Planning processes can lead to higher productivity, higher accuracy, and faster turnaround for essential business tasks. This lesson will dig into process planning - what it is, why we should do it, and the steps to follow to plan or improve a process.
PPCE unit 2 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION )TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT 2 – PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures- Selection of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning- case studies
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
Introduction ,FMS Equipment,FMS Layouts ,Analysis Methods for FMS,,advantages of fms,comparison of fms to conventional methods,applications.Benefits of fms.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
The document discusses manufacturing systems and lean manufacturing. It defines a manufacturing system as a collection of integrated equipment and human resources that perform processing and assembly operations on raw materials. It describes the typical input-transformation-output process. Examples of manufacturing systems include single station cells, machine clusters, and automated assembly lines. The key components of manufacturing systems are production machines, material handling systems, computer systems, and human resources. Lean manufacturing aims to eliminate waste from the manufacturing system, such as overproduction, waiting, inventory, transportation, and over-processing. It was pioneered by Toyota to increase efficiency and reduce costs.
introduction to process planning murugananthanMurugananthan K
Process planning is defined as the conversion of design data into work instructions. It involves systematically determining the most economical and competitive methods to manufacture a product. This includes devising, selecting, and specifying the processes, machine tools, and raw materials needed to convert raw materials into finished products. A process plan contains the route, processes, process parameters, machine and tool selections, fixtures, and machining times. Computer-aided process planning can reduce planning time and costs and increase consistency and accuracy compared to manual planning. Variant planning retrieves standard plans for similar parts, while generative planning automatically synthesizes plans for new parts.
PPCE unit 2 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION )TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT 2 – PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures- Selection of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning- case studies
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
Introduction ,FMS Equipment,FMS Layouts ,Analysis Methods for FMS,,advantages of fms,comparison of fms to conventional methods,applications.Benefits of fms.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
The document discusses manufacturing systems and lean manufacturing. It defines a manufacturing system as a collection of integrated equipment and human resources that perform processing and assembly operations on raw materials. It describes the typical input-transformation-output process. Examples of manufacturing systems include single station cells, machine clusters, and automated assembly lines. The key components of manufacturing systems are production machines, material handling systems, computer systems, and human resources. Lean manufacturing aims to eliminate waste from the manufacturing system, such as overproduction, waiting, inventory, transportation, and over-processing. It was pioneered by Toyota to increase efficiency and reduce costs.
introduction to process planning murugananthanMurugananthan K
Process planning is defined as the conversion of design data into work instructions. It involves systematically determining the most economical and competitive methods to manufacture a product. This includes devising, selecting, and specifying the processes, machine tools, and raw materials needed to convert raw materials into finished products. A process plan contains the route, processes, process parameters, machine and tool selections, fixtures, and machining times. Computer-aided process planning can reduce planning time and costs and increase consistency and accuracy compared to manual planning. Variant planning retrieves standard plans for similar parts, while generative planning automatically synthesizes plans for new parts.
This document discusses different layout configurations for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It describes five types of FMS layouts: progressive or line type, loop type, ladder type, open field type, and robot centered type. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of the layout and flow of parts. It also lists some factors that influence the selection of an FMS layout, such as availability of materials and labor, transportation infrastructure, and local business conditions.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
This document provides information about the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at JSS Academy of Technical Education in Bangalore, India. It lists the chapter topic as Linear and Angular Measurements and provides details about recommended textbooks and references. The document outlines the module topics, including an introduction to linear measurement instruments such as surface plates, V-blocks, rules, micrometers, and slip gauges. It provides information on building slip gauge sets to measure various dimensions and the technique of wringing slip gauges. Angular measurement instruments such as sine bars, sine centers, and angle gauges are also mentioned.
This document discusses automated production lines, also called transfer lines or transfer machines. It provides three key points:
1. Automated production lines consist of multiple linked workstations that perform processing operations like machining on parts. Parts are transferred between stations by a mechanized material handling system.
2. Transfer lines are appropriate for high production demand of parts requiring multiple operations, with stable designs and long product lives. They provide benefits like low labor costs and high production rates.
3. Storage buffers between workstations can reduce the impact of breakdowns and allow production to continue. The effectiveness of buffers depends on their capacity, providing some protection even with small buffers but maximum benefits with unlimited capacity buffers.
This document discusses production systems and cellular manufacturing. It defines production systems as transforming inputs into finished products using people, materials, and machines. Production systems are classified as job shop, batch, or mass production depending on product customization and volume. Cellular manufacturing organizes equipment into machine cells that specialize in specific part families. This improves production flow and flexibility while reducing space and inventory requirements. The document also covers group technology, how to identify part families, and provides a case study comparing traditional and cellular layouts that demonstrates reduced flow times using the latter approach.
The document is a presentation on automated material handling. It discusses material handling and different types of material handling equipment such as conveyors and automated guided vehicles (AGVs). It describes AGVs in detail, including their components, guidance technologies, and types. It provides an example of calculating the number of AGVs needed based on delivery rate, cycle time, and vehicle availability. The presentation also discusses using simulation to model AGV systems and limitations of automated material handling systems.
The document discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It provides a history of FMS, describing how the concept originated in the 1960s and was first implemented by companies in the US, Germany, Russia, and Japan. It defines an FMS as an automated machine cell consisting of interconnected processing workstations and automated material handling. FMS offers benefits like reduced costs, optimized cycle times, and flexibility to handle different part styles and quick changeovers. It classifies FMS based on the number of machines and describes common components and layouts of FMS. Potential applications and advantages are also outlined, along with challenges associated with implementing FMS.
Machinability data systems aim to select the proper cutting speed and feed rate for a machining operation given characteristics of the operation such as the type of machining, machine tool, cutting tool, workpiece, and other parameters besides speed and feed. There are two main types of machinability data systems: database systems which store data from experiments and experience to provide recommendations, and mathematical model systems which go beyond simply retrieving data by attempting to predict optimal cutting conditions through mathematical models.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand over telecommunication lines. This allows programs to be edited centrally and eliminates tape readers. DNC systems provide advantages like convenient program storage, reporting, and editing compared to conventional NC systems.
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are automated production systems comprised of multiple computer-controlled machines linked together by an automated material handling and transport system and controlled by a distributed computer system. An FMS allows for flexible production of different part types by easily changing production schedules and introducing new product styles. FMS range from single machine cells to larger systems with multiple workstations. They provide benefits like reduced costs and lead times but also have disadvantages like high initial costs and limited ability to adapt to product changes.
This document discusses process planning. It defines process planning as systematically determining how a product will be manufactured economically. The objectives are to prepare instructions for manufacturing a product and its parts along with specifications. Process planning activities include analyzing part requirements, determining operation sequences, selecting equipment, calculating times, and documenting plans. Common approaches are manual and computer-aided process planning (CAPP), which can be retrieval-based or generative.
The document discusses shop floor control and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It describes the key components and functions of shop floor control including order release, scheduling, and progress phases. It also explains the components, types, layout configurations and applications of FMS, including automated workstations, material handling systems, computer control, and benefits like increased flexibility and productivity.
This document provides an overview of Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP). It discusses the general steps in CAPP, including design input, material selection, and cost estimation. It describes two main approaches to CAPP: variant CAPP, which retrieves and modifies existing process plans; and generative CAPP, which generates new plans using decision logic and algorithms. The advantages of CAPP are reducing time/costs and increasing consistency and productivity. The disadvantages include difficulty maintaining consistency and accounting for all manufacturing factors in variant CAPP, and high initial costs compared to manual planning.
This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
Automation in manufacturing five unit vtu, mechanical engineering notes pdf d...kiran555555
This document provides an overview of automation in manufacturing systems. It discusses production systems, facilities, manufacturing support systems, and the three categories of manufacturing systems: manual work systems, worker-machine systems, and automated systems. It then covers the four functions of manufacturing support: business functions, product design, manufacturing planning, and manufacturing control. Finally, it describes the three types of automated manufacturing systems: fixed automation, programmable automation, and flexible automation.
CIM is the architecture for integrating the engineering, marketing and manufacturing functions through information technologies. In the broad
sense, CIM involves the integration of all the business processes from supplier to end consumer.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). A CMM is a machine used to precisely measure physical characteristics of objects using probes and sensors. It consists of a main structure with movable axes, a probing system, and a data collection system. The main structure can be a gantry, cantilever, column, or bridge type depending on the application. A CMM makes highly accurate 3D measurements that can be used for inspection, quality control, and reverse engineering.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
This document provides an overview of group technology (GT) in manufacturing. It defines GT as an approach that groups similar parts into families to take advantage of their common design and production processes. The key benefits of GT include reduced setup times and inventory costs through specialized machine cells for each part family. While identifying appropriate part families and rearranging production equipment into cells can be challenging initially, GT aims to improve manufacturing efficiency through standardization and reduced material handling.
The document discusses process planning, which involves translating design requirements into manufacturing process details. It describes process planning as a bridge between design and manufacturing. The document then discusses several key aspects of process planning including analyzing part requirements, selecting materials and operations, interpreting designs, choosing equipment, and creating work instructions. Finally, it compares manual and computer-aided process planning (CAPP) methods, with CAPP helping to reduce time/costs and increase consistency and accuracy compared to experience-based manual methods. CAPP approaches include variant, generative, and automatic planning.
The document provides an overview of process planning. It begins with product selection, which involves strategic decisions about technology, capacity, location, and other factors. Process planning then determines how the product will be manufactured through make-or-buy decisions, process selection, capacity planning, and assembly charts. It discusses different types of processes like projects, batch production, and mass production. Process analysis tools like flow charts and operation process charts are used to improve processes. The document emphasizes that process planning is key to converting product designs into manufacturing instructions.
This document discusses different layout configurations for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It describes five types of FMS layouts: progressive or line type, loop type, ladder type, open field type, and robot centered type. For each type, it provides a brief explanation of the layout and flow of parts. It also lists some factors that influence the selection of an FMS layout, such as availability of materials and labor, transportation infrastructure, and local business conditions.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
This document provides information about the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at JSS Academy of Technical Education in Bangalore, India. It lists the chapter topic as Linear and Angular Measurements and provides details about recommended textbooks and references. The document outlines the module topics, including an introduction to linear measurement instruments such as surface plates, V-blocks, rules, micrometers, and slip gauges. It provides information on building slip gauge sets to measure various dimensions and the technique of wringing slip gauges. Angular measurement instruments such as sine bars, sine centers, and angle gauges are also mentioned.
This document discusses automated production lines, also called transfer lines or transfer machines. It provides three key points:
1. Automated production lines consist of multiple linked workstations that perform processing operations like machining on parts. Parts are transferred between stations by a mechanized material handling system.
2. Transfer lines are appropriate for high production demand of parts requiring multiple operations, with stable designs and long product lives. They provide benefits like low labor costs and high production rates.
3. Storage buffers between workstations can reduce the impact of breakdowns and allow production to continue. The effectiveness of buffers depends on their capacity, providing some protection even with small buffers but maximum benefits with unlimited capacity buffers.
This document discusses production systems and cellular manufacturing. It defines production systems as transforming inputs into finished products using people, materials, and machines. Production systems are classified as job shop, batch, or mass production depending on product customization and volume. Cellular manufacturing organizes equipment into machine cells that specialize in specific part families. This improves production flow and flexibility while reducing space and inventory requirements. The document also covers group technology, how to identify part families, and provides a case study comparing traditional and cellular layouts that demonstrates reduced flow times using the latter approach.
The document is a presentation on automated material handling. It discusses material handling and different types of material handling equipment such as conveyors and automated guided vehicles (AGVs). It describes AGVs in detail, including their components, guidance technologies, and types. It provides an example of calculating the number of AGVs needed based on delivery rate, cycle time, and vehicle availability. The presentation also discusses using simulation to model AGV systems and limitations of automated material handling systems.
The document discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It provides a history of FMS, describing how the concept originated in the 1960s and was first implemented by companies in the US, Germany, Russia, and Japan. It defines an FMS as an automated machine cell consisting of interconnected processing workstations and automated material handling. FMS offers benefits like reduced costs, optimized cycle times, and flexibility to handle different part styles and quick changeovers. It classifies FMS based on the number of machines and describes common components and layouts of FMS. Potential applications and advantages are also outlined, along with challenges associated with implementing FMS.
Machinability data systems aim to select the proper cutting speed and feed rate for a machining operation given characteristics of the operation such as the type of machining, machine tool, cutting tool, workpiece, and other parameters besides speed and feed. There are two main types of machinability data systems: database systems which store data from experiments and experience to provide recommendations, and mathematical model systems which go beyond simply retrieving data by attempting to predict optimal cutting conditions through mathematical models.
Elson Paul V's thesis discusses direct numerical control (DNC) systems. A DNC system connects multiple machine tools to a central computer in real-time. The computer stores NC part programs and transmits them to machines on demand over telecommunication lines. This allows programs to be edited centrally and eliminates tape readers. DNC systems provide advantages like convenient program storage, reporting, and editing compared to conventional NC systems.
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are automated production systems comprised of multiple computer-controlled machines linked together by an automated material handling and transport system and controlled by a distributed computer system. An FMS allows for flexible production of different part types by easily changing production schedules and introducing new product styles. FMS range from single machine cells to larger systems with multiple workstations. They provide benefits like reduced costs and lead times but also have disadvantages like high initial costs and limited ability to adapt to product changes.
This document discusses process planning. It defines process planning as systematically determining how a product will be manufactured economically. The objectives are to prepare instructions for manufacturing a product and its parts along with specifications. Process planning activities include analyzing part requirements, determining operation sequences, selecting equipment, calculating times, and documenting plans. Common approaches are manual and computer-aided process planning (CAPP), which can be retrieval-based or generative.
The document discusses shop floor control and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It describes the key components and functions of shop floor control including order release, scheduling, and progress phases. It also explains the components, types, layout configurations and applications of FMS, including automated workstations, material handling systems, computer control, and benefits like increased flexibility and productivity.
This document provides an overview of Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP). It discusses the general steps in CAPP, including design input, material selection, and cost estimation. It describes two main approaches to CAPP: variant CAPP, which retrieves and modifies existing process plans; and generative CAPP, which generates new plans using decision logic and algorithms. The advantages of CAPP are reducing time/costs and increasing consistency and productivity. The disadvantages include difficulty maintaining consistency and accounting for all manufacturing factors in variant CAPP, and high initial costs compared to manual planning.
This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
Automation in manufacturing five unit vtu, mechanical engineering notes pdf d...kiran555555
This document provides an overview of automation in manufacturing systems. It discusses production systems, facilities, manufacturing support systems, and the three categories of manufacturing systems: manual work systems, worker-machine systems, and automated systems. It then covers the four functions of manufacturing support: business functions, product design, manufacturing planning, and manufacturing control. Finally, it describes the three types of automated manufacturing systems: fixed automation, programmable automation, and flexible automation.
CIM is the architecture for integrating the engineering, marketing and manufacturing functions through information technologies. In the broad
sense, CIM involves the integration of all the business processes from supplier to end consumer.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). A CMM is a machine used to precisely measure physical characteristics of objects using probes and sensors. It consists of a main structure with movable axes, a probing system, and a data collection system. The main structure can be a gantry, cantilever, column, or bridge type depending on the application. A CMM makes highly accurate 3D measurements that can be used for inspection, quality control, and reverse engineering.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
This document provides an overview of group technology (GT) in manufacturing. It defines GT as an approach that groups similar parts into families to take advantage of their common design and production processes. The key benefits of GT include reduced setup times and inventory costs through specialized machine cells for each part family. While identifying appropriate part families and rearranging production equipment into cells can be challenging initially, GT aims to improve manufacturing efficiency through standardization and reduced material handling.
The document discusses process planning, which involves translating design requirements into manufacturing process details. It describes process planning as a bridge between design and manufacturing. The document then discusses several key aspects of process planning including analyzing part requirements, selecting materials and operations, interpreting designs, choosing equipment, and creating work instructions. Finally, it compares manual and computer-aided process planning (CAPP) methods, with CAPP helping to reduce time/costs and increase consistency and accuracy compared to experience-based manual methods. CAPP approaches include variant, generative, and automatic planning.
The document provides an overview of process planning. It begins with product selection, which involves strategic decisions about technology, capacity, location, and other factors. Process planning then determines how the product will be manufactured through make-or-buy decisions, process selection, capacity planning, and assembly charts. It discusses different types of processes like projects, batch production, and mass production. Process analysis tools like flow charts and operation process charts are used to improve processes. The document emphasizes that process planning is key to converting product designs into manufacturing instructions.
The document discusses key concepts in operations management related to product and service design. It defines the product life cycle and describes how organizations develop new products and services to meet customer needs. It also explains how organizations define products through documents like engineering drawings, bills of materials, and work orders to support production.
The document discusses knowledge engineering for automated planning. It describes GIPO, a graphical interface and tools environment for building planning domain models. GIPO allows users to create and validate planning domain models through a GUI. It features tools to help with initial model acquisition and validation. The goal of GIPO is to make the technology of automated planning more usable and available.
Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) aims to integrate all functions related to manufacturing, from order receipt through production to shipment, using computer and communication technologies. CIM encompasses CAD/CAM functions like product design, process planning, and NC programming, as well as business functions like order entry, production planning and control, and inventory management. The goal is to automate information flow and the transition from design to manufacturing. Techniques covered include CAD, CAM, CAPP, CAE, FMS, JIT, MRP and LAN. JIT production minimizes waste like work-in-progress inventory by delivering components just when needed downstream.
The document discusses automated planning and its applications. It provides examples of planning systems used for space exploration missions, games, manufacturing, and cloud computing. Hierarchical planning is described as an approach that provides a hierarchy of actions and goals to guide the planning process. The case study focuses on using Elastra Enterprise Cloud Server to automatically configure, deploy, and scale applications across hybrid cloud environments through hierarchical planning and orchestration.
How does Operational Risk Management fit into an organization's Strategic Planning? This presentation attempts to provide a functional and implementable response.
The document defines different types of production layout formats including process layout, product layout, group technology (cellular) layout, and fixed-position layout. It then provides examples of using systematic layout planning techniques and computerized layout programs like CRAFT to develop optimized process layouts that minimize material handling costs based on interdepartmental flow data. The examples show how simple exchanges aimed at cost reduction can actually increase costs due to unintended impacts on other department relationships. Overall layout optimization requires consideration of both quantitative factors like costs as well as qualitative factors such as safety and workflow.
This document discusses operational risk management (ORM) for flight safety courses. It provides an overview of ORM, defines key ORM concepts like risk and hazard, and outlines the six-step ORM process of identifying hazards, assessing risks, analyzing risk control measures, making control decisions, implementing controls, and supervising and reviewing the process. The goal of ORM is to protect personnel and resources while maximizing capabilities and mission effectiveness.
Operational risk & business continuity managementUjjwal 'Shanu'
The document discusses integrating operational risk management and business continuity management approaches. It argues that taking an integrated approach provides synergies between the two frameworks in terms of stakeholders, framework components, and intended outcomes. An integrated approach allows for a proactive identification and assessment of risks, evaluation of controls, mitigation of operational risks through business continuity plans and insurance, and calculation of capital requirements. Embedding the integrated approach culturally is also important. The presentation concludes that an integrated operational risk and business continuity framework can help define risk appetite, be practical and simple for businesses to implement, and drive efficiencies.
The document discusses operational risk and Basel II regulations. It defines operational risk as losses from internal failures or external events. It outlines the three pillars of Basel II which establish minimum capital requirements, supervisory review, and market discipline. It describes the different approaches for calculating operational risk capital charges, including the Basic Indicator Approach, Standardized Approach, and Advanced Measurement Approach.
This document discusses the importance of managing uncertainty for organizations. It notes that the future is uncertain and non-linear, and can be impacted by random and disruptive events. Effective risk management requires considering these complex factors and incorporating them into decision making frameworks. The document also provides an overview of different mechanical processes and theories that can help understand complex systems and uncertainty, from thermodynamics to quantum mechanics.
Operational risk management has evolved over time as organizations seek to systematically manage risks. Key concepts include inherent risk, likelihood, exposure, and treatments like transfer, accept, and optimize. Operational risk can arise from organization, processes, technology, human factors, or external events. It is measured using tools like control and risk self-assessments to identify threats, controls, and residual risks. The goal is integrated risk management to both control risks and create shareholder value through efficiency and competitive advantage.
The 2nd seminar of Friends4Growth in Ho Chi Minh city with Prof. Enoch Ch'ng from SMU - Singapore Management University.
Friends4Growth
Together We Grow
--------------------------------------------------
Friends4Growth is a group of young professionals, who share a common passion to learn and grow more in their career through formal and informal educational opportunities. The group was founded by Vietnamese national Le Tran, a Wharton MBA Class of 2009.
The Friends4Growth mission is as follows:
- Be a place for young professionals to exchange and enhance knowledge
- Bring educational opportunities to members by providing access to well-known professors, business leaders and industry experts
- Provide information of universities around the world to members with intention to study abroad
- Share experience in studying, job search, working and living outside Vietnam
To achieve its mission, the group organizes various activities on a monthly basis to its members, such as:
- Seminars on various industry topics, with a sponsorship of the Singapore Management University.
- Coffee chats with experienced professionals from more developed economies
- Q&A sessions covering overseas life and work from seasoned experts
Website: www.friends4growth.com
Join us at: http://facebook.com/friends4growth and http://vn.linkedin.com/in/friends4growth
If you have any inquiry, please contact us at info@friends4growth.com
Operational risk management and measurementRahmat Mulyana
a short description in mixed English and Bahasa Indonesia on Operational Risk Management and Measurement, in particular value at risk calculation using Monte carlo Simulation. Another method using EVT (Extree Value Theory) will be delivered shortly. regards
Operation Risk Management in Banking SectorSanjay Kumbhar
This presentation discusses operational risk management in the banking sector. It covers topics such as categories of operational risk, risk identification and analysis techniques, key risk indicators, and risk mitigation strategies. The presentation is delivered by five students and contains several sections that outline the flow of topics to be presented.
1) The document outlines Mid-South Christian College's planning and assessment process. It explains the stages of planning, execution, analysis and evaluation.
2) Key parts of the process include department-specific assessments, compliance sub-reports, and department-specific plans. These allow for participation from different constituencies across the college.
3) The assessment plan establishes processes for measuring results against the college's mission and institutional core learning threads. Compliance documents analyze adherence to accreditation standards, while planning documents outline future adjustments.
This document discusses operational risk and provides details on its definition, measurement, and management. It defines operational risk as losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events. It describes the Basic Indicator Approach, Standardized Approach, and Advanced Measurement Approach for calculating operational risk capital charges under Basel II. It also outlines the data elements, risk categories, and tools used to measure and manage operational risk.
The document discusses operational risk and provides guidance on defining, identifying, measuring, monitoring, controlling, and mitigating operational risk according to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It addresses issues with operational risk loss data and outlines principles for developing an appropriate operational risk management environment, process, and framework. The document also examines challenges with using internal and external loss data for quantifying operational risk capital requirements.
This document discusses scheduling and controls for project manufacturing. It begins by contrasting mass production, job shop manufacturing, and proposing project manufacturing as a third method. Project manufacturing schedules unique engineered products using critical path methodology (CPM). The document outlines automating schedule creation from routing and BOM data, integrating project schedules, resolving resource conflicts in an enterprise system, and concludes the approach provides benefits like improved project integration and controls for project manufacturing plants.
This document discusses process engineering and process planning. It covers topics such as the steps involved in process planning, different approaches to process planning like variant and generative process planning, factors that affect process plan selection, and advantages and challenges of computer-aided process planning. The document provides examples of process plans and discusses considerations in manual and automated process planning like interpreting drawings, selecting machines and tools, and sequencing operations.
Process planning involves determining the optimal methods for manufacturing a product economically and competitively. It includes devising and selecting processes, machine tools, and specifying parameters to convert raw materials into finished goods. Process planning results in a process plan (or route sheet) that details the specific operations, machines, tools, fixtures, processing times, and sequence of operations required for production. Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) utilizes computer software and databases to automate the generation of process plans and has advantages over manual process planning such as increased productivity, reduced costs, and more consistent plans.
The document discusses process engineering and manufacturing planning. It covers topics like process planning, product realization, process planning classification, and generative versus variant process planning approaches. Process planning involves determining the necessary machining processes, parameters, machines, tools, and sequences to convert a part from its initial to final form based on engineering drawings and designs. Effective process planning requires understanding manufacturing processes, resources, materials, and cost considerations.
The document discusses process planning which involves preparing work instructions to produce a part from an initial form to a final predetermined form. Process planning determines the machining processes, parameters, machines, and sequence of operations. It considers one-off and mass production parts. Process planning involves geometric reasoning, process and tool selection, setup planning, and generating cutter paths. A sample process plan layout includes the part number, name, operations, descriptions, workstations, setup details, tools, and times. The planning process involves studying the part shape and drawing, selecting machines, operations, tools, fixtures, and cutting parameters to generate the final plan.
This document discusses process engineering and manufacturing planning. It covers topics like process planning, product realization, process planning classification, requirements for manual process planning, computer-aided process planning, generative versus variant approaches, and manufacturing feature representation. The document provides information on how process engineers plan manufacturing processes and convert a design into a physical product.
INTELLIGENT DECISION MAKING FOR REACTIVE SCHEDULING IN FMSJyotiraman De
The document discusses product and service design prints, computer aided process planning (CAPP), and the variant and generative approaches to CAPP. It defines product and service design prints as defining the characteristics and concepts of products and services. It then defines CAPP as using computers to assist process planners in determining the methods to manufacture parts from initial to final form. The variant approach selects generic process plans using group technology codes, while the generative approach automatically synthesizes process plans without human intervention using databases and knowledge bases.
The document discusses process planning, which involves determining the manufacturing operations needed to transform raw materials into a finished product according to the product design and specifications. Process planning consists of selecting machining processes and equipment, determining the sequence of operations, and documenting the plan. It aims to manufacture the product completely and economically. The key aspects covered are the importance of process planning, requirements of a good plan, approaches to process planning including manual and computer-aided methods, and the typical activities involved like analyzing part requirements, selecting machines and processes, and calculating processing times.
This document provides an overview of product planning and process planning. It discusses key aspects of each including:
- Product planning involves identifying market requirements and defining product features. Process planning determines the sequence of manufacturing steps.
- Product planning has phases like developing concepts, market research, and managing the product life cycle. Process planning prerequisites include interpreting drawings and understanding available resources.
- Both product and process planning are affected by factors like customer needs, costs, available technology, and production requirements. Computer aided systems can help create more accurate, consistent and efficient plans.
This document discusses process engineering and manufacturing planning. It covers topics like process planning, product realization, process planning classification, generative versus variant process planning approaches, feature-based representations, and manufacturing features. The key points are that process planning determines the steps to manufacture a designed part, it has moved from manual to computer-aided methods, and representations need to capture both geometric and technological information about the part in a format a computer can understand for automated planning.
The document discusses process planning methods, including manual and computer-aided process planning. It covers the following key points:
Manual process planning can involve traditional or workbook approaches. The traditional approach relies on a planner's experience to determine operations, while the workbook approach uses pre-determined sequences. Computer-aided process planning can be variant or generative. Variant CAPP retrieves standard plans, while generative CAPP develops new plans using decision logic.
Factors like part dimensions, tolerances, and material selection influence the choice of manufacturing processes. Process selection considers part details from drawings and criteria like production quantities, costs, and quality needs. Both manual and computer-aided methods aim to efficiently sequence operations based
The document discusses process planning, which involves determining the manufacturing processes and operations to produce a product economically. It describes process planning activities like drawing interpretation, material and process selection, and selecting equipment and tooling. Process planning methods can be manual using workbooks or computer-aided. Key factors in process planning include part dimensions, tolerances, materials, production rates, equipment capabilities, and cost. The summary provides a high-level overview of the main topics covered in the document.
The document discusses process planning, which determines the appropriate manufacturing processes and sequence to produce a part. Process planning acts as a bridge between design and manufacturing. It involves selecting raw materials, manufacturing operations, tools, and equipment to translate design requirements into production details. Process planning considers factors like production volume, accuracy needs, and machine capabilities. It can be done manually based on experience or through computer-aided process planning to optimize the manufacturing route.
The document discusses process planning which involves determining the manufacturing processes and operations to produce a product economically. It covers key aspects of process planning including drawing interpretation, material selection and evaluation, process selection, selection of equipment and tooling, and process planning documentation. The importance of process planning as the link between design and manufacturing is highlighted.
This document summarizes computer aided process planning. It discusses that process planning converts design information into manufacturing instructions to effectively produce products. It then describes different approaches to computer aided process planning including manual process planning, variant approach using group technology and part coding, and generative approach. The variant approach retrieves standard plans while the generative approach automatically generates new plans by matching part geometry to manufacturing capabilities. Overall, computer aided process planning aims to reduce time, labor, costs and improve precision and understanding of manufacturing processes.
The document discusses process planning, which involves selecting and sequencing manufacturing processes and operations to transform raw materials into finished components. It covers manual and computer-aided process planning methods. The key steps in manual process planning are interpreting drawings, selecting processes and operations, choosing tools and equipment, and documenting the plan. Computer-aided process planning can retrieve existing plans or generate new optimized plans. Important considerations in process planning include equipment selection, tooling selection, and interpreting engineering drawings and specifications.
The document discusses process planning which involves preparing instructions for manufacturing a product. It establishes the link between design and manufacturing. Key steps in process planning include drawing interpretation, determining operations, tools, equipment and sequence. Factors considered are dimensions, tolerances, material, surface finish. Process planning is done manually using workbooks or through computer-aided process planning for consistency and reduced time. Process, material and equipment selection factors are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to CAD/CAM/CAE. It begins by defining each term: CAD assists in computer-aided design, CAM plans and controls manufacturing through computer interfaces, and CAE applies computer analysis to engineering components. It then discusses how 3D CAD data can be read by CAM software to generate tool paths for CNC machining. The document also defines computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) as the total integration of CAD/CAM and business operations using computer systems. It provides an overview of how CAD, CAM, and CAE are applied within the overall product design and manufacturing cycle.
This document discusses computer aided process planning (CAPP). It outlines the key steps in process planning including drawing interpretation, material and process selection, selecting machines and tools, setting process parameters, quality assurance methods, cost estimating, documentation, and communicating the plan to the shop floor. CAPP aims to reduce errors and improve efficiency over manual planning. The benefits of CAPP include process rationalization, productivity gains, cost reductions, faster response to changes, and incorporating other applications. CAPP systems can be either retrieval-based, recalling plans for similar parts, or generative, creating new plans from scratch.
This document discusses computer aided process planning (CAPP). It defines manufacturing systems and their components. CAPP aims to reduce manual intervention in process planning by automating repetitive tasks. There are three main CAPP approaches: variant, generative, and semi-generative. The objectives of CAPP systems are consistency, accuracy, ease of application, and completeness. Challenges include developing truly generative systems that can automatically extract product data and optimize decisions.
This document discusses optimization and tooling requirements for CNC machines. It covers optimization of machining costs and production rates based on cutting speed. It also discusses the role of computerized optimization systems at different levels. For tooling requirements, it describes various tool holding systems like modular quick change systems, tool holder spindle connections, cutting tool clamping systems, milling cutter drivers, side lock chucks, collet chucks, hydraulic chucks, and milling chucks. It also discusses tool magazines and automatic tool changers.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
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at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. Chapter 6. PROCESS
ENGINEERING
• Process planning is also called: manufacturing planning, process
planning, material processing, process engineering, and machine
routing.
• Which machining processes and parameters are to be used (as well as
those machines capable of performing these processes) to convert
(machine) a piece part from its initial form to a final form predetermined
(usually by a design engineer) from an engineering drawing.
• The act of preparing detailed work instructions to produce a part.
• How to realize a given product design.
5. PROBLEMS FACING
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Fact:
Only 11% of the machine tools in the U.S. are
programmable.
More than 53% of the metal-working plants in the
U.S. do not have even one computer-controlled
machine.
Potential benefits in reducing turnaround time by using
programmable machine tools have not been realized due to time,
complexity and costs of planning and programming.
6. DOMAIN
One-of-a-kind and Small batch
Objectives: Lead-time, Cost
Approaches: process selection, use
existing facilities.
Mass production
Objective: Cost
Approaches: process design, optimization,
materials selection, facilities
design
7. How do we process
engineer?
How can we make it?
How much does it cost?
How long will it take us to complete it?
How reliable will it be?
How can we recycle it
8. How can we make
it?
Is this like something else that we’ve done?
Yes; What methods were used?
No; Design a new process
14. INTERACTION OF
PLANNING FUNCTIONS
GEOMETRIC REASONING
PROCESS SELECTION
CUTTER SELECTION
MACHINE TOOL SELECTION
SETUP PLANNING
FIXTURE PLANNING
CUTTER PATH GENERATION
• global & local geometry
• process capability
• process cost
• available tools
• tool dimension and geometry
• geometric constraints
• machine availability, cost
• machine capability
• feature relationship
• approach directions
• process constraints
• fixture constraints
• fixture element function
• locating, supporting, and
clamping surfaces
• stability
• feature merging and split
• path optimization
• obstacle and interference
avoidance
15. PROCESS
PLAN
• Also called : operation sheet, route sheet, operation planning summary,
or another similar name.
• The detailed plan contains:
route
processes
process parameters
machine and tool selections
fixtures
• How detail the plan is depends on the application.
• Operation: a process
• Operation Plan (Op-plan): contains the description of an operation,
includes tools, machines to be used, process parameters, machining
time, etc.
• Op-plan sequence: Summary of a process plan.
16. EXAMPLE PROCESS
PLANS
Route Sheet
Part No. S1243
Part Name: Mounting Bracket
1. Mtl Rm
2. Mill02 5
3. Drl01 4
4. Insp 1
workstation Time(min)
by: T.C. Chang
P R O C E S S P L A N ACE Inc.
P a r t N o . S 0 1 2 5 - F
P a r t N a m e : H o u s in g
O r ig in a l: S .D . S m a r t D a te : 1 /1 /8 9
C h e c k e d : C .S . G o o d D a te : 2 /1 /8 9
M a te r ia l: s te e l 4 3 4 0 S i
C h a n g e s : D a te :
A p p r o v e d : T .C . C h a n g D a te : 2 /1 4 /8 9
N o . O p e ra tio n
D e s c rip tio n
W o r k s ta tio n S e tu p T o o l T im e
(M in )
1 0 M ill b o tto m su r fa c e 1 M I L L 0 1 se e a tta c h # 1
fo r illu str a tio n
F a c e m ill
6 te e th /4 " d ia
3 s e tu p
5 m a c h in in g
2 0 M ill to p su r fa c e M I L L 0 1 se e a tta c h # 1 F a c e m ill
6 te e th /4 " d ia
2 s e tu p
6 m a c h in in g
3 0 D r ill 4 h o le s D R L 0 2 se t o n s u rfa c e 1 tw ist d r ill
1 /2 " d ia
2 " lo n g
2 s e tu p
3 m a c h in in g
Detailed Process Plan
Oper. Routing Summary
17. FACTORS AFFECTING
PROCESS
PLAN SELECTION
• Shape
• Tolerance
• Surface finish
• Size
• Material type
• Quantity
• Value of the product
• Urgency
• Manufacturing system itself
19. REQUIREMENTS IN
MANUAL PROCESS
PLANNING• ability to interpret an engineering drawing.
• familiar with manufacturing processes and
practice.
• familiar with tooling and fixtures.
• know what resources are available in the
shop.
• know how to use reference books, such as
machinability data handbook.
• able to do computations on machining time
and cost.
21. PROCESS PLANNING
STEPS Study the overall shape of the part. Use this
information to classify the part and determine
the type of workstation needed.
• Thoroughly study the drawing. Try to identify
every manufacturing features and notes.
If raw stock is not given, determine the best raw
material shape to use.
Identify datum surfaces. Use information on
datum surfaces to determine the setups.
• Select machines for each setup.
For each setup determine the rough sequence
of operations necessary to create all the
22. PROCESS PLANNING
STEPS
(continue) Sequence the operations determined in the
previous step.
Select tools for each operation. Try to use the
same tool for several operations if it is
possible. Keep in mind the trade off on tool
change time and estimated machining time.
Select or design fixtures for each setup.
Evaluate the plan generate thus far and make
necessary modifications.
Select cutting parameters for each operation.
Prepare the final process plan document.
23. COMPUTER-
AIDED
PROCESS
PLANNING
ADVANTAGES
1. It can reduce the skill required of a planner.
2. It can reduce the process planning time.
3. It can reduce both process planning and
manufacturing cost.
4. It can create more consistent plans.
5. It can produce more accurate plans.
6. It can increase productivity.
24. WHY AUTOMATED
PROCESS PLANNING
• Shortening the lead-time
• Manufacturability feedback
• Lowering the production cost
• Consistent process plans
27. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH
THE VARIANT APPROACH
1. The components to be planned are
limited to similar components previously
planned.
2. Experienced process planners are still
required to modify the standard plan for
the specific component.
3. Details of the plan cannot be
generated.
4. Variant planning cannot be used in an
entirely automated manufacturing
system, without additional process
28. ADVANTAGES OF
THE
VARIANT
APPROACH
1. Once a standard plan has been written, a
variety of components can be planned.
2. Comparatively simple programming and
installation (compared with generative
systems) is required to implement a
planning system.
3. The system is understandable, and the
planner has control of the final plan.
4. It is easy to learn, and easy to use.
29. GENERATIVE
APPROACH
(i) part description
(ii) manufacturing databases
(iii) decision making logic and
algorithms
A system which automatically synthesizes a
process plan for a new component.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
30. ADVANTAGES OF THE
GENERATIVE
APPROACH
1. Generate consistent process plans
rapidly;
2. New components can be planned as
easily as existing components;
3. It has potential for integrating with an
automated manufacturing facility to
provide detailed control information.
31. KEY
DEVELOPMENTS
1. The logic of process planning must be
identified and captured.
2. The part to be produced must be clearly
and precisely defined in a computer-
compatible format
3. The captured logic of process planning
and the part description
33. INPUT REPRESENTATION
SELECTION
• How much information is needed?
• Data format required.
• Ease of use for the planning.
• Interface with other functions, such as, part
programming, design, etc.
• Easy recognition of manufacturing features.
• Easy extraction of planning information from
the representation.
38. CONCEPT OF
FEATUREManufacturing is "feature" based.
Feature:
1 a: the structure, form, or appearance esp. of
a person
b: obs: physical beauty.
2 a: the makeup or appearance of the face or
its parts
b: a part of the face: LINEAMENT
3: a prominent part or characteristic
4: a special attraction
39. FEATURES IN DESIGN
AND
MANUFACTURING
A high level geometry which includes a
set of connected geometries. Its meaning
is dependent upon the application domain.
Boss
Pocket with an island
Design Feature vs Manufacturing Feature
41. MANUFACTURING
FEATURES
Drilling Round hole
Turning Rotational
feature
End milling Plane surface,
Hole, profile, slot
pocket
Ball end mill Free form
surface
Boring Cylindrical shell
ReamingCylindrical shell
... ...
• For process selection
• For fixturing
End mill a slot
Manufacturing
is feature based.
44. DATA ASSOCIATED WITH
MANUFACTURING
FEATURES
• Feature type
• Dimension
• Location
• Tolerance
• Surface finish
• Relations with other features
• Approach directions
A p p ro a c h
A p p ro a ch
° Feature classifications are not the same.
45. FEATURE
RECOGNITION
Extract and decompose features from a
geometric model.
• Syntactic pattern recognition
• State transition diagram and automata
• Decomposition
• Logic
• Graph matching
• Face growing
46. DIFFICULTIES OF
FEATURE
RECOGNITION• Potentially large number of features.
• Features are domain and user specific.
• Lack of a theory in features.
• Input geometric model specific. Based
on incomplete models.
• Computational complexity of the
algorithms.
• Existing algorithms are limited to simple
features.
47. DESIGN WITH
MANUFACTURING
FEATURESMake the design process a simulation of the
manufacturing process. Features are tool
swept volumes and operators are
manufacturing processes.
Design
Process Planning
Bar stock - Profile - Bore hole
Turn profile Drill hole
Bore hole
48. PROS AND CONS OF DESIGN
WITH
MANUFACTURING FEATURES
• Concurrent engineering - designers are
forced to think about manufacturing
process.
• Simplify (eliminate) process planning.
• Hinder the creative thinking of designers.
• Use the wrong talent (designer doing
process planning).
• Interaction of features affects processes.
Pros
Cons
49. BACKWARD
PLANNING.
Bo rin g
D r i l l i n g
Mi l l i n g
Fin is h e d
p a rt
Wo rkp ie c e
P
la
n
n
in
g
M
a
c
h
in
in
g
o
p
e
ra
t
io
n
51. SOME RESEARCH
ISSUES
• Part design representation: information
contents, data format
• Geometric reasoning: feature recognition,
feature extraction, tool approach directions,
feature relations
• Process selection: backward planning,
tolerance analysis, geometric capability,
process knowledge, process mechanics
• Tool selection: size, length, cut length, shank
length, holder, materials, geometry, roughing,
and finishing tools
52. SOME RESEARCH
ISSUES
(continue)
• Fixture design: fixture element model,
fixturing knowledge modeling, stability
analysis, friction/cutting force
• Tool path planning: algorithms for features,
gauging and interference avoidance
algorithms, automated path generation
• Software engineering issues: data structure,
data base, knowledge base, planning
algorithms, user interface, software interface
53. A FEATURE BASED
DESIGN/
PROCESS PLANNING
SYSTEM
Geometric Reasoning
Application-Specific Features (e.g. manufacturing features)
blind slot, through slot, step, etc.
approach direction, feed direction
feature relations: precedence and intersection type
Manufacturing-Oriented Design Features
hole, straight slot, T-slot, circular slot, pocket
counterbore, sculptured surface cavity
55. SOME AUTOMATED PROCESS PLANNING EFFORTS
NIST : Automated process planning
CAM-I, UTRC: XPS-2, generative process
planning
U of Maryland, Nau: Semi-generative process
planning
GE R & D, Hines: Art to Part
Penn State, Wysk (Texas A&M): graph based
process planning
Stanford, Cutkosky: FirstCut, integrated design
and manufacturing system based on features.
CMI & CMU: IMW, feature based design, expert
operation planning.
U. of Twente, Holland, Kals: PARTS , feature
based input, feature recognition, operation
planning.
Allied Bendix, Hummel & Brooks: XCUT system
for cavity operation planning.
IPK Berlin & IPK Aachen
UMIST, B.J. Davies
U. of Leeds, de Pennington
U. Mass, Dixon: Features-based design for
manufacturing analysis of extrusions,
castings, injection molding
ASU, Shah: Theory of features study for
CAM-I; Feature-mapping shell
Stanford,Cutkosky: feature-based design,
process planning, fixturing systems.
Helsinki, Mantyla: systems for design &
process planning.
IBM, Rossignac:Editing & validation of
feature models; MAMOUR system.
SDRC, Chung, GE, Simmons: Feature-based
design and casting analysis.
Features in Process PlanningFeature in Design
QTC is one of the only efforts that
considers design through inspection
and the only one that uses deep
geometric reasoning to link design
and process planning.
57. THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CAPP
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Intelligence of
the system
H um an
Expert
?
m anual
planning
Data
base
G T
variant
system
expert
system
geom etric
reasoning
elem entary
m achine
learning
? technology