This document discusses memory, cognition, and thinking. It covers the stages of memory including encoding, storage and retrieval. It describes the different types of memory like sensory, short-term and long-term. It discusses theories of thinking such as creative, analytical and critical thinking. It also covers problem solving strategies and cognition. The goal is to understand memory, improve memory, understand thinking processes, and learn problem solving techniques.

2. MEMORY and COGNITION

3. objectives
 What is memory
 Stages of memory
 Types of memory
 Method to improve memory
 Theories of thinking
 Theories types
 Problem solving & decision making strategies.
 Cognition and its level

4. Memory:
Memory is the mental function that
enables you to acquire, retain, and
recall sensations, impressions,
information, and thoughts you have
experienced.

5. The three stages of memory are:
Memory Encoding
Memory Storage
Memory Retrieval

6. Memory Encoding
 When information comes into our memory
system (from sensory input), it needs to be
changed into a form that the system can cope
with, so that it can be stored. Think of this as
similar to changing your money into a
different currency when you travel from one
country to another. For example, a word
which is seen (in a book) may be stored if it is
changed (encoded) into a sound or a meaning
(i.e. semantic processing).

7. Memory Storage
 This concerns the nature of memory stores,
i.e. where the information is stored, how long
the memory lasts for (duration), how much
can be stored at any time (capacity) and what
kind of information is held. The way we store
information affects the way we retrieve
it. There has been a significant amount of
research regarding the differences
between Short Term Memory(STM ) and Long
Term Memory (LTM).

8. Memory Retrieval
This refers to getting information out
storage. If we can’t remember
something, it may be because we are
unable to retrieve it. When we are
asked to retrieve something from
memory, the differences between STM
and LTM become very clear.

10. Types of Memory
There are three types of memory.
Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory

11. Sensory Memory
Sensory memory is a memory or
storage of sensory events such as
sights, sounds and tastes with no
further processing or interpretation.

12. Short-term Memory
Not everything seen or heard is kept in
memory. Let’s say a TV commercial is
running in the background as your friend
reads you his notes on pharmacology. Do
you remember the words of the TV ad?
Probably not, because selective attention
determines what information moves on to
short-term memory. Short term memory
are also brief, but longer than sensory
memories.

13. Long-term Memory
Information that is meaningful and
important is transferred to the third
memory system called long-term
memory. In contrast to STM, long-term
memory acts as permanent storehouse
for information.

14. Method to Improve memory
 We’ve looked at a few different strategies to
help remember the names of people you meet, but there’s
lots to say about memory.
 It turns out that science is continually finding new
connections between simple things we can do every day
and an improvement in our general memory capacity.
 Memory is a complicated process that’s made up of a few
different brain activities. Here’s a simplified version to
help us understand how the process takes place:

15.  CREATING A MEMORY
 CONSOLIDATING THE MEMORY
 RECALLING THE MEMORY
 MEDITATE TO IMPROVE YOUR WORKING
MEMORY
 DRINK COFFEE TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY
CONSOLIDATION
 EAT BERRIES FOR BETTER LONG-TERM
MEMORY
 EXERCISE TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY RECALL
 CHEW GUM TO MAKE STRONGER MEMORIES
 SLEEP MORE TO CONSOLIDATE YOUR
MEMORIES

16. THEORIES OF THINKING

17. THEORIES OF THINKING
Thinking is the cognitive activities you
use to process information, solve
problems, make decisions, and create
new ideas. You use your thinking skills
when you try to make sense of
experiences, organize information,
make connections, ask questions, make
plans, or decide what to do.

18. Types of Theories of Thinking
 There are several different types of
thinking or ways to think.
 Creative thinking the ability to devise
new ways to carry out tasks, solve
problems, and meet challenges
 Analytical thinkinga critical component
of visual thinking that gives one the
ability to solve problems quickly and
effectively. It involves a methodical step-
by-step approach to thinking that allows
you to break down complex problems
into single and manageable components

19.  Critical thinking is the objective analysis and
evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
 Concrete thinking is literal thinking that is focused
on the physical world.
 Abstract thinking is the ability to think about objects,
principles, and ideas that are not physically present.
 Divergent Thinking is a thought process or method
used to generate creative ideas by exploring many
possible solutions

20.  Convergent thinking It generally means
the ability to give the "correct" answer to
standard questions that do not require
significant creativity, for instance in most
tasks in school and on standardized
multiple-choice tests for intelligence.
 Sequential (linear) thinking is the
process by which “linear thinkers” put
things in order as they experience them
and how they express them.
 Holistic (nonlinear) thinking involves
understanding a system by sensing its large-scale patterns
and reacting to them.

21. Problem Solving & Decision
Making Strategies.

22. Problem Solving
Rational
A person with this preference often
prefers using a comprehensive and
logical approach similar to the
guidelines in the above section. For
example, the rational approach,
described below, is often used when
addressing large, complex matters in
strategic planning.

23.  Define the problem.
 Examine all potential causes for the problem.
 Identify all alternatives to resolve the problem.
 Carefully select an alternative.
 Develop an orderly implementation plan to
implement that best alternative.
 Carefully monitor implementation of the plan.
 Verify if the problem has been resolved or not.

24. A major advantage of this approach is
that it gives a strong sense of order in
an otherwise chaotic situation and
provides a common frame of reference
from which people can communicate
in the situation. A major disadvantage
of this approach is that it can take a
long time to finish. Some people might
argue, too, that the world is much too
chaotic for the rational approach to be
useful.

25. cognition
 the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge
and understanding through thought, experience, and
the senses.

29. Thanks