Medical microbiology is the study of causative agents of infectious diseases of humans and their reactions to such infections. In other words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and control of infection (immunization).
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
Debridement is an important component of the wound bed preparation (WBP) management Model.
Cause of the wound and patient-centered concerns, debridement is a necessary step in local wound care.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, exudate, bacteria, and metabolic waste from a wound in order to improve or facilitate the healing process
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
the need.
There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.
Facial pain is pain felt in any part of the face, including the mouth and eyes.
It’s normally due to an injury or a headache, occasionally facial pain may also be due to neurological or vascular causes, but equally well may be dental in origin.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar.
Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
She has a wonderful personality.”“He has no personality.”“He has a charming personality.”“We seem to have a personality conflict.”“It’s just her personality.”“She has her mother’s personality.”“He’s a real personality.”
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Introduction. medical microbiology 1
1. INTRODUCTION to MEDICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
1. Medical microbiology
2. Classification of
microorganisms
3. Morphology of bacteria
4. Bacterial anatomy
5. Morphology of viruses
6. Morphology of
rickettsiae
7. Morphology of chlamidia
8. Methods of laboratory
diagnosis
2. • Medical microbiology is the study of causative
agents of infectious diseases of humans and
their reactions to such infections. In other
words it deals with etiology, pathogenesis,
laboratory diagnosis, specific treatment and
control of infection (immunization).
3. Modern medical microbiology
• Bacteriology – the science of bacteria, the
causative agents of a member of infectious
diseases.
• Virology – the science of viruses, non-cellular
living systems, capable of causing infectious
diseases in man.
• Immunology – the science which concerned
with mechanisms of body protection against
pathogenic microorganisms and foreign cells
and substances.
• Mycology – the study of fungi pathogenic for
man.
• Protozoology – which deals with pathogenic
unicellular animal organisms.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Protista Vira
• DNA-viruses and RNA-viruses
• Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
• Fungi Blue-green algae
• Algae Bacteria
• Protozoa Scotobacteria Photobacteria
• Slime moulds 1. Class Bacteria
2. Class Rickettsias
3. Class Mollicutes
A division of the kingdom Procaryotae comprising bacteria with a gram-negative type of
cell wall consisting of an outer membrane and a thin inner peptidoglycan layer
containing muramic acid. It contains three classes:
Scotobacteria, Anoxyphotobacteria & Oxyphotobacteria.
Scotobacteria
5. Microbiological nomenclature
• In microbiology the binominal system of
nomenclature is accepted where each
species has a generic and a specific
name. The generic name is written with a
capital letter, and the specific name – with
a small letter. For example: the anthrax
bacillus – Bacillus anthracis; the tetanus
bacillus – Clostridium tetani.
6. The size of bacteria
• The size of bacteria is measured in micrometer
(m) or micron () (1 micron or micrometer is one
thousandth of a millimeter) and varies from 0.1 to
16-18 . Most pathogenic bacteria measure from
0.1 to 10 .
• The other units of measurement of microorganisms
are millimicron (m) or nanometer (nm) (one
millionth of a millimeter) and 1 Angstrom (Å) (one
tenth of nanometer).
7. Morphology of Bacteria
• Bacteria are intracellular free-living
organisms having both DNA and RNA. Their
biological properties and predominant
reproduction by binary fission relates them to
prokaryotes.
• Spherical (cocci)
• Rod-shaped
(bacteria, bacilli,
and clostridia)
• Spiral-shaped
(vibriones, spirilla, spirochaetes)
11. Rod-shaped bacteria
• Bacteria (1) include those
microorganisms, which, as rule,
do not produce spores (E.coli,
Salmonella, Shigella).
• Bacilli (2) (B.anthracis) and
clostridia (3) (C.tetani, C.botuli-
num) include organisms the
majority of which produce spores.
• Size of rod-shaped bacteria varies
2-10 μm: small rods are 2-4 μm;
long rods are 5-10 μm.
1
2
3
14. SPIRAL FORMS
• 1. Vibrios – are cells, which resemble a
comma in appearance (curved rods).
Typical representative of this group is
Vibrio cholerae.
15. 2. Spirilla – are coiled forms of bacteria.
Pathogenic species: Spirillum minus (1) – which
is responsible for a disease in humans
transmitted through the bite of rats – rat-bite fever
– sodoku; Helicobacter pylori (2) – causative
agent of ulcer disease of stomach.
1 2
16. SPIROCHAETES
• Treponema – exhibits, thin, flexible cells
with 6-14 regular twists. The size of
Treponema varies from 10-18 μ (T.pallidum).
• Leptospira – are characterized by very thin
cell structure. The leptospirae form 12-18
regular coils (primary spirals)
(L.interrogans) and C- or S- shape according
secondary twist.
• Borrelia – have large irregular spirals, the
number of which varies from 3 to 10.
(B.recurrentis, B.persica).
17. 3. Spirochaetes – are flexuous spiral forms which
include: Treponema (T.pallidum) (1), Borrelia
(B.recurrentis) (2), Leptospira (L.interrogans) (3)
1
2
3
22. Cell wall
• In addition to conferring rigidity upon
bacteria, the cell wall protects against
osmotic damage
• Chemically, the rigid part of the cell wall is
peptidoglycan
• First described by Gram in 1884. It is' used
to study morphologic appearance of
bacteria. Gram's stain differentiates all
bacteria into two distinct groups:
• a. Gram-positive organisms
• b. Gram-negative organisms
24. The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner
cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic
space in gram-negative bacteria. Using cryo-electron microscopy it has been found that
a much smaller periplasmic space is also present in gram-positive bacteria.
25. Bacteria with deficient cell walls
• Mycoplasma: a genus of naturally occurring bacteria
which lack cell walls
• L-forms: cell-wall-deficient forms of bacteria, usually
produced in the body of patients treated with penicillin
• Spheroplasts: derived from Gram-negative bacteria;
produced artificially by lysozyme or by growth with
penicillin or any other agent capable of breaking down the
peptidoglycan layer
• Protoplasts: derived from Gram-positive bacteria and
totally lacking cell walls; produced artificially by lysozyme
and hypertonic medium*
Hypertrophy (/haɪˈpɜːrtrəfi/, from Greek ὑπέρ
"excess" + τροφή "nourishment") is the increase in
the volume of an organ or tissue due to the
enlargement of its component cells. It is
distinguished from hyperplasia, in which the cells
remain approximately the same size but increase in
number.
27. Morphology of viruses
• Do not possess cellular
organization
• Contain one type of nucleic acid
either RNA or DNA
• Lack enzymes necessary for
protein and nucleic acid
synthesis machinery of host
cells
• They multiply by complex
process and not by binary
fission.
• They are unaffected by
antibiotics.
• They are sensitive to interferon.
30. Morphology of Rickettsiae.
• They are minute organisms having properties
in between bacteria and viruses.
• It contains both DNA and RNA.
• Contains enzymes for metabolic functions.
• Multiplies by binary fission.
• It is coccobacilli 300x600 nm in size, non-
motile, non-capsulated and is Gram-negative.
• Sensitive to many antibiotics.
• Can multiply only inside living cells.
31. Morphology of Rickettsiae
The morphological structures of the
rickettsiae of epidemic and endemic
typhus fever, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, and Q fever are similar
to one another and to certain
bacteria.
The rickettsial organisms in common
with the elementary bodies of
vaccinia virus and all bacteria would
appear to have a limiting membrane
which surrounds a substance that
seems to be protoplasmic in nature;
numbers of dense granules are
embedded in the inner protoplasm.
32. Morphology of chlamydia.
• Chlamydiae are Gram-negative. They lack
some important mechanisms for the
production of metabolic energy, so they
are intracellular parasites. There are 2
morphological forms of chlamydia:
• Elementary bodies
• Initial bodies
33. Methods of laboratory diagnosis
1. Bacterioscopical
2. Bacteriological
3. Detection sensitivity of
bacteria to antibiotics
4. Serological
5. Biological
6. DNA-technology test
(PCR) Polymerase Chain
Reaction. It's a testing
technique that can detect either
DNA or RNA from any kind of
organism, such as HIV, for
example.