Introduction of process control, Process control, Example of controlled process, Feedback control system, Feed forward control system,Classification of variables in chemical process, Components of control system
Process Control Fundamentals and How to read P&IDsAhmed Deyab
Types of Process Control, Feedback control, feed-forward control loops, ratio control loop, split range control. How to read Piping and Instrumentation Diagram for Process Engineers
This Course basics of instrumentation and control systems used in oil and gas and petrochemical industry,
The course the following topics
Basics of Instrumentation
Field Instruments
Control Valves
Process Control
Control systems
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
Process Control Fundamentals and How to read P&IDsAhmed Deyab
Types of Process Control, Feedback control, feed-forward control loops, ratio control loop, split range control. How to read Piping and Instrumentation Diagram for Process Engineers
This Course basics of instrumentation and control systems used in oil and gas and petrochemical industry,
The course the following topics
Basics of Instrumentation
Field Instruments
Control Valves
Process Control
Control systems
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
,the control system ,negative feedback versus positive feedback ,servo problem versus regulator problem ,development of block diagram ,measuring element ,controller and final control element
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
Types of Controllers
Process control_ mechatronics engineering.
Control system is a combination of various elements connected as a unit to direct or regulate itself or any other system in order to provide a specific output is known as a Control system.
Components of a Control System
1.Controlled process: The part of the system which requires controlling is known as a controlled process.
2. Controller: The internal or external element of the system that controls the process is known as the controller.
3. Input: For every system to provide a specific result, some excitation signal must be provided. This signal is usually given through an external source. So, the externally provided signal for the desired operation is known as input.
TYPES OF DISTURBANCE:
1.an internal disturbance is generated within the system. 2.an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
Types of Control System:
1.Open loop control systems in this control system the
output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison
with the input.
2.Closed loop control systems in this control system the
actuating error signal, which is the difference between
the input signal and the feedback signal, is fed to the
controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output
of the system to a desired value.
PID
The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose constitutes the manipulated variable (MV). The proportional, integral, and derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller.
contents:
Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop method.
Instrument Symbols.
continuous-mode controllers.
Proportional controller.
Derivative controller and another.
created by :Anaseem Alhanni.
University :Al- Balqa' Applied University (BAU).
Introduction to Business Process ManagementAlan McSweeney
Training Course - Introduction to Business Process Management
It is intended to be a good general and practical introduction to the subject. It covers the following topics:
1. Business Process Management
2. Process Modelling
3. Process Analysis
4. Process Design
5. Process Performance Management
6. Process Transformation
7. Process Management Organisation
8. Enterprise Process Management
9. Business Process Management Technologies
10. Business Process Management and Business Analysis
11. Business Process Management Technology Review
,the control system ,negative feedback versus positive feedback ,servo problem versus regulator problem ,development of block diagram ,measuring element ,controller and final control element
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
Types of Controllers
Process control_ mechatronics engineering.
Control system is a combination of various elements connected as a unit to direct or regulate itself or any other system in order to provide a specific output is known as a Control system.
Components of a Control System
1.Controlled process: The part of the system which requires controlling is known as a controlled process.
2. Controller: The internal or external element of the system that controls the process is known as the controller.
3. Input: For every system to provide a specific result, some excitation signal must be provided. This signal is usually given through an external source. So, the externally provided signal for the desired operation is known as input.
TYPES OF DISTURBANCE:
1.an internal disturbance is generated within the system. 2.an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
Types of Control System:
1.Open loop control systems in this control system the
output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison
with the input.
2.Closed loop control systems in this control system the
actuating error signal, which is the difference between
the input signal and the feedback signal, is fed to the
controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output
of the system to a desired value.
PID
The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose constitutes the manipulated variable (MV). The proportional, integral, and derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller.
contents:
Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop method.
Instrument Symbols.
continuous-mode controllers.
Proportional controller.
Derivative controller and another.
created by :Anaseem Alhanni.
University :Al- Balqa' Applied University (BAU).
Introduction to Business Process ManagementAlan McSweeney
Training Course - Introduction to Business Process Management
It is intended to be a good general and practical introduction to the subject. It covers the following topics:
1. Business Process Management
2. Process Modelling
3. Process Analysis
4. Process Design
5. Process Performance Management
6. Process Transformation
7. Process Management Organisation
8. Enterprise Process Management
9. Business Process Management Technologies
10. Business Process Management and Business Analysis
11. Business Process Management Technology Review
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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2. Objective
Process control
Example of controlled process
Feedback control system
Feed forward control system
Classification of variables in chemical process
Components of control system
Summary
3. Why process control
Structure of chemical process plant is very complex
Any chemical plant consist of various process units which are inter connected with one another in
systematic manner
Main objective of any plant is to convert certain raw materials into desired product using available
sources of energy
Other objective- safety, product specification, environmental regulations, operation constraints,
economics
These all these parameters are control by arrangement of various equipment like measuring
devices, valves, controller
4. Examples of controlled processes
1. Controlling the temperature of a water stream by controlling the amount of
steam added to the shell of a heat exchanger.
5. Examples of controlled processes
2. Operating a jacketed reactor isothermally by controlling the coolant that
flows through the jacket of a jacketed reactor.
6. Examples of controlled processes
3. Controlling the height of fluid in a tank to ensure that it does not overflow.
7. How process control
Consider the tank heater system shown in Figure
Assumption
Fi, Ti = flow rate (ft3/min) and temperature(°F) of entering
liquid into the tank
F = flow rate of steam which heated liquid (lb/mm).
F, T = the flow rate and temperature of the stream leaving the
tank.
The tank is considered to be well stirred, which implies that the
temperature of the effluent is equal to the temperature of the
liquid in the tank.
Objectives
1. To keep the effluent temperature T at a desired value Ts
2. To keep the volume of the liquid in the tank at a desired value Vs
8. 1. To maintain the temperature of effluent ‘T’ at
desired temperature ‘Ts’
The operation of the heater is disturbed by external factors such
as changes in the feed flow rate and temperature (Fiand Ti).
If nothing changed, then after attaining T = Ts and V = Vs, we could
leave the system alone without any supervision and control.
Consequently, some form of control action is needed to alleviate
the impact of the changing disturbances and keep T and V at the
desired values.
In Figure we see such a control action to keep T = Ts when Ti or Fi,
changes.
A thermocouple measures the temperature T of the liquid in the
tank.
Then T is compared with the desired value Ts, yielding a
deviation ε = Ts - T.
The value of the deviation ε is sent to a control mechanism which
decides what must be done in order for the temperature T to
return back to the desired value T.
9. 1. To maintain the temperature of effluent ‘T’ at
desired temperature ‘Ts’
If ε > 0, which implies that T < Ts, the controller
opens the steam valve so that more heat can be
supplied.
On the contrary, the controller closes the steam
valve when ε < 0 or T> Ts.
It is clear that when T = Ts (i.e., ε = 0), the
controller does nothing.
This control system, which measures the variable
of direct importance (T in this case) after a
disturbance had its effect on it, is called the
feedback control system.
The desired value Ts is called the set point and is
supplied externally by the person in charge of
production.
10. 1.To maintain the temperature of effluent ‘T’ at
desired temperature ‘Ts’
Returning to the tank heater example, we
realize that we can use a different control
arrangement to maintain T= Ts when Ti,
changes.
Measure the temperature of the inlet stream T,
and open or close the steam valve to provide
more or less steam.
Such a control configuration is called
feedforward control.
The feedforward control does not wait until
the effect of the disturbances has been felt by
the system, but acts appropriately before the
external disturbance affects the system,
anticipating what its effect will be.
11. 2. To maintain the height of liquid ‘h’ in the tank
at desired level ‘hs’
In Figure we see a control action to keep h = hs
when Ti or Fi, changes. So that tank will not
overflow or go dry
A level measuring device measures the height h of
the liquid in the tank.
Then h is compared with the desired value hs,
yielding a deviation ε = h - hs.
The value of the deviation ε is sent to a control
mechanism which decides what must be done in
order for the height h to return back to the desired
value hs.
It may open or close the valve that affects the
effluent flow rate F
It is also feedback control systems act post facto
(after the fact), that is, after the effect of the
disturbances has been felt by the process.
12. 2. To maintain the height of liquid ‘h’ in the tank
at desired level ‘hs’
If ε > 0, which implies that h < hs, the
controller opens the steam valve so that more
heat can be supplied.
On the contrary, the controller closes the
steam valve when ε < 0 or T>Ts.
It is clear that when T = Ts (i.e., ε = 0), the
controller does nothing.
This control system, which measures the
variable of direct importance (T in this case)
after a disturbance had its effect on it, is called
the feedback control system.
The desired value Ts is called the set point
and is supplied externally by the person in
charge of production.
13. Classification of variables in chemical process
1. Input Variable – This variable shows the effect of the
surroundings on the process.
2. Output variable- Also known as the control variable
These are the variables shows the effect of process on
the surrounding.
3. Error: In process controls, error is defined as: Error
= set point - process variable.
4. Set point: The set point is where you would like a
controlled process variable to be.
Input variable – Ti, Fi, Fst, Tst
Output variable – F, T
Set point - Ts
14. Classification of variables in chemical process
There are two types of inputs variables.
Manipulated inputs: if the value can be
adjusted freely by human operator or control
mechanism.
Disturbances: inputs that can not be
controlled by an operator or control system
Manipulated – Fst
Disturbance – Ti, Fi, Tst
15. Components of control system
Process (stirred tank heater)
Measuring element (thermocouple,
thermometer)
Controller
Final control element (control valve)
16. Summary
Controller —A device that outputs a signal to the process based on the magnitude of the error
signal. A proportional controller outputs a signal proportional to the error.
Closed loop —In closed loop, the measured value of the controlled variable is fed back to the
controller.
Feedback control system —this control system uses the direct measurements of control variable
to adjust the values of the manipulated variables.
Feed forward control system —this control system uses direct measurement of the disturbances
to adjust the values of the manipulated variables.
17. Summary
Block diagram —Diagram that indicates the flow of information around the control system and the
function of each part of the system.
Error —The difference between the values of the set point and the measured Variable
Manipulated variable —Process variable that is adjusted to bring the controlled variable back to
the set point.
Set point —The desired value of the controlled variable.
Controlled variable —The process variable that we want to maintain at a particular value.