A treadmill exercise stress test is used to determine the effects of exercise on the heart. Exercise allows doctors to detect abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and diagnose the presence or absence of coronary artery disease.
This test involves walking in place on a treadmill while monitoring the electrical activity of your heart. Throughout the test, the speed and incline of the treadmill increase. The results show how well your heart responds to the stress of different levels of exercise.
Description
A technologist will explain the test to you, take a brief medical history, and answer any questions you may have. Your blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram (ECG) will be monitored before, during, and after the test.
You will be asked to sign a consent form. This form is required before the test can proceed.
You will be asked to remove all upper body clothing, and to put on a gown with the opening to the front.
Adhesive electrodes will be put onto your chest to capture an ECG. The sites where the electrodes are placed will be cleaned with alcohol and shaved if necessary. A mild abrasion may also be used to ensure a good quality ECG recording.
Your resting blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG will be recorded.
You will be asked to walk on a treadmill. The walk starts off slowly, then the speed and incline increases at set times. It is very important that you walk as long as possible because the test is effort-dependent.
You will be monitored throughout the test. If a problem occurs, the technologist will stop the test right away. It is very important for you to tell the technologist if you experience any symptoms, such as chest pain, dizziness, unusual shortness of breath, or extreme fatigue.
Following the test, you will be asked to lie down. Your blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG will be monitored for three to five minutes after exercise.
The data will be reviewed by a cardiologist after the test is completed. A report will be sent to the doctor(s) involved in your care.
A treadmill exercise stress test is used to determine the effects of exercise on the heart. Exercise allows doctors to detect abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and diagnose the presence or absence of coronary artery disease.
This test involves walking in place on a treadmill while monitoring the electrical activity of your heart. Throughout the test, the speed and incline of the treadmill increase. The results show how well your heart responds to the stress of different levels of exercise.
Description
A technologist will explain the test to you, take a brief medical history, and answer any questions you may have. Your blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram (ECG) will be monitored before, during, and after the test.
You will be asked to sign a consent form. This form is required before the test can proceed.
You will be asked to remove all upper body clothing, and to put on a gown with the opening to the front.
Adhesive electrodes will be put onto your chest to capture an ECG. The sites where the electrodes are placed will be cleaned with alcohol and shaved if necessary. A mild abrasion may also be used to ensure a good quality ECG recording.
Your resting blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG will be recorded.
You will be asked to walk on a treadmill. The walk starts off slowly, then the speed and incline increases at set times. It is very important that you walk as long as possible because the test is effort-dependent.
You will be monitored throughout the test. If a problem occurs, the technologist will stop the test right away. It is very important for you to tell the technologist if you experience any symptoms, such as chest pain, dizziness, unusual shortness of breath, or extreme fatigue.
Following the test, you will be asked to lie down. Your blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG will be monitored for three to five minutes after exercise.
The data will be reviewed by a cardiologist after the test is completed. A report will be sent to the doctor(s) involved in your care.
What does cardiac rehab involve? Cardiac rehabilitation doesn't change your past, but it can help you improve your heart's future. Cardiac rehab is a medically supervised program designed to improve your cardiovascular health if you have experienced heart attack, heart failure, angioplasty or heart surgery.
Atherosclerosis is an intima-based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel-like) core and composed of SMCs, ECM, inflammatory cells, lipids, and necrotic debris.
Atherogenesis is driven by an interplay of inflammation and injury to vessel wall cells.
Atherosclerotic plaques accrue slowly over decades but may acutely cause symptoms due to rupture, thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolization.
Risk factor recognition and reduction can reduce the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis-related disease.
Endothelial function can be improved after successful periodontal treatment
What does cardiac rehab involve? Cardiac rehabilitation doesn't change your past, but it can help you improve your heart's future. Cardiac rehab is a medically supervised program designed to improve your cardiovascular health if you have experienced heart attack, heart failure, angioplasty or heart surgery.
Atherosclerosis is an intima-based lesion organized into a fibrous cap and an atheromatous (gruel-like) core and composed of SMCs, ECM, inflammatory cells, lipids, and necrotic debris.
Atherogenesis is driven by an interplay of inflammation and injury to vessel wall cells.
Atherosclerotic plaques accrue slowly over decades but may acutely cause symptoms due to rupture, thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolization.
Risk factor recognition and reduction can reduce the incidence and severity of atherosclerosis-related disease.
Endothelial function can be improved after successful periodontal treatment
The human heart is a muscular organ with four chambers The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched fist. The function of the heart is to maintain a constant flow of blood throughout the body. This replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients among the cells and tissues.
Several conditions impair the heart’s function. In Medical Terminology we use the term "heart disease". A list of Some Heart diseases is as follows:-
1(a). Disorders of heart rate, rhythm, and conduction
1.1 Sinus Arrhythmia -
Phasic alteration of heart rate during respiration may be due to activity in the parasympathetic system. can be two types:-
sinus bradycardia - Sinus rate is less than 60/min, Like normally present in Athletes.
Pathological Causes -Myocardial Infarction, Sinus Node Disease, Hypothermia, Hypothyroidism, Cholestatic jaundice, Raised Intracranial pressure, drugs like beta-blockers or verapamil.
Sinus Tachycardia - Heart rate of more than 100/min, it may be associated with exercise, pregnancy, and emotion.
After that Pathological Causes of Anxiety, Fever, Anemia, Heart Failure, Thyrotoxicosis, Phaeochromocytoma, and Drugs like bronchodilators.
1.2 Atrial tachyarrhythmias
Heart Disease having Atrial tachyarrhythmias are irregular fast heartbeat in the upper chambers of the heart(atria)
1.3 Atrial ectopic beats
Ectopic heartbeats are extra heartbeats that occur just before a regular beat. Ectopic beats are normal but can give the sensation of a missed beat.
1.4 Atrial tachycardia
It is a type of Heart Disease in which arrhythmia(an irregular heart rhythm) causes the upper chambers(atria) of the heart to beat faster than normal. This condition has several possible causes but is usually not dangerous. It is often curable or manageable with medication.
1.5 Atrial flutter
It Is one of the abnormal heart rhythms characterized by the right atrium beating quickly and encircling the tricuspid annulus.
1.6 Atrial fibrillation
In AF the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat irregularly instead of beating effectively to move blood into the ventricles. It is characterized by the presence of multiple, interacting re-entry circuits looping around the area. if untreated atrial fibrillation doubles the risk of heart-related deaths and associated serious conditions like stroke.
common causes may be coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, hypertension, sinoatrial disease, hyperthyroidism, alcohol, cardiomyopathy, chest infection, congenital heart disease, pericardial disease, and pulmonary embolism.
Heart Attack: Recognizing the Warning Signs and Taking Actionkkaif2906
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. This blockage is often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart. When the blood flow is reduced or blocked, the affected part of the heart muscle can't get the oxygen it needs, leading to tissue damage or death.
This slide explains about chambers,circulation and anatomy of heart. And also about the diseases of heart and blood vessels. gives explanation about diagnosis of the cardiovascular diseases, with both surgical and pharmacological treatment.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cardiology and angiology. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for cardiologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of cardiology and cardiovascular diseases.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of cardiology and circulatory system.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Clinical Cardiology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cardiology and angiology
Debridement is an important component of the wound bed preparation (WBP) management Model.
Cause of the wound and patient-centered concerns, debridement is a necessary step in local wound care.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, exudate, bacteria, and metabolic waste from a wound in order to improve or facilitate the healing process
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
the need.
There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.
Facial pain is pain felt in any part of the face, including the mouth and eyes.
It’s normally due to an injury or a headache, occasionally facial pain may also be due to neurological or vascular causes, but equally well may be dental in origin.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar.
Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
She has a wonderful personality.”“He has no personality.”“He has a charming personality.”“We seem to have a personality conflict.”“It’s just her personality.”“She has her mother’s personality.”“He’s a real personality.”
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Lecture objectives:
Components of cardiac diseases .
Sign And Symptoms Of Cardiovascular
Diseases.
Coronary Artery Disease.
Ishemic Cardiac Condition
3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOPULMONARY
DISEASE
Three components of cardiac diseases
1- diseases affecting heart muscles
2- diseases affecting heart valves
3- defects of the cardiac nervous system
Disease affecting cardiac muscle
Coronary artery disease
Myocardial infarct
Pericarditis
Congestive heart failure
4. Disease affecting Heart valves
1-Rheumatic fever Endocarditis
2-Mitral valve prolapse
3- Congenital deformities .
Frequently, these conditions occur
sequentially.
For example, an underlying obstruction such
as pulmonary embolus, leads to
congestion, and subsequent dilation of the
vessels blocked by the embolus.
5. Disease affecting cardiac nervous system
Arrhythmias
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
There may be underlying cardiovascular impairment
such as
1. Obstruction or restriction
2. Inflammation
3. Dilation or distention.
Any combination of these can cause chest, neck, back,
and/or shoulder pain.
6. DEGENERATIVE HEART DISEASE
Degenerative heart disease refers to the changes
in the heart and blood supply to the heart and
major blood vessels that occur with aging.
Examples:
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,
Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease,
coronary heart disease (CHD)
coronary artery disease (CAD).
8. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
The heart muscle must have an adequate
blood
supply to contract properly
The coronary arteries carry oxygen and
blood to the myocardium.
When a coronary artery becomes
narrowed
or blocked, the area of the heart muscle
supplied
by that artery becomes ischemic and injured
and causes infarction
9. The major disorders caused by insufficient
blood
supply to the myocardium are angina pectoris and
myocardial infarction
These disorders are collectively
known as coronary artery disease (CAD),
also called coronary heart disease or ischemic
heart disease.
CAD includes atherosclerosis (fatty buildup)
thrombus (blood clot)
Spasm (intermittent constriction)
10. CAD results from a person's complex genetic
makeup and interactions with the environment,
including nutrition, activity levels, and history of
smoking.
Susceptibility to CVD may be explained by genetic
factors, and it is likely that an "atherosclerosis
gene" or "heart attack gene" will be identified
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Atherosclerosis is the disease process often called
arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries.
It is a progressive process that begins in child
It can occur in any artery in the body
11. it is most common in medium-sized arteries, such
as those of the heart, brain, kidneys, and legs.
Starting in childhood, the arteries begin to fill with a
fatty substance, or lipids such as triglycerides and
cholesterol, which then calcify or harden
This filler, called plaque, is made up of fats,
calcium, and fibrous scar tissue, and lines the
usually supply arterial walls, progressively narrowing
the arteries.
These arteries carry blood rich in oxygen to the
myocardium
12. The atherosclerotic process leads to
ischemia and to
necrosis of the heart muscle
Necrotic tissue gradually forms a scar, but
before scar formation, the weakened area is
susceptible to aneurysm development.
When fully developed, plaque can cause
bleeding,
clot formation, and distortion or rupture of a
blood vessel
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. ISHEMIC CARDIAC CONDITION
Myocardial infarct (MI), also known as a
Heart attack,
Coronary occlusion
Development of ischemia and necrosis of
myocardial tissue
It results from a sudden decrease in
coronary perfusion or an increase in
myocardial oxygen demand without
adequate blood supply.
18. If the requirements for blood are not eased (e.g.,
by
decreased activity), the heart attempts to continue
meeting the increased demands for oxygen with
an inadequate blood supply, which leads to
an MI
Myocardial tissue death is usually preceded by
a
sudden occlusion of one or more of the major
coronary Arteries
Occlusion of one or more of these blood vessels
(coronary occlusion) is one of the major causes
of
MI.
The occlusion may result from the formation of
a clot that develops suddenly when plaque
ruptures
19. through the sublayers of a blood vessel, or when
the narrow, roughened inner lining of a
sclerosed artery leads to complete Thrombosis
Although coronary thrombosis is the most
common cause of infarction Other factors
including
coronary artery spasm
platelet aggregation
embolism
thrombus
secondary to rheumatic heart disease
20. endocarditis,
aortic stenosis
, a thrombus on a prosthetic mitral or aortic
valve, or
a dislodged calcium
plaque from a calcified aortic or mitral valve.
Coronary blood flow is affected by the
tonus(tone) of the coronary arteries.
Arteries "clogged“ by plaque formation
become rigid, and resultant spasm may be
provoked by cold and by exercise