This document provides information about a course on Vacuum Metallurgy taught by Engr. Muhammad Ali Siddiqui. It includes details about the instructor's qualifications, an outline of course topics such as different types of vacuum, vacuum measurement devices, vacuum applications in materials processing, and introduction to concepts like natural versus artificial vacuum. The document also provides the course credit hours, sessional marks distribution which includes attendance, tests, assignments, and the breakdown of final marks between sessional and exams.

1. Allah has blessed us with chance to serve the Nation
in the Field of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering

2. Vacuum Metallurgy
Course Teacher:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Siddiqui
Lecturer/ Area Coordinator ISO 9000
MYD, NED UET
Qualification:
BE, Metallurgy & Materials Engineering , Mehran UET Jamshoro, 2007
ME, Materials Engineering, NED UET Karachi, 2011

3. Open Discussion/Students
Problems:
1. Regarding; Study/Teaching
2. Projects/Thesis …. (any information do you want)
3. Any Suggestion for Continual Improvement
4. Any other item ….

4. Vacuum Metallurgy
Sessional Marks Distribution
Total No of Lectures: 48,
03 per week
Thursday = 1st Class
Friday = 1st & 2nd Class
Credit Hours = 3 + 1
Activity in Fall Term Marks Distribution
 Attendance (Optional)
05 No
>75 % = 5No
75 to 70 % = 4No
69 to 65 %= 3No
64 to 60 %= 2No
59 to 50 %= 1No
<50 5 = 0 No
 Total Test = 2
(Each test of 10 No’s)
20
 Assignment or
Presentation
05
Total 30
Total Marks = 100 No’s.
Sessional Marks = 30 No's.
Final Exams Marks = 70 No's.

5. Introduction to the subject
Different units of measuring pressure, vacuum
regimes
Mean free path, Collision frequency
Vaccum pumps, Water pumps
Positive displacement pump
Rotary and root pump
Vapour ejector and vapour entrapment pump
Diffusion pump
Turbo-molecular pump
Test
Ion pump Sieve pump, Adsorption pump
Vacuum Measuring devices
Manometer, McLoad Gauge,
Peening gauge, Pirani gauge
Conductance and through put
Effective pumping speed
Gas flow through pipes and orifice
Sources of Leak, Leak detection and remedies
Test
Vacuum Applications in Materials processing
Vacuum induction furnace, Vacuum arc furnace
Metal refining in vacuum, Degassing in liquid state
Vacuum heat treatment, Vacuum sintering
Design of vacuum furnace
Vacuum coating, Purpose of vacuum coating
Vacuum coating process
Process of PVD and CVD coatings, vacuum coating
characterization
Test
Course Outline:

6. Introduction to Vacuum.
• The word Vacuum is derived from the latin word
Vacuus, which means empty, so in olden times
vacuum was thought to be an empty space.
• But as the technology improved, the world realized
the importance of vacuum and nowadays the
Vacuum is defined as:
• According to American Vacuum Society : “At Standard
Temperature and Pressure any space having molecular density
less than about 2.5X1019 molecules /cm3 is called a space
under vacuum.”
• Or Vacuum refers to a given space filled with gas at pressure
below atmospheric pressure (760 torr).

8. Less are the
number of
molecules, the
better is the
vacuum,
because there is
linear relation
between the
molecular
density and
vacuum ranges.

11. Types of Vacuum
• Natural Vacuum
• Artificial vacuum

12. Vacuum Monitoring
Vacuum
Measurement
Rotary pump
Root
Diffusion pump
Steam
ejector
Turbo Molecular
Scroll pump
Thermocouple
Pirani
Peening
Capacitance diaphragm
Bourdon
Hot Cathode
Cryogenic pumps Cold cathode
Spinning Rotor
VACUUM
SYSTEM
Leaks Outgassing
Back
Streaming
Back
Migration
Vacuum Problems
For Artificial Vacuum

14. Natural Vacuum
In spite of artificial vacuum, there exists also natural vac. of fine quality in upper space.
Atm. Pressure decreases with altitude by a factor of 10 for 15Km rise in altitude up to
certain height and becomes EXUHV at max. h.

21. What is Vacuum Metallurgy?
•According to R.F Bunshah in
“International Vacuum Metallurgy
Conference” 1967 defined Vacuum
Metallurgy as:
“the making, shaping and treating's of
metal & alloys under pressure ranging
from sub-atmospheric to ultra high
vacuum in order to improve their
properties and service life.”

22. •Almost all the metals in the periodic table
nowadays are produced by vacuum
methods or to those that undergo vacuum
processes at some stages in their
manufacturing.
•The aim of vacuum treatment is essentially
the removal or reduction of harmful
impurities during production or in the
various processes phases, whether for
increase the yield, improving of quality, or
creation of quite new materials.