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Uploaded byDr Zonera Khalid PT
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Types of Communication Disorders SLP lecture 3.pptx

Communication disorders are conditions that affect a person’s ability to understand, speak, read, write, or use language effectively. Speech sound disorders involve difficulty producing correct speech sounds. Fluency disorders include problems with the flow of speech, such as stuttering. Voice disorders affect pitch, loudness, or quality of voice. Language disorders involve difficulties in understanding or using spoken, written, or signed language. Receptive language disorders affect comprehension, while expressive language disorders affect expression. Social communication (pragmatic) disorders involve difficulty using language appropriately in social situations. Cognitive-communication disorders result from brain injury or neurological conditions. Hearing-related communication disorders occur due to hearing loss.

Health & Medicine◦
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Dr Zonera Khalid PT Lecturer at BMUHS Quetta.
Types of Communication Disorders Communication disorders are broadly classified into the following categories: 1. Speech disorders 2. Language disorders 3. Voice disorders 4. Fluency disorders 5. Resonance disorders 6. Hearing disorders 7. Cognitive-communication disorders 8. Social Communication Disorders 9. Swallowing disorders
1. Speech Disorders • Speech disorders affect the production of sounds. a) Articulation Disorders • Difficulty in producing speech sounds correctly • Errors include: • Substitution (saying “tat” for “cat”) • Omission (saying “ca” for “cat”) • Distortion (unclear sound) • Addition (extra sounds)
1. Speech Disorders • Causes: • Structural abnormalities (cleft lip/palate) • Neurological damage • Hearing loss
1. Speech Disorders b) Phonological Disorders • Difficulty in understanding and using sound patterns of language. • Child may produce sounds correctly but use them inappropriately in words • Example: Using “t” for all back sounds like k and g • Examples of Phonological Disorders: • Saying “tat” instead of “cat” (fronting) • Saying “do” instead of “go” (stopping) • Saying “ca” instead of “cat” (final consonant deletion)
1. Speech Disorders Conversation Example of Phonological Disorder: • Adult: “What do you want to eat?” Child: “Tat!” (intending to say “Cat” – fronting error) • Adult: “Can you show me the dog?” Child: “Do!” (stopping error, /g/ replaced with /d/) • Adult: “Say ‘basket.’” Child: “Bae!” (final consonant deletion) • These show predictable patterns of sound errors rather than random mispronunciations.
2. Language Disorders • Language disorders affect the understanding and use of language. a) Receptive Language Disorder • Difficulty in understanding spoken or written language • Problems with: • Following instructions • Understanding questions • Comprehending stories
2. Language Disorders b) Expressive Language Disorder • Difficulty in expressing thoughts and ideas • Features include: • Limited vocabulary • Short or incorrect sentences • Difficulty naming objects
2. Language Disorders c) Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder • Impairment in both understanding and expression • Common in: • Developmental delay • Autism spectrum disorder • Brain injury
2. Language Disorders • Conversation Examples of Language Disorders: • Question: “What did you do at school today?” Child: “Me… play… uh… school… friend.” • Question: “Can you put the book on the table?” Child: Looks confused or does not follow the instruction. • Teacher: “Why are you late today?” Student: “Bus… late… me waiting.”
3. Fluency Disorders • Fluency disorders affect the flow, rhythm, and rate of speech. a) Stuttering • Characterized by: • Repetitions (b-b-ball) • Prolongations (ssssun) • Blocks (silent pauses) • Often accompanied by: • Facial tension • Avoidance behaviors
3. Fluency Disorders Signs and Symptoms of Stuttering • Repetition of sounds, syllables, or words • Prolongation of sounds • Blocks (silent pauses) • Facial tension or secondary behaviors (eye blinking, head movements) • Avoidance of speaking situations
3. Fluency Disorders • Conversation Example of Fluency Disorder (Stuttering): • Adult: “What’s your name?” Child: “M-m-m-Michael.” • Adult: “What did you do today?” Child: “I-I-I went to th-th-the park.” • Adult: “Tell me a story.” Child: “O-once u-u-upon a time…” • Key signs: Repetitions, prolongations, or blocks in speech affecting smoothness.
3. Fluency Disorders b) Cluttering • Rapid and irregular speech rate • Poor articulation and organization of speech • Speaker may be unaware of the problem
3. Fluency Disorders • Conversation Example of Cluttering (Fluency Disorder): • Adult: “Can you tell me what you did today?” Child: “Yeah so I went to the park and then um then I saw my fr-friends and we played soccer it was really fun and then we went home…” • Adult: “What’s your favorite book?” Child: “I like the one about dinosaurs um it’s really really cool and has lots of pictures and um it tells you about all kinds of dinos…” • Key signs of cluttering: • Rapid, irregular speech rate • Omissions of sounds or syllables • Disorganized or fragmented speech • Poor clarity despite normal language skills
4. Voice Disorders • Voice disorders involve problems with pitch, loudness, or quality of voice. Types: • Functional Voice Disorders – improper voice use (shouting, vocal abuse) • Organic Voice Disorders – structural or neurological causes Common Characteristics: • Hoarseness • Breathiness • Nasal voice • Vocal fatigue
4. Voice Disorders Signs and Symptoms of Voice Disorders • Hoarseness or harsh voice • Breathiness • Abnormally high or low pitch • Excessive loudness or reduced volume • Vocal fatigue or throat pain • Frequent throat clearing
4. Voice Disorders • Conversation Example of Voice Disorder: • Adult: “Good morning! How are you?” Child/Person: Speaks in a very hoarse, raspy, or weak voice: “Gooood mooorning… I’m fiiine.” • Adult: “Can you tell me your name?” Child/Person: Whispery or strained voice: “Maaaaria.
5. Resonance Disorders • Resonance disorders affect the balance of oral and nasal sound energy. Types: • Hypernasality – excessive nasal sound (e.g., cleft palate) • Hyponasality – reduced nasal sound (e.g., nasal blockage)
• Conversation Example of Resonance Disorder: • Adult: “Can you say your name?” Child/Person: Sounds nasal: “Maaaanuel” (hypernasality) • Adult: “What do you want to eat?” Child/Person: Sounds like talking through the nose: “I w-want a saaaandwich
6. Hearing Disorders • Hearing impairment affects the ability to perceive sounds, which impacts communication. Types: • Conductive hearing loss • Sensorineural hearing loss • Mixed hearing loss Effects on Communication: • Delayed speech and language development • Poor speech clarity • Difficulty understanding speech
6. Hearing Disorders Signs of Hearing Disorders: • Difficulty understanding speech, especially in noise • Frequently asks for repetition • Turns one ear toward speaker • Speaks too loudly or too softly • Delayed speech and language development in children
6. Hearing Disorders • Conversation Example of Hearing Disorder: • Adult: “What did you eat for lunch?” Child: Responds incorrectly or asks repeatedly: “What? I… uh… pizza?” • Adult: “Can you come here?” Child: Does not respond immediately or seems confused: “Huh?”
7. Cognitive-Communication Disorders • Result from damage to cognitive processes such as: • Attention • Memory • Problem-solving • Organization Common Causes: • Traumatic brain injury • Stroke • Dementia
7. Cognitive-Communication Disorders Signs of Cognitive-Communication Disorders: • Difficulty remembering or organizing thoughts • Trouble following conversations or instructions • Problems with attention and problem-solving • Impaired reasoning or judgment in communication • Speech may be disorganized or off-topic
7. Cognitive-Communication Disorders • Conversation Example of Cognitive- Communication Disorder: • Adult: “Can you tell me what you did today?” Person: “Uh… I went… um… something… then… I don’t remember.” • Adult: “What is your favorite color?” Person: “Blue? No… maybe… I can’t recall.”
8. Social Communication Disorders • Difficulty using communication in social contexts. Features: • Poor eye contact • Difficulty taking turns • Inappropriate responses • Difficulty understanding social rules • Common in: • Autism spectrum disorder • Pragmatic language disorder
8. Social Communication Disorders Signs of Social Communication Disorder: • Difficulty using language appropriately in social situations • Trouble taking turns in conversation • Problems understanding gestures, tone, or facial expressions • Difficulty adjusting speech for different listeners or contexts • Challenges telling stories or staying on topic
8. Social Communication Disorders • Conversation Example of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder: • Adult: “Can you tell me a story about your day?” Child: Talks about personal interests without noticing listener’s reactions: “I built this huge LEGO tower… and then it was blue… and then…” • Adult: “How do you ask for help?” Child: Interrupts or talks too much without waiting: “I need help… I need help… I can do it… no wait…”
9.Swallowing Disorder (Dysphagia) Definition: Difficulty in swallowing food, liquids, or saliva safely and efficiently. Signs and Symptoms: • Coughing or choking while eating or drinking • Wet or gurgly voice during/after swallowing • Difficulty chewing or controlling food in the mouth • Sensation of food sticking in the throat or chest • Recurrent pneumonia or chest infections (due to aspiration) • Avoidance of certain foods or liquids
9.Swallowing Disorder (Dysphagia) Causes: • Neurological disorders (stroke, Parkinson’s, cerebral palsy) • Structural problems (esophageal narrowing, tumors) • Muscle weakness or coordination issues • Head and neck injuries Impact: • Can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration • Acts as a communication barrier when speaking and swallowing are affected simultaneously
9.Swallowing Disorder (Dysphagia) • Conversation Example: • Adult: “Do you want some water?” • Person: Coughs or chokes while trying to speak or swallow, making it hard to respond clearly: “Y-yes… w-water…”
• Communication disorders can significantly affect an individual’s academic performance, social interaction, emotional well-being, and quality of life. • Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) play a vital role in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of communication disorders through therapy, counseling, and rehabilitation.
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