Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence to explain biological aging
Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time related to biological process that takes places as degenerative processes overtake regenerative or growth processes.
or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
The Aging process is a broad topic. This power point hopes to help you understand the process and what can be done to help you age gracefully and positively.
Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health – Executive S...Ted Goldsmith
Overview of biological aging theories including their history, current status, evolutionary basis, key theorists, and implications for medical research.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
Short introduction
Definition
Theorieses of aging
causes of aging
life span
Aging can be defined as the time related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival .
Or
Can be define as increase in impairment in Physiological functions with age , Increased in suspectebility to diseases and decrease in ability of fertility
aging is the impact of time on the human body, and it occurs on multiple levels:
Cellular changes
Extracellular changes
1) cellular changes
Causes of aging
Cellular senescence and aging
Telomere shortening: linked to life expectancy and aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction and aging
Oxidative stress
Stem cell exhaustion
Developmental biology by T.subramonium
Developmental biology 6th edition
this slides contain about the detailed information about the definition, introduction, classification, types, concept of aging, chronologic aging, biological aging, psychological aging, social aging, cognitive aging.
The Aging process is a broad topic. This power point hopes to help you understand the process and what can be done to help you age gracefully and positively.
Theories of Biological Aging and Implications for Public Health – Executive S...Ted Goldsmith
Overview of biological aging theories including their history, current status, evolutionary basis, key theorists, and implications for medical research.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
This presentation deals with how do we age and why do we age as the time passes. There are multiple theories which are discussed about the ageing and some evolutionary trade-offs. The evolutionary theories are divided into Programmed theory and damaged or Error theory.
Also the evolutionary tradeoffs discuss about how some evolutionary changes help or cause problem to a particular species.
Debridement is an important component of the wound bed preparation (WBP) management Model.
Cause of the wound and patient-centered concerns, debridement is a necessary step in local wound care.
Debridement is the removal of necrotic tissue, exudate, bacteria, and metabolic waste from a wound in order to improve or facilitate the healing process
Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
May be cardiac or noncardiac in origin.
Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
Radiating pain to neck, jaw, upper trapezius, upper back, shoulder or arms (commonly left
Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either hypo or hyperimmunity both can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity.
Immunomodulators are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to
the need.
There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents .
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
non-skeletal mesodermal tissues: adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves (despite neuroectodermal origin)
benign, malignant and intermediate (low-grade malignant – locally aggressive, can recur, no metastatic potential)
originate from primitive mesenchymal stem cells
classification according to differentiation lines (e.g. liposarcoma is not a tumor arising from adipose tissue but exhibiting lipoblastic differentiation)
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental ability of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this can vary widely.
Facial pain is pain felt in any part of the face, including the mouth and eyes.
It’s normally due to an injury or a headache, occasionally facial pain may also be due to neurological or vascular causes, but equally well may be dental in origin.
The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, transport and filtration of lymph fluid throughout the body. In addition to its important circulatory functions, the lymphatic system also has important immunological functions
The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls.
Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.
Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with added sugar.
Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a little good fat in all meals and snacks.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
She has a wonderful personality.”“He has no personality.”“He has a charming personality.”“We seem to have a personality conflict.”“It’s just her personality.”“She has her mother’s personality.”“He’s a real personality.”
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Biological Aging
• Biologist & gerontologist used concept of senescence
to explain biological aging
• Senescence or normal aging refers to a gradual, time
related to biological process that takes places as
degenerative processes overtake regenerative or
growth processes.
• or
senescence: a change in the behavior of an organism with age
leading to a decreased power of survival and adjustment
2
3. • Characteristics of senescence are as follows:
• The universal process
• The changes comes from organism itself
• The process occurred slowly
• The process contribute to deficit
3
4. • According to biological approaches, biological aging
can be divided into 3 types
• Primary aging
• Is the basic, shared, inevitable set of gains or declines
governed by some kind of maturational process
• Secondary aging
• Is the product of environmental influences, health
habits, or disease and is neither inevitable nor shared by
all adults
• Tertiary aging
• Refers to quickly deficit in the last few years prior to
death
4
7. Biologic Theories:
• Concerned with answering basic questions regarding the
physiological processes that occur in all living organisms as
they chronologically age
8. Foci of Biologic Theories
• Explanations of:
• 1) deleterious effects leading to decreasing function of the
organism
• 2) gradually occurring age-related changes that are progressive
over time
• 3) intrinsic changes that can affect all member of a species
because of chronologic age
9. • ALSO:
• all organs in any one organism do not age at the same rate
• any single organ does not necessarily age at the same rate in
difference individuals of the same species
10. Biologic Theories: Divisions
• Stochastic: Explain aging as events that occur randomly and
accumulate over time
• Nonstochastic: View aging as certain predetermined, timed
phenomena
11. • Stochastic Theories or environmental theories
• Error Theory Free Radical Theory
• Cross-Linkage Theory
• Wear & Tear Theory
12. Error Theory
• Originally proposed in 1963
• Basis: 1)errors can occur in the transcription in any step of the
protein synthesis of DNA
• 2) error causes the reproduction of an enzyme or protein that is
not an exact copy
• 3) As transcription errors to occur, the end product would not
even resemble the original cell, thereby compromising its
functional ability
13. Error, cont’d
• More recently the theory has not been supported by research
• not all aged cells contain altered or misspecified proteins
• nor is aging automatically or necessarily accelerated if
misspecified proteins or enzymes are introduced into a cell
14. Free Radical Theory
• Free radicals are byproducts of metabolism--can increase as a
result of environmental pollutants
• When they accumulate, they damage cell membrane,
decreasing its efficiency
• The body produces antioxidants that scavenge the free
radicals
15. Free Rads, cont’d
• In animal studies, administration of antioxidants postpones
the appearance of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and
CA
• Free radicals are also implicated in the development of
plaques associated with Alzheimer’s
16. Cross-Linkage Theory
• Some proteins in the body become cross-linked, thereby not
allowing for normal metabolic activities
• Waste products accumulate
• Result: tissues do not function at optimal efficiency
17. C-L Theory, cont’d
• Some research supports a combination of exercise and dietary
restrictions in helping to inhibit the cross-linkage process
18. Wear & Tear Theory
• Proposed first in 1882
• Cells simply wear out over time because of continued use--
rather like a machine
• Would seem to be refuted by the fact that exercise in OA’s
actually makes them MORE functional, not less
20. Programmed (Hayflick Limit)
Theory
• Based on lab experiments on fetal fibroblastic cells and their
reproductive capabilities in 1961
• Cells can only reproduce themselves a limited number of
times.
• Life expectancies are seen as preprogrammed within a
species-specific range
21. Immunity Theory
• Immunosenescence: Age-related functional diminution of the
immune system
• Lower rate of T-lymphocyte (“killer cells”) proliferation in
response to a stimulus
• & therefore a decrease in the body’s defense against foreign
pathogens
22. Immunity, cont’d
• Change include a decrease in humoral immune response,
often predisposing older adults to:
• 1)decreased resistance to a tumor cell challenge and the
development of cancer
• 2) decreased ability to initiate the immune process and mobilize
defenses in aggressively attaching pathogens
• 3) increased susceptibility to auto-immune diseases
23. EMERGING THEORIES OF AGING
• Neuroendocrine Control (Pacemaker) Theory
• Metabolic Theory/Caloric Restriction
• DNA-Related Research
24. Neuroendocrine Control
• “…examines the interrelated role of the neurologic and
endocrine systems over the life-span of an individual”. (p. 24)
• there is a decline, or even cessation, in many of the
components of the neuroendocrine system over the lifespan
25. Neuro, cont’d
• Research has shown
• 1) the female reproductive system is controlled by the
hypothalamus. What are the mechanisms that trigger changes?
• 2) adrenal glands’ DHEA hormone
• 3) melatonin (from pineal gland)--a regulator of biologic rhythms
and a powerful antioxidant. Declines sharply from just after
puberty
26. Metobolic Theory of Aging (Caloric
Restriction)
• “…proposes that all organisms have a finite amount of
metabolic lifetime and that organisms with a higher metabolic
rate have a shorter lifespan”. (p. 24)
• Rodent-based research has demonstrated that caloric
restriction increases the lifespan and delays the onset of age-
dependent diseases
27. DNA-Related Research
• Major Developments:
• Mapping the human genome (“…there may be as many as 200
genes responsible for contolling aging in humans”)
• Discovery of telomeres
28. SOCIOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING
• Disengagement Theory
• Activity/Developmental Task Theory
• Continuity Theory
• Age Stratification Theory
• Person-Environment Fit Theory
29. • Changing FOCUS of Sociological considerations of aging:
• 60’s focus on losses and adaptation to them
• 70’s broader global, societal, and structural factors influencing
lives of OA’s
• 80’s-90’s exploration of interrelationships between OA’s and their
physical, political, environmental & socioeconomic mileau
30. Disengagement Theory
• Cumming & Henry--1961
• Aging seen as a developmental task in and of itself, with its
own norms & appropriate patterns of behavior
• “appropriate” behavior patterns involved a mutual agreement
between OA’s and society on a reciprocal withdrawal.
• No longer supported
31. Activity Theory (Developmental
Task Theory)
• Havighurst, Neugarten, Tobin ~1963
• “Activity is viewed by this theory as necessary to maintain a
person’s life satisfaction and a positive self-concept”. (p.27)
32. Activity, cont’d
• Theory based on assumptions:
• 1) it’s better to be active than inactive
• 2) it is better to be happy than unhappy
• 3) an older individual is the best judge of his or her own success
in achieving the first two assumptions
33. Continuity Theory
• How a person has been throughout life is how that person will
continue through the remainder of life
• Old age is not a separate phase of life, but rather a
continuation and thus an integral component
34. Age Stratification Theory
• Riley--1985
• Society consists of groups of cohorts that age collectively
• The people & Roles in these cohorts change & influence each
other, as does society at large
• Thus, there is a high degree of interdependence between
older adults & society
35. Person-Environment Fit Theory
• Lawton, 1982
• Individuals have personal competencies that assist in dealing
with the environment:
• ego strength
• level of motor skills
• individual biologic health
• cognitive & sensory-perceptual capacities
36. P-E Fit, cont’d
• As a person ages, there may be changes in competencies &
these changes alter the ability to interrelate with the
environment
• Significant implications in a society that is characterized by
constantly changing technology
37. PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES OF
AGING
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Jung’s Theory of Individualism
• Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life
• Peck’s Expansion of Erikson’s Theory
• Selective Optimization with Compensation
38. PROGRAMMED AGING RANDOM EVENTS
• Genetic life-span
theory
• Genetic
predisposition theory
• Telomere theory
• Specific system
theories
(Neuroendocrine
theory)
• Wear and tear theory
• Rate of living theory
• Waste product
accumulation theory
• Cross-linking theory
• Free radical theory
• Autoimmune theory
• Error theories
• Order to disorder
38
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES ON AGING
40. Programmed Ageing
• Aging and death are genetically determined and are
‘programmed’ in organisms
40
Figure 1: The life history events of mammals, such as development, reproduction, and
aging, typically occur in proportion to the entire lifespan.
41. Genetic Life-span Theory
• The length of life is genetically programmed.
• One example is the lifespan of organisms.
• An organism’s life span is part of its genetic makeup.
41
43. Telomere theory
• Telomere is the tail of chromosome
that is made of DNA but has no
genetic information.
• Telomeres protect the ends of
chromosomes from being degraded
and fusing with other chromosome
ends.
43
44. Telomere theory
• Telomere theory is based on the fact
that every time a cell replicate, it
loses part of its telomere.
• The older the cell (the more time it
has divided), the shorter the length
of telomeres.
44
45. • As the length of a telomere
decreases, changes may occur in
patterns of gene expression that
could affect both the functioning of
the cell and the organ system in
which it operates.
45
46. Neuroendocrine Theory
• Focus on changes in the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland that lead to decreased function
of the endocrine system and widespread
aging effects.
46
49. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING
• Wear and tear theory
• Suggest that the body is much like a machine
• The human body ages because it “wears out” over time in
response to the stresses of life
• Some kinds of exertion or activity promote vitality and are
essential to long life
• Other kinds of stressful activities are detrimental to
longevity
49
52. Changes in Physical Appearance
•Hair
• Gradual thinning & graying of the hair
results from a cessation of pigment
production of both men & women
• Hair loss is cause by destruction of the
germ centers that produce hair follicles
• Men usually do not lose facial hair as they
age
• Women develop patches of hair on their
face especially on their chin
52
53. In women, especially near
menopause age as the
ovary functions slow
down then there can be
more DHEA or androgens
produced thus causing an
increase in facial hair or
hirsutism. As the woman
begins to produce more
androgens rather than
estrogens she may begin
to experience an increase
in facial hair.
53
54. • Skin integumentary system
• Wrinkles results from a complex process
• 4 steps to make a wrinkle
• the outer layer of skin becomes thinner through
cell loss
• the collagen fibers that make up the connective
tissue lose much of their flexibility, making the
skin less able to regain its shape after a pinch
• elastin fibers in the middle layer of skin lose
their ability to keep the skin stretched out
• the underlying layer of fat, which helps provide
padding to smooth out the contours, diminishes.
54
55. •Body build
•2 noticeable changes occur in body
build during adulthood
• a decrease in height
• fluctuations in weight
55
57. •Changes in the Skeletal System
•The loss of bone
•Osteoporosis –defined as a decrease
in bone mass & strength
•Osteoarthritis – a degenerative joint
disease
57
58. •Changes in the Cardiovascular
System
•the main function of heart is
pumping blood
•Age-related structural changes
in the heart
•the accumulation of fat
deposit
•the stiffening of the heart
muscle due to tissue changes
58
60. • Changes in the Respiratory System
• Age-related to structural and functional
• With increasing age, the rib cage and the
air passageways become stiffer
• Changes in the maximum amount of air
we can take into the lungs in a single
breath
• Respiratory disease
• Emphysema
60
61. •Changes in the Immune system
•The immune system is a fascinating
array of cells and process
• lymphocytes
• antibodies
• autoimmunity
•Older adults’ immune systems take
longer to build up defense against
specific disease 61
62. • Changes in the Reproductive System
• Women
• The major reproductive change in women during adulthood is the
loss of the ability to bear children
• Begins in the 40s, as menstrual cycles become irregular and by the
age of 50 to 55 it is usually complete - menopause
• A variety of physical and psychological symptoms
• Men
• Men do not have a physiological & cultural event to mark
reproductive changes.
• Do experience a normative decline in the quantity of sperm
62
63. • Changes in the Sensory System
• Vision
• The major changes in visual
functioning can be group into 2
classes :
I. changes in the structures of the
eye
• disease: cataracts & glaucoma
II. changes in the retina
• usually begin 50s
• disease: macular degeneration &
diabetic retinopathy
63
64. • Age related decrease
in the ability to focus
on nearby objects -
presbyopia
• Age related decrease
the ability to see
detail and to
discriminate different
visual patterns -acuity
64
67. • Smell
• The ability to detect odors
remains fairly intact until 60s,
when it begins to decline fairly
rapidly
• Touch
• Age-related changes in touch
67
68. • Changes in Digestive System
• Intestine
• Liver
• Gall-bladder
68