The document discusses process planning which involves determining the manufacturing processes and operations to produce a product economically. It covers key aspects of process planning including drawing interpretation, material selection and evaluation, process selection, selection of equipment and tooling, and process planning documentation. The importance of process planning as the link between design and manufacturing is highlighted.

1. PROCESS PLANNING AND
COST ESTIMATION

2. INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS
PLANNING

3. PROCESS PLANNING DEFINITION:
• Set of instructions describes mfg product and its parts.
• Operations planning as systematic determination of engg processes
and systems to mfg a product competitively and economically.
• Prepare work instructions for mfg and assembly of components to
product in discrete mfg environments.
• Systematic determination of methods products to be
mfg,economically and competitively.
• Consists of selection of mfg processes and operations,production
equipment,tooling and jigs and fixtures,

4. • Determination of mfg parameters,specify selection criteria for quality
assurance ensure product quality.
IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS PLANNING:
• Link between engg design and shop floor mfg,product is how
mfg,production costs and profitability,indepth of knowledge,
equipment capabilities, tooling availability, material processing
characteristics, shop practices.
PRODUCT DESIGN AND MFG CYCLE:
• Intermediate stage b/w designing the product and mfg.
• Three main functions marketing and sales,design,mfg.

6. PROCESS PLANNING: LINK B/W DESIGN AND MFG:
• Cross functional teams are employed to design and mfg
functions,known as simultaneous or concurrent engg.

8. RESPOSIBILITIES OF PROCESS PLANNING ENGINEER:
• Part print analysis and symbols.
• Fundamentals of product design(rough stock, production
rate,finish,dimensional tolerances).
• Machining processes(setup time,quality,type and cost of tooling).
• Operations sequence,inspect the equipment,production
tolerances,cutting tools and cutting conditions,overall time by work
measurement techniques.

14. PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES:
Drawing interpretation:
• Analyse finished part in engineering design.component
drawings(features,dimensions,geometric tolerances,surface
finish,material specification,part required).
Material evaluation and process selection:
• (Function,appearance,reliability,life,environment,compatibility,produc
tivity,cost).Evaluate the materials, (features,dimensions,geometric
tolerances transform rough state to finished state).Process
evolution(rough to finished).Part evolution(final state to initial state).

15. Selection of m/c,tooling,workholding devices:
• Economic considerations,production rate per unit cost,durability and
dependability,lower process rejection,minimum setup times,long life
of m/c,functional versatility.best m/c,make or buy,BEA .
Selecting process parameters:
• Machines selected,calculating operation setup time and cycle
time,tooling sequence,equipment capability,shop practice.
• Calculation of part processing time requires determination of
sequence of processing steps on each m/c as outplanning.
• Part loading,unloading,m/c indexing for 1 cycle.
• M/c cycle time allowances added to standard cycle time.Calculate
cycle time & m/c rates to find out cost.

16. Selecting quality assurance methods:
• Inspection criterias(dimensional,geometric,surface finish),tools and
techniques,increases costs&time.
Cost estimating:
• Process of determining the probable cost of product before
manufacture.
• Material,labour,overhead costs-profit.
• Material,mfg processes,batch size,make or buy.

17. Process planning documentation:
• Document clearly all the detail information.
• Documented as job routing or operating sheet.
• Production operations&associated m/c tools for component and
subassembly.
• Route sheet information as
part identification,processing,operation of m/c,std times,setup cycle
times,tooling requirements,production control information shows
planning lead time operation.
• Reasons: part process-design,job quote,cost estimate,std cost
systems,communication vehicle.

18. Communicate process knowledge:
• Mfg to shop floor,economy,consistent quality.
Inputs and outputs of process planning:
• Route sheet and operation sheet as single sheet.

19. PROCESS PLANNING METHODS(APPROACHES TO PROCESS
PLANNING):
• Manual process planning(traditional,workbook approaches).
• Computer aided process planning(retrieval,generative).
Manual process planning:
Traditional approach:
• Process plan prepared manually.
• Examine and interpret eg,m/c process,equipment selection,opns
sequence,shop practices,skill,judgement and experience,different
planners.
• Product opns,manual tools(feed,speed,setup time,opns
time),documented as routing sheet.

20. Workbook approach:
• Modified version uses developed workbook prepares route sheet.opns
sequence of products the drawing interpretation is carried by
workbook.
Uses of manual approach:
• Small scale companies,flexible,low investments.
Drawbacks of manual approach:
• Complex,time&data high,skill process,human error,skill,judgement
and experience,increases paper work,productivity down,no response
to mfg environment,process,tool,materials…
Computer aided process planning:
• Computers reduces clerical works,rational,consistent and optimal
plans,interface between cad and cam.

21. Benefits of capp:
• Process rationalization and standardization,productivity
improvement,product cost reduction,eliminate human error,time
reduction,reduces clerical and paper work,legibility improves,fast
response to engg changes,incorporation of application programs.
Retrieval or variant capp systems:
• Widely used in machining applications,similar parts have similar
plans,new part recalls,identifies,retrieves existing plan for similar
modified new parts.
Benefits of retrieval capp systems:
• Standard plan,variety of parts,simple programming and
installation,understandable,easy to learn and use.
Drawbacks of retrieval capp systems:
• Planned components limited to previous planned.
• Experiences modify standard plan.

22. Generative capp systems:
• Computers synthesize individual process plan automatically w ith or
without reference to prior plan.
• Decision logics and precoded algorithms,mfg using
equipment,specific process plan for specific part.
• Inputting GT code as part design,monitoring the functions.
Components:
• Part description,subsystem define m/c parameters&select and
sequence individual operations,database,report generators.
Advantages of generative capp:
• Consistent process plan,new components,integrating automated mfg
facility provides detailed control information.
Drawbacks of generative capp:
• Complex and very difficult

25. SELECTION OF PROCESS PLANNING SYSTEM:
• Numerous engg management decisions,identify,weight and compare
interrelated factors.
• Best process plan-general environment,organisational
structure,technical expertise,needs and objectives of MIS.

30. DRAWING INTERPRETATION:
• Prepares process plan for product,functional requirements of
design,assembled with dimensions and tolerances.
• Information such as material,designation,coding,no of
parts,weight,dimension of parts,geometric tolerances,size and
accuracy.
• Engineering drawing:Language of engg and
communication,orthographic projection(accurate mfg
design,2D&3D,pictorial gives more information).
Types of drawing:
• Detail drawings:single-part,collective.
• Assembly drawings:single-part,collective.
• Combined drawing.
Detail drawings:
• Provide all the information required for mfg of
product,(dimensions,tolerances,surface finish and material
specifications).

31. Types: single part,collective single part.
Single part drawings:
• Complete detail information single component mfg without reference
sources.shape,dimension,tolerances,size and locations,heat
treatment,surface finish.
Collective single part drawings:
• One or two dimensions of component are variable,others being
standard.
Assembly drawings:
• Machines and mechanisms consist of numerous parts and a drawing
shows complete product with all components in correct physical
relationship.
Sub-assembly drawings:
• Drawing gives small part of whole assembly.
Types:
• Single part,collective

32. Single part assembly drawings:
• Information to build single sub-assembly or assembly.
• Part list,quantity,overall dimensions,weight,mtrl specifications,design
data,operational details and instructions.
Collective assembly drawings:
• Range of products similar in appearances,differ in size,mfg and
assembled.
Combined detail and assembly drawings:
• Assembly with part list and details of these parts on one
drawing,small one-off reduces scheduling and printing.
INFORMATION ON THE DRAWING SHEET REQUIRED FOR
PROCESS PLANNING:(CRITICAL PROCESSING FACTORS):
• Dimensions: complete dimensions of the component design mfg.
• Functional: Influence operated part.
• Non-functional: Not influence operated part.
• Auxiliary: Not relate to operate and mfg part.

33. Material specifications:
• Parts evaluated,specified and manufactured.
Special material treatments:
• Material properties treated.
Tolerances,limits and fits:
• Component fit assembly,appropriate lower and upper limits.
• Accurate tolerance,cost high,good engg practice.
Dimensional tolerances:
• 10±0.02 as 9.98&10.02mm.
General tolerancing:
• Unspecified tolerances dimensions,saves time.
Limits and fits for shafts and holes:
• Basic size is shaft or hole size,limits the specified design.
• Basic hole system-basic hole size adjusts shaft size to fit.
• Basic shaft system-basic shaft size adjusts hole size to fit.

34. • Standard tools as drills,reamers for basic hole system.
Fit
• Tightness or looseness for application of tolerances to mating parts.
Clearance fit
• Assemble/dissemble by hand,running and sliding assemblies,low cost
to high temperature,minimum accuracy.
Transition fit
• Press tooling,close accuracy,no interference.
Interference fit
• Forced permanent assemblies,retain and locate.
Geometrical tolerancing
• Permissible variation of form,attitude.
Types:straightness,flatness,roundness,cylindricity,parallelism,squareness
angularity,concentricity,symmetry,position.

35. Surface finish:
• Irregularities depth of surface in mfg processes.
Form error:
• Longer wavelength deviations of surface to nominal surface,large
scale problems,errors in m/c tool ways,guides,inaccurate alignment of
w/p.
Roughness:
• Finest irregularities of surface,production process.
Waviness:
• Widely space deviations from norminal shape,m/c vibration.
• Surface texture=roughness+waviness.
• Surface roughness,surface textures(symbols), Surface
roughness,surface textures(components) used.

41. Material selection and evaluation:
• Component-material processing-mfg-design.
Metals and classification:
Ferrous materials:
• Materials of iron as prime constituent,steel(0.05-2%),iron(2-4.5%).
Steels:
• Alloys of iron and carbon,carbon steels and alloy steels.
• Low carbon steel 0.25%C,Medium carbon steel 0.60%C,
High carbon steel-0.60%C.
• Alloy steels-chromium,nickel,molybdenum,vanadium,tungsten,cobalt.
• Low alloy steels-3 to 4%,high alloy steels-5%(alloying elements).
• Important alloy steels-stainless steels,tool steels,HSLA
steels,maraging steels.
Cast iron:
• Ferrous alloys of iron 2 to 4.5%C,3.5% silicon.

42. • Grey cast iron-low cost,white cast iron-hard and brittle,malleable cast
iron-ductile,yield and tensile strength,spheroidal graphite cast iron.
Non-ferrous materials:
• Elements other than iron as chief constituent.
• Light weight,colour,ease fabrication, better resistant, electrical and
thermal conductivity.
• Important non-ferrous materials-C,Al,lead,Ni,Mg,Ti,Tn,Zn.
Polymers:
• Density, thermal and electrical insulation, resist to
chemical,fabrication,low cost.
Engineering ceramics:
• Grinding,deals,bearings,magnets,engines,pumps.
• Features-(melting temp,oxidation,corrosion,high temp).
• Alumina,SiC,Si3N4,PSZ,Sialons.

43. Composites:
• Composed of two or more different materials, resultant materials
superior to individual materials.
• Particle reinforced composites-Particles of one material dispersed in a
matrix of second material.
• Fibre reinforced composites-Dispersed phase as fibre.

45. MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS:
• Appropriate material for product under consideration is complex task.
• Translation-design requirements as constraints,objectives,free
variables.
• Screening-constrained limits apply to subset of viable materials.
• Ranking-ordering material,excellence criteria,maximum or minimum.
• Supporting information-
top-ranked,history,behavior,availability,sufficient choice.
MATERIAL SELECTION METHODS:
• Computer aided databases,performance indices,decision
matrices,expert selection,value analysis,failure analysis,cost-benefit
analysis.

47. Material evaluation methods:
Shape or geometry considerations:
• Process-mfg-product.
• Size,complexity,dimensional tolerance,surface finish,wear
allowance,assembly,manufacturability.
• Material property requirements-Loading type,loading
magnitude,impact loading,cyclic loading,wear resistance,permissible
temp,material deformation.
• Physical property requirements-
electrical,magnetic,thermal,weight,aesthetic.
• Service requirements- temperatures operating,life span,most
extreme,maintanence,reliability,serviceability,recyclability.
Manufacturing considerations:
• Components,ease mfg,quantity,components rate,minimum&maximum
section thickness,quality level,inspection methods,assembly ease.

49. Process selection
• shaping, joining, finishing, mfg-design, size, shape and
precision,parts.
Factors
• Material form, size and weight, economic considerations, dimensional
and geometry accuracy, surface finish,batch size, production rate.
Guidelines
• Prototype validate mfg,compare mfg to assembly costs for different
processes.

54. Process selection methods(steps):
Mfg process,difficult,complex and systematic
Assumptions:
• Materials selected,specified.
• Design documents,information comprehensive.
Stages:
Drawing interpretation:
• Starting point for process selection.
• Material,shape,size,tolerance,roughness,process parameters.
• Three analysis and o/p-geometry analysis,mfg information,material
evaluation and o/p.
Identification of critical processing factors:
• Combined o/p from drawing interpretation analysed and correlated.
• Material-mfg-geometry.
Comparison of potential mfg processes:

55. • Correlate,appropriate,decision-making,economy data.
• (Labour,equipment,tooling cost,batch and production rates),costing
methods and comparisons.
Identification of suitable processes:
• Part-primary-secondary-critical processing.
Production equipment and tooling selection:
• Mfg-processes-production equipment.
Factors for equipment:
• Size,weight,physical size,construction,power and torque, no of tools,
type of tools.
• Equipment-tooling-operation.
Factors for tooling:
• Availability,w/p,type,part geometry,tool material,m/c data,m/c tool
characteristics,cutting tool materials,tool holding,quality,capability
requirements.

56. • Consumables tooling-cutting tools,workholding devices,jigs and
fixtures.
Factors in equipment selection:
• M/c-processes-mfg-decision making-performing.
Factors for m/c selection:
• Technical factors-physical size,m/c accuracy,surface finish,cutting
forces,power.
• Operational factors-batch size,.Capacity,availability.
Technical factors:
• M/c tool-mfg component/product, physical size,m/c accuracy,surface
finish,cutting forces,power.
Physical size:
• M/c tool-process-product-robust.
Machine accuracy:
• Capability-mfg-dimension&geometry-design.

57. Surface finish:Capability.
Cutting forces:Feed,speed,depth of cut,opns of m/c tool.
Machine power:Power=cutting forcexcutting speed.
Operational factors: Availability,cost effective,master production
schedule.[Important-batch size,capacity,availability].
Batch size: EBQ calculated,potential economical m/c tool.
Capacity:Production rate,acheives o/p,mps.
Availability:Proportion,performance,efficiency,reliability,
Availability.

59. Machine selection methods(steps):
First cut selection: Identify,specify,select mfg processes,physical
size,type of machine.
Power/force analysis: Specify.
Capability analysis: Dimensional,geometry accuracy,surface finish,m/c
short listings.
Final selection: More than 1 machine.

61. Factors in tooling selection:
• Constraints on tool selection- Mfg practice,mfg process,m/c tool
characteristics,capability,processing time, cutting tool availability.
• Operating requirements on tool selection-W/p material,operation,part
geometry, tooling data.
• Tooling performance affecting factors-Cutting tool materials, cutting
tool geometry, cutting fluids.
Constraints on tool selection- Mfg practice,mfg process,m/c tool
characteristics,capability,processing time, cutting tool availability.
Manufacturing practice:
• Tool actually fed to workpiece.
• Two categories(continuous cutting,intermittent cutting).
• Continuous cutting-cutting tool is continuously fed to w/p.
• Intermittent cutting-cutting tool not continuously fed to w/p.
Manufacturing process:
• M/c tools limit the selection of tooling.

62. M/c tool characteristics:
Work holding devices,Tool structure,Power o/p,
Feed and speed of m/c.
Capability:
• Dimensional and geometric accuracy,surface finish.
Machining time:
• Power,feed,speed,m/c,tooling.
Cutting tool availability:
• Selecting the available tools.
Tool selection operating requirements-W/p materials,operation,part
geometry,tooling data.
Workpiece material:
• Heat generation,cutting tool geometry material.
Operation:
• Specific cutting tool.

63. Part geometry:
• Specific geometry feature.
Tooling data:
• Mfg tooling data,suitable tools,specified operations.
Tooling performance factors- cutting tool materials,cutting tool
geometry,cutting fluids.
Cutting tool materials:
• Tool performance,hss,carbides,cast non-ferrous alloys,ceramics.
Cutting tool geometry:
• Tool angles,rake angles,cutting edge angles,tool nose radius.
• Influences w/p material and tool material.
Cutting fluids usage:
• Cools w/p,tool temperature,maintains hardness,avoid distortion.
• Friction b/w tool and w/p,wear resistance of tool,improves tool
performance.