Control valves are used to control process variables like pressure, flow, level and temperature. They work with a controller to form a control loop. The control valve manipulates the flow of process fluids like gas, steam, water or chemicals. It has a valve body, internal trim parts, an actuator and accessories. Control valves are classified based on their design as linear or rotary, and based on operation as throttling or on-off. Cavitation or flashing can occur if the downstream pressure reduces below the vapor pressure of the fluid.

1. CONTROL VALVES
Prasad K Godse
Instrumentation Lab
VESIT,chembur.

2. • Introduction to Control Valves
• Control Valves photographs
• Control Valves- classification
• Detailed operation
• installation Guidelines
• Control Valve specifications in details
• Applications
• Terminology
Index

5. Why and What Is
A Control Valve?
• Process plants consist of hundreds, or networked
together to produce a product to be offered for sale.
• Each of these control loops is designed to keep
some important process variable such as pressure,
flow, level, temperature,etc. within a required
operating range to ensure the quality of the end
• product.
• Each of these loops receives and internally creates
disturbances that detrimentally affect the process
• variable, and interaction from other loops in the
network provides disturbances that influence the
process variable.

6. • To reduce the effect of these load disturbances,
sensors and transmitters collect information about the
process variable and its relationship to some desired
set point.
• A controller then processes this information and
decides should be after a load disturbance occurs.
• When all the measuring, comparing, and calculating
are done, some type of final control element must
implement the strategy selected by the controller.
• The most common final control element in the
process control industries is the control valve.

7. • The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid,
such as gas, steam, water, or chemical
compounds,
• To compensate for the load disturbance
• and keep the regulated process variable as close
as possible to the desired set point.
• The control valve assembly typically consists
of--
• valve body
• internal trim parts,
• an actuator to provide the motive power to
operate the valve,
• and a variety of additional valve accessories, which
can include positioners, transducers, supply
pressure regulators, manual operators, or limit
switches.

8. CONTROL VALVE
• A Control Valve performs a special task, controlling
the flow of fluids so a process variable such as fluid
pressure, fluid level or temperature can be
controlled.
• In addition to controlling the flow, a control valve
may be used to shut off flow.
• A control valve may be defined as a valve with a
powered actuator that responds to an external
signal.
• The signal usually comes from a controller. The
controller and valve together form a basic control
loop.
• The control valve is seldom full open or closed but in
an intermediate position controlling the flow of fluid

9. VALVE FLOW
TERMINOLOGY
• CV: The Flow Coefficient, CV, is a
dimensionless value that relates to a valve’s
flow capacity.
• Its most basic form is
• where Q=Flow rate and .P=pressure drop
across the valve.
• The CV value increases if the flow rate
increases or if the decreases.

10. • Vena Contracta: The vena contracta is where the
jet of flowing fluid is the smallest immediately
downstream of the trim's throttle point.
• At the vena contracta, the fluid's velocity is the
highest and the fluid's pressure is the lowest.
• Vapor Pressure: A fluid's vapor pressure is the
pressure where the fluid will change from a liquid
to a vapor.
• The liquid will change to a vapor below the vapor
pressure and a vapor will change to a liquid above
the vapor pressure.
• The vapor pressure increases as the temperature
increases.

11. • Rangeability: Rangeability is the ratio
of maximum to minimum controllable .
• This is also sometimes called Ratio
or Turndown.

14. LINEAR CONTROL VALVES

15. LINEAR CONTROL VALVES

16. ROTARY CONTROL
VALVES Butter fly Valves

17. ROTARY CONTROL
VALVESBALL

18. Linear
sliding stem
GLOBE
GATE
DIAPHRAGM
PINCH
Rotary stem
BUTTERFLY
BALL
ECCENTRIC
PLUG
Control Valves Classification
based on Sliding Method

19. THROTTLING
GLOBE
GATE
BALL
BUTTERFLY
ON-OFF
BUTTERFLY
BALL
ECCENTRIC
PLUG
Control Valves Classification
based on Operation

20. Control Valves Classification
based on Plug / Trim style
GLOBE
LINEAR
EQUAL
%
ON-OFF
BALL
Full
Bore
V Notch

21. Control Valves Selection
Procedure
• Estimate the size of the valve by taking one
size smaller than the line. If there is no line
size available calculate using a velocity of
5m/s for liquids and 40m/s for gases or
vapours.
• • Use the chart to determine the valve type
which best satisfies the requirements of the
• application.

22. • Generally for larger sizes of l00mm or
greater the order of preference assuming cost
to be of a high priority would be as follows:
• • Butterfly
• • Disk
• • Rotary plug
• • Ball
• but using globe if the pressure drop is high
and using pinch/diaphragm valves for slurries.

23. • For small valves of less than l00mm the
order of preference would be:
• • Globe
• • Rotary plug
• • Ball
• • Pinch/Diaphragm
• Conclusion
• There is nothing definitive about selecting a
type of valve.

28. Line- Explanation of Terms
and Definitions -Examples
• PROJECT Specify project name for which control
valve is intended. XYZ Nuclear PS
• UNIT Specify unit within project. #1
• P.O. Specify purchase order number from purchaser
to control valve manufacturer.P.O. 12345
• ITEM Specify item number of purchase order. 3
• CONTRACT Specific contract number of project for
purchaser's reference. 56-V-32510
• MFR SERIAL This line may show the valve
manufacturer's serial number(s) and is normally filled
in at the time of shipment of the valve.

29. • Serial numbers often contain the manufacturer's
shop order number. C12650-3
• DATA SHEET Specify data sheet number.
Normally assigned by purchaser. 3 of 12
• SPEC Specify number of technical specification on
which valve selection is based. FL-13265-A
• TAG Specify tag number, if any, used to designate
location of valve. FV-103
• DWG Specify piping and instrumentation diagram
number, loop diagram number, engineering flow
diagram number, etc. 17-453
• SERVICE Describe service of control valve and/or
pipe line number. Feed water control

30. • 1 Describe fluid flowing into valve and its state.
Indicate corrosive or erosive service and the
corrosive or erosive agents.
• Superheated steam, Saturated water, Crude oil and
natural gas.
• 2 Specify volumetric or mass flow rate at inlet or
standard conditions.
• 3 Specify inlet pressure (gauge or absolute).
• 5000 psig 2000 kPa abs.
• 4 Specify outlet pressure (gauge or absolute).
• 1000 psig 400 kPa gauge

31. • 5 Specify inlet temperature in °F, °R, °C or K. Must
agree with state of fluid and its inlet
pressure.750°F / 200°C
• 6 Specify specific weight (in lb/ft3 or kg/m3),
specific gravity, or molecular weight of fluid.
Identify the appropriate term. 61.9 lb/ ft3
• 7 Specify viscosity in appropriate units for liquids or
specific heats ratio for gases.
• 20 centi poise 17.8 centistokes
• 8 Specify vapor (saturation) pressure at inlet
temperature in absolute units. Only required for
liquid flow. 680 psia 46.9 bar abs.

32. • 9 Specify required V as calculated for each condition
per ANSI/ ISA S75.01-1985. No additional safety
(oversize) factor should be included at this point.260
• 13 & 14 Specify size and schedule (or wall thickness
if nonstandard) of pipe line into which valve is
installed. 8" SCH 40, 15" OD x 0. 500" wall, DN 200
• 16 Specify type of valve body. Globe (through,
angle) Split body, Double port, Butterfly, Ball, Pinch
• 17 Specify nominal size of valve body. Specify ANSI
class in accordance with ANSI B16.34-81. 4"
• 600 2500 SPECIAL
• 18 Specify maximum pressure and temperature of
the valve. 2500 psig, 650°F
• 19 Specify manufacturer and model number. XYZ
Controls Model 719-2

33. • 20 Specify body and bonnet material. Steel, ASTM
A216, WCB
• 21 Specify body liner material, if any, and its inside
diameter. Polyurethane, 3.9"
• 22 & 23 Specify end connection. May be integral or
welded onto body.
• 27 Specify type of bonnet. Standard, Cooling fin,
Extended
• 29 Specify packing material. Graphite impreg.
asbestos, TFE, Non-asbestos
• 30 Specify type of packing. Braided, Molded V-ring,
Laminated filament, Pressure/Vacuum
• 32 Specify type of trim. Single seat cage-guided,
Multi-stage, Multihole,Top- and bottom-guided,
Double seat

34. • 33 Specify nominal size and rated travel of
installed trim. 2", 50 mm
• 34 Specify inherent flow characteristic of installed
trim. Linear, Equal %, Modified parabolic, Quick-
opening
• 35 Specify whether trim is balanced or unbalanced.
• 37 Specify closure member, i.e., plug, ball, or disk
material as applicable.17-4 PH H-1150, 316
• 38 Specify seat material. 420 hardened 316 hard
faced
• 39 Specify cage, bearing, or guide material. 410
hardened
• 40 Specify stem material. 17-4 PH H-1150, 316

35. • 43 Specify hazardous location classification per the
National Electrical Code®, ANSI/NFPA 70-1987.
• NEC® Class I, Div. 1, Group C
• 44-52 Specify special requirements and/or
accessories not covered elsewhere.
• Solenoid valves, E/P transducer.
• 53 Specify type of actuator. Diaphragm, pneumatic,
Hydr. piston, double-acting, Pneumatic rotary vane
• 54 Specify manufacturer and model number. XYZ
Controls, P-100-160
• 55 Specify nominal size and effective diaphragm/
piston area. 8", 160 square inch, 0.2 m2
• 56 Specify whether actuator is for on/off or
modulating service. Modulating On/ off

36. • 57 Specify whether spring, if any, acts to open or to
close valve. Open Close None
• 58 Specify maximum pressure for which the
actuator is designed. 100 psig 60 kPa
• 59 Specify minimum pressure required to fully
stroke the installed valve under specified
conditions. 65 psig
• 60 & 61 Specify limits of available air or hydraulic
supply pressure. If upper limit is greater than line
58, a reducing valve (air set) should be furnished.
• 90 psig/ 70 psig
• 62 Specify the pressures in the actuator when valve
starts travel and at its rated travel position without
fluid forces acting on the valve. 8/32 psig10/22 psig
• 1.2/2.1 Kpa

37. • 63 Specify orientation of actuator as "VERT.UP" or
"VERT.DOWN“ (vertical) or "HORIZ." (horizontal).
For rotary valves, also specify whether mounting is
"RH" (right-hand) or "LH" (left- hand) as viewed
from valve inlet, if appropriate. Specify additional
information as appropriate or provide sketch.
• 64 Specify type and orientation of hand wheel
(manual override), if any. Top-mounted Side-
mounted.
• 67 Specify input signal range for full travel. 3-15
psig, 200-100 kPa, 4-20 mA
• 68 Specify type of positioner. None Single acting
• Double acting
• 84 Specify leakage class per ANSI/FCI 70-2-76.
Class IV

40. CAVITATION AND FLASHING

41. Cavitation
• Cavitation is a two stage
phenomena with liquid flow.
• The first stage is the formation of
vapor bubbles in the liquid as the
fluid passes through the trim and the
pressure is reduced below the fluid's
vapor pressure.
• The second stage is the collapse of
the vapor bubbles as the fluid
passes the vena contracta and the
pressure recovers and increases
above the vapor pressure.
• The collapsing bubbles are very
destructive when they contact metal
parts and the bubble collapse may

42. Flashing
• Flashing is similar to cavitation except the
vapor bubbles do not collapse, as the
downstream pressure remains less than the
vapor pressure.
• The flow will remain a mixture of vapor and
liquid.

43. Any Questions ???
Thank You
Contact :
Prasad K Godse
prasad.godse@ves.ac.in