found negligible while in sample no 1 the concentrations of Pb (0.811 mg/l), Cr
(0.642 mg/l), Fe (0.498 mg/l), Zn (0.326 mg/l) and Mn (0.3 mg/l). In other locations some metal concentrations were found below
the detectable limit although iron appeared in a small quantity. Hence it is concluded that there is an adverse condition of river
water environment due to industrial activities and industrial effluent discharge without treatment be supposed to be stopped to
protect the valuable river water from contamination.
Keywords: Waste Water, Industrial, Heavy Metals, Concentration, Kharun River, Pollution
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
Powerpoint for Beginner's Astrology ClassGodis Nanu
This is the powerpoint for my Astrology Class being taught as a part of my Foundations Course which also included Numerology and Tarot. Each class is taught over a 5day period, meaning one should have the proper foundation for Numerology, Astrology, and Tarot in 15 days. Certificates are given at the end of the course and free readings are given throughout. Go to www.beautifulnanu.com to Register for the next class session.
Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaip...ijtsrd
Validate the suitability of water for agriculture on the basis of the quality indices is the key objective of this study. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity and bicarbonates. The quality indices were evaluated and ranged as Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.54 to 5.80 ppm, Soluble Sodium percentage 10.47 to 59.17 ppm, Residual Sodium Carbonate 26.25 to 1.24 ppm, Permeability Index 25.16 to 79.78 and Kelly’s Ratio 0.12 to 1.45 ppm. The outcomes were compared to the WHO and BIS standards. According to salinity hazard in which based on EC, 18.33 samples are unsuitable for irrigation, while 26.67 samples are utilize by suitable water treatment, On the basis of TDS 5 of water samples are belongs to moderately saline category which is reduce by some irrigation practices. On the other side based on Sodium hazard all the samples are found within the range of excellent category, which means water is suitable for irrigation purpose. The calculated indices were fit in agreement by means of WHO and BIS. The documentation contains information about the impact of the irrigation water quality on the agriculture. Katara P. | Mittal H. K. | Maheshwari B. L. | Singh P. K. | Dashora Y. "Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30429.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30429/assessment-of-water-quality-indices-for-irrigation-of-dharta-watershed-udaipur-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Optimization of Fuzzy Tsukamoto Membership Function using Genetic Algorithm t...IJECEIAES
Some aquatic ecosystems in rivers depend on the river water, so it needs to be maintained by measuring and analyzing the river water quality. STORET is one of the methods used to measure the river water quality, but it takes a quite high of time and costs. Fuzzy Tsukamoto is an alternative method that works by grouping the river water data, but it is difficult to determine the membership function value. The solution offered in this study is the use of genetic algorithm to determine the membership function value of each criterion. Based on the test results, the optimization of fuzzy membership function using genetic algorithm provides higher accuracy value that is 95%, while the accuracy value without optimization process is 90%. The parameters used in genetic algorithm are as follows: population size is 80, generation number is 175, crossover rate (cr) is 0.6, and mutation rate (mr) is 0.4.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples.
A study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab, In...IJERA Editor
Among the different types of pollution, heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues in India. A number of studies show that high level of heavy metal exposure is a frequent cause of permanent intellectual and developmental disabilities. In this present study, the AAS method is used to determine the various heavy metal concentrations for 240 samples of Groundwater distributed in eight districts in Malwa Region of Punjab. The concentration values were compared with Standard Values given by BIS. The results showed that the maximum percentage of groundwater samples of Malwa region is beyond the permissible limits and that’s why not fit for drinking purposes and other domestic activities due to the presence of various heavy metals . The overall groundwater quality of Punjab for Arsenic, lead, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, zinc and Mercury can also be detected and compared with BIS standards. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the distribution of Heavy metals in groundwater of Malwa Region of Punjab and its greater risks to public health. The results were compared with the recommended standards for drinking water of BIS to know the existing status and trend. Overall, water quality was found as unsatisfactory for drinking purposes in all the samples
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Inkollu Mandal, ...IJERA Editor
Physico-chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physic-chemical parameters at Inkollu mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. Nine ground water samples were collected from different places of Inkollu mandal of Prakasam district. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. By observing the results, it was shown that the parameters from the water samples were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), USPH (United state Public health ) for ground water .The results revealed that some parameters were in high concentration and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at some sampling locations.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
Chitrakoot is a major holy place of Bundelkhand, situated at 24.48” to 25.12” North Latitude and 80.58” to
81.34” East Longitude. It is about 62 km from East to West and 57.5 km from North to South There are more
than thousand temples in the study area, which are located mainly in Kamadgiri parikrama and along the bank of
river Mandakini. A number of pilgrims visit the place throughout the year. Obviously a considerable amount of
waste generated from the religious activities is being discharged anywhere consequently in creation of sever
solid waste problem.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham Karwi for the parameters- pH,
Temperature, Nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrite, Chloride were analyzed using standard methods prescribed
as in the APHA, AWHA (2005). The result indicates that the water is unsuitable for Human body, Animals and
Agriculture.
Quality of Groundwater around Rewa-Gurh Region, Rewa District Madhya Pradesh ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF JAMTHADI LAKE IN SANGAMNER TALUKA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRIC...Dr Dama
LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF JAMTHADI LAKE IN SANGAMNER TALUKA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA
1Bhagde Rupendra, 3Dama L. B., 1Karpe Dhanashri, 1Bhavare Vandana, 2Tambe Ashok and 4Sopan Ainar
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An analytical study on impact of industrial effluent on the kharun river, rai...eSAT Journals
study area, during February - March 2015. The high concentration of
alkalinity (209 mg/L) and hardness (220 mg/l) shows the severe condition of river water due to discharge of Industrial effluent.
Heavy metal or toxic metal concentration was found negligible while in sample no 1 the concentrations of Pb (0.811 mg/l), Cr
(0.642 mg/l), Fe (0.498 mg/l), Zn (0.326 mg/l) and Mn (0.3 mg/l). In other locations some metal concentrations were found below
the detectable limit although iron appeared in a small quantity. Hence it is concluded that there is an adverse condition of river
water environment due to industrial activities and industrial effluent discharge without treatment be supposed to be stopped to
protect the valuable river water from contamination.
Keywords: Waste Water, Industrial, Heavy Metals, Concentration, Kharun River, Pollution
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
Powerpoint for Beginner's Astrology ClassGodis Nanu
This is the powerpoint for my Astrology Class being taught as a part of my Foundations Course which also included Numerology and Tarot. Each class is taught over a 5day period, meaning one should have the proper foundation for Numerology, Astrology, and Tarot in 15 days. Certificates are given at the end of the course and free readings are given throughout. Go to www.beautifulnanu.com to Register for the next class session.
Study On Concrete Using Marble Powder Waste As Partial Replacement Of SandIJERA Editor
Marble Waste (Marble sawing powder, and marble sludge or slurry) is a widespread byproduct of marble processing industries. All these wastes are thrown away in the areas near the factories and cause severe environmental problems. The main objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using marble powder waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Since this concrete is prepared with marble powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate (Sand) in four different proportions i.e. 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for the period of 7days, 28days, 90days curing. This compressive strength compared with the conventional concrete i.e. concrete prepared without marble powder.
In the field of culture,religion and language, Chhattisgarh has a significant role in every field of Sanskritik. Chhattisgarhi was known as “Khaltahi” to the nearby hill-people and as “Laria” toSambalpuri and Oriya speakers.Many people in Chhattisgarh also speakKosali and Oriya.Sanskritik Chhattisgarh is a hub of literature; various dance forms,art and crafts-all of these derive its sustenance from the day –to-day life experience of its folks.Religion, myths, social and political events, folklore and nature are preferred motifs.
A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, ...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Mandya. Mandya city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides, discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index for the ground water samples of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater samples of about 40 samples were collected and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to provide an overview of present ground water quality for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and effective way for assessing the quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for communicating the information on overall quality of water.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
Water is an important natural resource, which forms the cause of all life. Water is
one of the most requisite materials in our day to day life. It is a key resource in all
economic activities ranging from agriculture to industries. Only a minimal fraction of
the planet’s plentiful water is available to the living beings as fresh water. About 97%
is found in the oceans and is very salty for drinking, irrigation, or industry. The
remaining 3% is fresh water. About 2.997% of it is arrested in ice caps or glaciers or
is concealed so deep that it costs too much time & money to extract. Only about
0.0035 of Earth’s total volume of water is easily available to us as soil moisture,
exploitable ground water, water vapor, rivers, lakes and streams. In this present study
by a systematic sampling has been carried out to find the water quality parameters of
the Lake, by collecting samples from Six different positions, which covering entire
area of the lake, and the stations were distributed covering the periphery of the entire
tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges and to suggest required
management techniques to make water free from the pollution
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Assesment of Water Quality Parameters of Ulhas River in Thane Districtrahulmonikasharma
Globally water resources are becoming increasingly vulnerable as a result escalating demand arising from the population growth, the need foe increased food production, expanding industrialisation due to rising living standards, pilution due to various anthropogenic activities, and climate change impacts Due to the water scarcity and poor water quality, it has been predicted that by 2050, at least one in four people are likely to live in a country with a shortage of freshwater. Water quality is a complex subject which involves physical, chemical, hydrological and biologicl characteristics of water and their complex and delicate realations.
EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND SOIL PROPERTIES NEAR PHARMACEUTICAL CO...IAEME Publication
There has been an increase in number of pharmaceutical companies in the present
time. A large number of them are located in Himachal Pradesh. The effluents from
these industries contaminate the nearby soil and water bodies. Here we analyses the
treated waste water and soil from nearby areas for their physical, chemical and
biological parameters. The samples were analyzed using standard methods according
to WHO & APHA-AWWA-WPCF norms. The results showed a high amount of
contamination. The pHs of the water samples showed contrasting features one being
slightly alkaline while other highly acidic. The microbial activity was quiet low in the
treated waste water while optimum amounts of bacterial and fungal activity was
found in the soil samples near the industries. The presence of high amount of sodium
and salinity was also observed. This could damage the crop productivity and soil
fertility. There is an urgent need to propose strict restrictions on discharge of harmful
effluents in the environment.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
INFLUENCE OF LEACHATE MIGRATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY Dr. Naveen BP
In this paper, the concept of leachate pollution index, a tool for quantifying the leachate pollution potential and water quality index for surrounding water bodies of Mavallipura landfill site in Bangalore has been applied. It has been found that the leachate generated from the Mavallipura landfill site has high contamination potential to the surrounding water bodies. The results revealed that quality of ground water resources in Mavallipura landfill is deteriorating largely, as a result of the poor practice of solid waste management. Hence, an effective remedial plan needs to be prepared for the sustainable water quality maintenance of the area.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
An Assesment of Groundwater Quality Index in Bommasandra Area,Bengaluru city,Karnataka State,India
1. Shivaprasad H et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp.90-96
www.ijera.com 90 | P a g e
An Assesment of Groundwater Quality Index in Bommasandra
Area,Bengaluru city,Karnataka State,India
Shivaprasad H1
,Dr.D.P.Nagarajappa2
, Ravichandra K3
, Prasanna Kumar G.R4
,
Kedarraya Mallanna5
, Savita Kubakaddi6
1,2-Assistant Professor, Department of studies in Civil Engineering, The Oxford College of Engineering,
Bangalore-560068, Karnataka state, India.
3,4,5,6- Under Graduate Student, Department of studies in Civil Engineering, The Oxford College of
Engineering, Bangalore-560068, Karnataka state, India
Abstract
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and
industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing
urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers
and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of
Bommasandra. Bommasandra city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition
among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides,
discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also
contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
Keywords: Groundwater, Water quality standards, Water quality characteristics, Water quality index.
I. Introduction
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial,
water supply and irrigation all over the world. In the
last few decades, there has been a tremendous
increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid
growth of population and the accelerated pace of
industrialization. Human health is threatened by
unsanitary conditions through open drain carrying
and disposing wastewater into natural water bodies.
Rapid urbanization, especially in developing
countries like India, has affected the availability and
quality of groundwater due to its overexploitation and
improper waste disposal, especially in urban areas.
According to WHO organization, about 80% of all
the diseases in human beings are caused by water.
Water quality index is one of the most effective tools
to communicate information on the quality of water
2. Materials and Methods
To the concerned citizens and policy makers. It,
thus, becomes an important parameter for the
assessment and management of groundwater. WQI is
defined as a rating, reflecting the composite influence
of different water quality parameters.
Research article open access
The present work is aimed at assessing the water
quality index for the ground water samples of
Bommasandra industrial area. The groundwater
samples of about 16 samples were collected and
subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical
analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to
provide an overview of present ground water quality
for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total
hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate,
sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride,
alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the
WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for
predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI)
is a very useful and effective way for assessing the
quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for
communicating the information on overall quality of
water.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the study area
Bommasandra village is lies between latitude
12.80º N and 77.69º E is bounded on northwest by
Hosur and on the north and northeast by Tumkur
district, on the east by district and south by Krishna
giri and Channapatna. Total geographical area of the
district is Sqkms. The city is situated at an elevation
of 450 m above MSL.
2.2 Population growth and density:
As per provisional reports of census India,
population of Bommasandra in 2011 is 28353; of
which male and female 15973 (56%) and 12380
(44%) respectively. In education section, total
literates in Bommasandra city are 28353 of which
15973 are males while 12380 are females. Average
literacy Bommasandra city are is 72% percent of
which male and female literacy was 80% and 61%
percent. Total children (0-6) in Bommasandra city
are 2500 as per figure from Census India report on
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Shivaprasad H et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp.90-96
www.ijera.com 91 | P a g e
2011. In Bommasandra city more than 85% of the
population speaks kannada.
2.3 Geomorphology
The district is located in the southern maiden
region of the state. The surface topography is in the
form of undulating plain situated at an average
elevation of 400-550m above MSL. The range of
hills fallen a broken series of conspicuous peaks,
which reach the altitude of 400m above MSL, 100
the general slope in the district is in Southeast
direction.
2.4 Groundwater sampling in the Study area
Careful planning and preparation of a
groundwater- sampling trip was made to save time
and help reduce the number of difficulties that
commonly occur with fieldwork. Correct sampling
procedure begins with thorough preparation in the
office and laboratory before sample collection. Each
sample bottle is to be thoroughly cleaned and
protected from any contamination during sample
collection, preservation, and shipment to assure a
high quality sample. Filtering equipment is to be
rinsed thoroughly to remove any mineral deposits in
hoses or support container vessels. The sample
containers and hoses for organic analyses are to be
acid-washed and rinsed several times with deionised
water. Grab sampling has been adopted to collect
groundwater samples. 16 groundwater samples were
collected in polythene containers of 2 litres capacity
for chemical analysis after pumping out sufficient
quantity of water from the source such that, the
sample collected served as a representative sample.
The samples thus collected were transported to the
laboratory condition.
2.5 Analysis of Groundwater Samples
The groundwater quality was assessed by the
analysis of chemical parameters such as pH,
Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids,
Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total Hardness, Calcium
Hardness, Nitrates, Sulphates, Iron and Fluorides.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking
water quality for various parameters is presented in
the table 2.The analytical methods used to measure
chemical parameters of groundwater samples
collected from all the sampling stations are listed in
the table 1.The water samples were analysed
adopting standard methods in the Environmental
Laboratory.
3. Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater
samples
All the reagents used were of analytical grade
and solutions were made of distilled water. Various
water quality parameters such as alkalinity, hardness,
chlorides etc., were determined using standard
analytical methods and procedures (table-1). The
instruments used were calibrated before use for
observing readings. The repeated measurements were
made to ensure precision and accuracy of results.
3.1 Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater
samples:
All the reagents used were of analytical
grade and solutions were made of distilled water.
Various water quality parameters such as alkalinity,
hardness, chlorides etc., were determined using
standard analytical methods and procedures (table-1).
The instruments used were calibrated before use for
observing readings. The repeated measurements were
made to ensure precision and accuracy of results
Table 1: Methods Used for Groundwater analysis
(Laboratory analytical methods)
Sl.
No
Physico-
chemical
Parameters
Methods
1 pH Potentiometry (pH meter)
2 Conductivity Conductivity probe
3 Alkalinity Argentometry (Titration)
4 Chloride Argentometry (Titration)
5 Total Hardness Complexometry by EDTA
titration
6 Calcium Argentometry (Titration)
7 Magnesium Argentometry (Titration)
8 Total Dissolved
Solids
TDS Probe
9 Fluoride Ion Analyser
10 Iron Spectrophotometry
11 Nitrate Spectrophotometry
12 Sulphate Spectrophotometry
Table 2: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for
drinking water (IS 10500: 2003)
Sl.
No
.
Characteristic
s
Desirable
limit
Permissible
limit
1 Colour, (Hazen
units)
5 25
2 Odour Unobjectio
nable
Unobjectiona
ble
3 Taste Agreeable Agreeable
4 pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
5 Total hardness
(mg/l as
CaCO3)
300 600
6 Iron (Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.0
7 Manganese
(Mn), mg/l
0.1 0.3
8 Chloride, mg/l 250 1000
9 Total dissolved
solids, mg/l
500 2000
10 Calcium, mg/l 100 200
11 Sulphate, mg/l 200 400
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12 Nitrate, mg/l 45 100
13 Fluoride, mg/l - 1.5
14 Alkalinity, mg/l 200 600
15 Mercury, mg/l 0.001 -
16 Cadmium, mg/l 0.01 -
17 Lead, mg/l 0.05 -
18 Zinc, mg/l 5 15
III. Results and Discussions
In this chapter for the purpose of revealing the
water quality of 16 bore wells of covering the study
area have been established by determining the
physical and chemical characteristics as per standard
methods4
. They have been listed systematically and
represented in table2. The parameters viz., pH, total
dissolved solids and Electrical conductivity know the
physical characteristics of the ground water under the
study area. The chemical characteristics of the
ground water under the study area are known by the
parameters viz., total hardness, calcium hardness,
magnesium hardness, iron, fluoride, nitrate, chloride,
sulfate, and alkalinity.
The pH of the groundwater samples are neutral
or close to it as they all range from 6.7 to 7.4 which
are within the permissible limits 6.5- 8.5 given by
Indian Standards, also complies with standard 0f 7.0-
8.0 given by WHO17
. One of the main objectives in
controlling pH is to produce water that minimizes
corrosion or incrustation. These processes, which can
cause considerable damage to the water supply
systems, result from complex interactions between
pH and other parameters, such as dissolved solids,
dissolved gases, hardness, alkalinity, and
temperature. The variation of pH in the study period
is shown figure 3.1
Figure 3.1: pH- Hydrogen ion concentration
variations during the study period
The Conductivity of the groundwater in Sugar
town, Mandya city ranges from 398-1038 μs/cm.
Conductivity itself is not a human or aquatic health
concern, but because it is easily measured, it can
serve as an indicator of other water quality problems.
Water with high mineral content tends to have higher
conductivity, which is a general indication of high
dissolved solid concentration of the water10
.
Therefore, conductivity measurements can be used as
a quick way to locate potential water quality
problems. The variation of Electrical conductivity in
the study period is shown figure 3.
Total dissolved solids level in ground water is
238.8-622 mg/L which exceeds the permissible limit
of 500 mg/L as per Indian standards and 1000 mg/L
as per WHO Standards. The term total dissolved
solids refer mainly to the inorganic substances that
are dissolved in water. The effects of TDS on
drinking water quality depend on the levels of its
individual components; excessive hardness, taste,
mineral depositions and corrosion are common
properties of highly mineralized water.
The variation of total dissolved solids in the study
period is shown figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2: EC- Electrical conductivity, TDS- Total
dissolved solids concentration variations during the
study period
Total Hardness varies from 220-435 mg/L as
CaCO3. The hardness values for the study area are
found to be hard for almost all locations and
determined to fall higher edge of the desirable limit
of WHO specification and Indian standards. The
variation of total alkalinity and total hardness in the
study period is shown figure 3.3. Hardness is caused
by polyvalent metallic ions dissolved in water, which
in natural water are principally magnesium and
calcium. So the adverse effects of such hard water are
i. Soap consumption by hard water cause economic
loss to water, ii. MgSO4 has laxative effects in
person unaccustomed to it, iii. precipitation by hard
water adhere to the surface of tubs and sinks and may
stain clothing, dishes and other items16
.
Table-3: Classification of water based on hardness
by Sawyer and McCarthy
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Alkalinity of the samples are in the range of 286-399
mg/L. The alkalinity levels of all the water samples
are high thus, resisting acidification of the
groundwater samples. The variation of total alkalinity
and total hardness in the study period is shown figure
4
Figure 4: TH- Total Hardness, TA- Total Alkalinity
variations during the study period
The presence of calcium in water results from its
passage through the deposits of limestone, dolomite,
gypsum and other calcium bearing rocks. Calcium
contributes to the total hardness of water and is an
important micro nutrient in aquatic environment.
Small concentrations of calcium carbonate prevent
corrosion of metal pipes by laying down a protective
coating. But increased concentration of calcium
precipitates on heating to form harmful scales in
boilers, pipes and utensils. As per BIS and WHO
standards, the permissible limit for calcium is 200
mg/l. In the present study, the groundwater samples
have calcium concentration varying from 44-70.4
mg/l. Variation of calcium in the study area is shown
in the figure 5
Magnesium is one of the abundant elements in
the earth„s crust, It is found in all natural waters and
its source lies in rocks. It is an important element
contributing to hardness and a necessary constituent
of chlorophyll. High concentrations of magnesium
reduce utility of water for domestic use, while a
concentration above 500mg/l imparts an unpleasant
taste to water and renders it unfit for drinking. As per
IS 10500: (2003), the desirable limit of magnesium is
30 mg/l and permissible limit is 100 mg/l. In the
present study, the groundwater samples have
magnesium concentration varying from 24.48-62.16
mg/l. Variations of Magnesium in the study area is
shown in the figure 5.
Figure 5: Ca- Calcium, Mg- Magnesium variations
during the study period
Chloride present in ground water samples are in the
range of 76.8-153 mg/L, which exceeds the
permissible limit of 250 mg/L as per Indian standards
as well as WHO Standards and this obviously affects
the taste of the water. Similarly study of Chemical
characteristics of groundwater in and around
Bommasandra area chloride content is beyond the
permissible limit24
. This occurs may be due to saline
water intrusion. Chloride is a widely distributed
element in all types of rocks in one or the other form.
Its affinity towards sodium is high. Therefore, its
concentration is high in ground waters, where the
temperature is high and rainfall is less. Soil porosity
and permeability also has a key role in building up
the chlorides concentration17.
The variation of
Chlorides in the study period is shown figure 6
Sulphate concentration in collected groundwater
samples is ranged from 67.25-98 mg/l as in the
permissible limit of 200mg/l as per Indian standards
and 250mg/L as per WHO Standards. Health
concerns regarding sulphate in drinking water have
been raised because of reports that diarrhoea may be
associated with the ingestion of water containing high
levels of sulphate. The variation of Sulphate in the
study period is shown figure 6
Figure 6: Cl- Chloride, SO4- Sulphate variations
during the study period
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In the groundwater of Bommasandra Nitrate is varies
from 4.31-6.91 mg/L which complies with the
permissible limit of 45 mg/L as per Indian standards
and 50 mg/L as per WHO Standards. Nitrates
themselves are relatively non-toxic. Nitrogen
essential component of amino acids, and therefore all
proteins and nucleic acids, and therefore needed for
all cell division and reproduction. The formation of
nitrates is an integral part of the nitrogen cycle in our
environment. Nitrate levels above 45 mg/l NO3 may
cause methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease) in
infants . The variation of Nitrate in the study period is
shown figure7
Figure 7: NO3- Nitrate variations during the study
period
The levels of Flouride in the groundwater
samples ranged from 0.31-0.58 mg/L which are
within the permissible limit of 1 mg/L as per Indian
standards as well as WHO Standards.
The variation of fluoride is dependent on a
variety of factors such as amount of soluble and
insoluble fluoride in source rocks, the duration of
contact of water with rocks and soil temperature,
rainfall, oxidation- reduction process12
. The presence
of small quantities of fluoride in drinking water may
prevent tooth decay. Fluoride is poisonous at high
levels, and while dental fluorosis is easily recognized,
skeletal damage may not be clinically obvious until
advanced stages have occurred. Often, ground waters
will contain more than 1.0 ppm, and in these cases,
the water should probably be deflouridated for
drinking. The variation of Fluoride in the study
period is shown figure 8
Iron concentration of groundwater samples in
the study area are varies from 0.31-0.58 mg/L and
The Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended
0.3 mg/L as the desirable limit and 1.0 mg/L as the
maximum permissible limit for iron in drinking water
(BIS, 1991). Hence it is within the permissible limit.
The ground water samples exhibited high Iron
contamination which is an indication of the presence
ferrous salts that precipitate as insoluble ferric
hydroxide and settles out as rusty silt. High
concentration of iron is may contributed by industrial
estate located at the sampling site, Iron is an essential
element in human nutrition. At concentrations above
0.3 mg/L, iron can stain laundry and plumbing
fixtures and cause undesirable tastes. Iron may also
promote the growth of certain microorganisms,
leading to the deposition of a slimy coat in piping14
.The variation of Iron in the study period is shown
figure 8
Figure 8: F- Fluoride, Fe- Iron variations during
study period
Table-4: Comparison of groundwater quality with
drinking water standards, Indian and WHO
Parameters Indian
Standard
Percentage
compliance
WHO
Standard
pH 6.5-8.5 100 7.0-8.0
TH, mg/L 300 100 100
Ca2+
,mg/L 75 0 75
Mg2+
,mg/L 30 100 30
Cl-
, mg/L 250 100 250
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TDS, ppm 500 100 1000
Fe, mg/L 0.3 83 0.1
F, mg/L 1.0 100 1.0
NO3
2
,mg/L 45 100 50
SO4
2
,mg/L 200 100 250
TA, mg/L 200 100 -
Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI)
For computing WQI three steps are followed. In
the first step, each of the all parameters has been
assigned a weight (wi) according to its relative
importance in the overall quality of water for
drinking purposes (table-7). The maximum weight of
5 has been assigned to the parameter nitrate due to its
major importance in water quality assessment.
Magnesium which is given the minimum weight of 1
as magnesium by itself may not be harmful. In the
second step, the relative weight (Wi) is computed
from the following equation:
Where, Wi is the relative weight, wi is the weight of
each parameter and n is the number of parameters.
Calculated relative weight (Wi) values of each
parameter are also given in table-7 In the third step, a
quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is
assigned by dividing its concentration of each water
sample by its respective standard according to the
guideline laid down in the BIS 10500 and the result is
multiplied by 100.
Where, qi is the quality rating,
Ci is the concentration of each chemical parameter of
each water sample in mg/l, Si is the standard value
for each chemical parameter, mg/l according to the
guidelines of BIS (BIS 10500-1991).
Samp
le no
pH EC TD
S
TH Ca2
+
Mg2
+
Cl TA
mg/
L
F Fe NO3
2-
SO4
2-
µs/c
m
pp
m
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/L mg/L mg/
L
mg/L
B1
7.1
750 450 435 70.4 62.1
6
137
384
0.63 0.69 4.8 89.2
B2 7.1 825 495 300 64 33.2 115 399 0.69 0.63 4.08 86.2
B3
7.3
2 666
399.
6 360 63.2
48.4
8 76.8 378
0.61 0.44
5.23 79.6
B4 6.8 882
529.
2 286 48.8
39.3
6 152 369
0.68 0.42
5.54 90.5
B5 6.7 697
418.
2 315 68 34.8
110.
2 350
0.65 0.46
5.35 82.3
B6
6.8
4 1038
622.
8 334 66.4
40.3
2 96.8 376
0.69 0.52
5.84 79.82
B7
7.2
4 844
506.
4 282 56.8 33.6
112.
3 372
0.63 0.50
6.24 83
B8
6.9
2 725 435 269 60 36 76.8 352
0.66 0.54
6.91 75
B9 7.2 833
499.
8 278 55.2
33.1
2
121.
6 384
0.63 0.56
5.01 69.5
B10
6.7
6 596
357.
6 264 48 28.8 88.9 338
0.61 0.58
5.12 96.1
B11
6.8
4 398
238.
8 232 44
29.2
8
135.
9 286
0.65 0.31
4.31 67.25
B12
7.2
6 998
598.
8 277 44
40.0
8 99.8 316
0.63 0.42
4.81 71.2
B13
7.3
4 798
478.
8 291 49.2
40.3
2 123 333
0.67 0.44
6.02 93
B14 7.4 852
511.
2 303 67.6
32.1
6 144 389
0.70 0.33
5.15 79.65
B15
6.7
6 792
475.
2 220 40.8
24.4
8 139 340
0.72 0.35
6.35 98
B16
6.6
7 989
593.
4 245 48 28.8 153 411
0.64 0.37
6.49 86
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IV. Conclusions
The results indicate that most of the borewell
water quality parameters were beyond the
permissible limits in the industrial area and its
enviorns. The overall view of the WQI of the present
study zone had a poor WQI value. For any borewell
water quality treatment programme the point of
consideration is to bring the WQI below 100 so as to
achieve poor quality of life. Therefore compressive
sewerage system for safe disposal of wastes should
be developed to safeguard ground water quality in the
study area. The borewell water is crystal clear,
odourless and palatable and at few sample points are
of the salty taste. Borewell water is moderately hard
in almost all the sampling points. The total hardness
exceeds the permissible limit at many places in about
16 sampling station. The higher hardness is mainly
due to disposal of municipal and sewage waste. The
ground water samples in Bommasandra industrial
area and its environs have TDS within the
permissible limit. The results of physicochemical
analysis of ground water of Bommasandra industrial
region for year 2015 shows that observed mean pH
values in Bommasandra industrial region are within
the permissible limit. Based on the analysis of
groundwater, higher concentrations of iron were
observed and lower the concentrations of fluoride
were recorded in the study area. Some of the samples
have EC, total dissolved solids, hardness, TA, and
sulphate values exceeding the permissible limits as
the prescribed by Indian Standards. However the
WQI values in the present investigation were
reported to be less than 100 (ie.,78.03) for different
samples indicating that the water is safe for human
consumption.
At the few places there is considerable increase in
chloride. This shows that there is a possibility of
contamination of borewell water due to percolation of
polluted surface water. Higher values of iron, nitrate,
TDS, hardness, fluoride, and chloride in borewell
water were observed at few sampling points. This
reason may be due to contamination of sewage and
drainage water. From the WQI of the water of
Bommasandra is considered as POOR WATER.
Acknowledgement
Thanks to the principals, HOD‟s,and guide of
TOCE‟s BENGALURU, for encouragement and
support.
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