The document provides an overview of microbiology, including the structure and morphology of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It discusses topics like bacterial cell structure, flagella and pili, endospores, capsules, inclusion bodies, and the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who is considered the father of microbiology.

1. Microbiology Introduction. Morphology and structure of microorganisms

3. Protozoa Amoeba Paramecium

4. Fungi (mycota) Aspergillus

5. Viruses Adenovirus Bacteriophage

6. Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Applications A variety of fermented foods produced by microbes

7. Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Applications Antibiotics, vaccines

8. Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Applications Human insulin. Made by recombinant DNA technology

9. Microbes Cause Food Spoilage and Decomposition Penicillium mold growth on orange Soft rot on peaches caused by the fungus Monilia

10. Aspergillus mold on shower curtain. Mold growth in the home, work environment can lead to respiratory infections and allergies

11. Antony van Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek was a tailor in Delft, Holland. As a draper, he used magnifying glasses to examine fabrics. He made simple microscopes with which he magnified objects too small to be seen with the naked eye. Leeuwenhoek`s investigations included observations of tiny organisms he called animalcules (little animals), blood, and other human tissues (including his own tooth scrapings), insects, other. Leeuwenhoek transmitted his findings in a series of letters, from 1674 to 1723, to the Royal Society in London, though which his observations were dissemenated. The first microorganisms were observed at 1676 by Antony van Leeuwenhoek Antony van Leeuwenhoek is known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology.

12. A brass replica of a Leeuwenhoek`s microscope Leeuwenhoek constructed more than 250 small, powerful microscopes that could magnify up to 300 times. Lens Specimen holder Focus screw Handle

13. Using of Leeuwenhoek`s microscope If you can get the lighting just right, it works

14. Examples of bacteria drawn by Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek`s letters, which he transmitted to the Royal Society, contained detailed drawings, some of which clearly show microorganisms. “ I discovered living creatures in rain water which had stood but a few days in a new earthen pot. This invited me to view this water with great attention, especially those little animals appearing to me ten thousand times less than those which may be perceived in the water with the naked eye”. This is probably the first observation of bacteria.

15. General properties of microorganisms Microscopic size Comparative simplicity of organization High rate of reproduction High biochemical activity Capacity for rapid adaptability Widely distribution in world Possibility of pathogenic properties

16. MICROBIOLOGY is the science, which studies representative of microbe world, their interaction with environment, using of microorganisms for human profit.

17. Branches of microbiology The microflora of the seas, rivers and others Oceanic microbiology The role of microorganisms in agriculture. It deals with maintenance of soil fertility, the role of microorganisms in causing plant disease Agricultural microbiology The pathogenic microorganisms causing infectious diseases in animals. Veterinary microbiology Interrelationships between microbes and the environ-ment; the role of microorganisms in the nutrient cycles of soil, water, and other natural communities Microbial ecology Microbial function (metabolism) at the cellular and molecular levels Microbial physiology Studies the detailed structure of microorganisms Microbial morphology Area of study Science

18. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY is the branch of science, which studies characteristics of pathogenic representative of microbe world, their interaction with human organism, mechanism of infectious disease development, methods its diagnostics, treatment and prophylaxis.

19. Branches of medical microbiology Microflora of ground, water, air, environment object, food stuffs and other objects for the hygienic characteristic and their estimation as probable sources of pathogenic microorganisms transfer. Sanitary microbiology The fungi, a grope of organisms that includes microscopic forms molds and yeasts Mycology Area of study Science Study immune response of human to microorganisms. An understanding of the causative agents of diseases and the body’s defenses against infectious agents has led to preventive and treatment methods that have reduced morbidity and mortality arising from many infectious diseases Immunology The protozoa – animal-like and mostly single-celled organisms Protozoology Rickettsiae – the celled procariotic organisms which are obligate intracellular parasite Rickettsiology Viruses – minute, noncellular particles that are obligate intracellular genetic parasite living only in cells of host Virology The bacteria – the smallest, simplest single-celled procariotic organisms Bacteriology

20. Original methods of microbiological investigation Microscopy Staining Cultivation Obtaining of pure culture Immunology methods Modelling using animals Virology methods Biotechnology and gene-ingenering methods

21. Morphology and structure of microorganisms

22. The size of microorganisms

23. Bacterial shapes and arrangements

24. Micrococci Single cocci not joint with each other cell

25. Arrangements of cocci resulting from different planes of cell division Division in one plane produce diplococci and streptococci Division in two planes produces tetrads and packets Division in several planes produces irregular clusters

26. Diplococci These are cocci with couple arrangement

27. Tetracocc i are cocci, duplicating alternately in 2 mutually perpendicular planes with tetrad formation

28. Streptococci Spherical bacteria that form chains, they duplicate in 1 plane and in 1 direction without the subsequent branching of affiliated individuals.

29. Staphylococci Cocci , which duplicating in various planes with formation clusters resembling bunches of grapes.

30. Sarcines cocci, duplicating in 3 mutually perpendicular planes and forming cubic packages from 8, 16, 32, 64 or more cells.

31. Rod-shaped bacteria

32. Spiral-shaped bacteria Spirochetes

33. Pleomorphic shape Mycoplasma pneumoniae

34. Structure of procariotic and eucariotic cells

35. Bacterial structure

36. Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Yes No Mitotic division Yes No Golgi apparatus Yes No Endoplasmic reticulum Yes No Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes) No Yes Cell wall containing of peptidoglican 80S 70S Ribosomes More then 1 1 Chromosome number Histone proteins Polyamines DNA associated with Yes No Nucleus containing a nuclear membrane surrounding DNA Yes Yes Cytoplasmic membrane EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC FEATURES OF CELLS

37. Essential structures of bacteria Contain many hydrolytic enzymes Periplasm Participates in cell division and secretion Mesosome Contain genetic material Nucleoid Protein synthesis Ribosome Motionless colloid system bounding all structures Cytoplasm Site of oxidative and transport enzymes Cytoplasmic membrane Gives rigid support, protect against osmotic pressure Cell wall with peptidoglycan

38. Ribosomes Bacteria ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, but they differ from eudaryotic cells ribosomes in size and chemical composition. Bacteria ribosomes are 70S in size, with 50S and 30S subunits

39. Function of cytoplasmic membrane (plasma membrane) Enclosing bacteria cytoplasm from cell wall and internal periplasmatic space Active transport of molecules into the cell Energy generation by oxidative phosphorylation Synthesis of precursors of the cell wall Secretion of enzymes and toxins

40. Function of the bacteria cell wall Define a shape of a bacteria Protect bacteria from environment factors Contain endotoxin in gram-negative bacteria Consist porin proteins, which play a role in regulating the passage of small molecules into the cell. Its polysaccharides and proteins are antigens that are useful in laboratory identification. Define a Gram staining.

41. Gram-positive bacterial cell wall

42. Gram-negative bacterial cell wall

43. Gram-stained bacterial mix Purple Staphylococci are gram positive Red rods are gram negative

44. Scanning electron micrograph of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Cells like these that naturally lack a cell wall exhibit extreme pleomorphism

45. Nonessential structures of bacteria Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins Plasmid Storage sites of food Granule Provides resistance to unfavourable conditions Spore Motility Flagellum Common pilus - attachment to cell surfaces sex pilus – attachment of two bacteria during conjugation Pilus or fimbria Protects against phagocytosis Capsule

46. Bacterial flagella Flagella are organelles of movement Flagella consist protein those are antigens, and this properties may be used for identification of bacteria species.

47. Arrangements of flagella on surface of bacterial cell

48. Colorized electron micrograph of Vibrios’s monotrichous (polar) flagellum

49. Colorized electron micrograph of Salmonella’s peretrichous flagella

50. Structure of bacterial flagellum

51. Colorized electron micrograph of E.coli pili Sex-pili (F-pili) Take part in conjugation process. They join bacteria together prior to the transfer of DNA from on cell (donor) to the other (recipient) Common-pili It is a factor of virulence. Its proteins (adhesins) attach bacteria to cells in the urinary of intestinal tracts of the host as the first step in infection.

52. Flagellum and pili of E.coli

53. Bacteria’s spores Spore conditions resistance of the bacterium to heat, dehydration, freezing, and toxic chemicals This resistance is mediated by thick, keratinlike coat and dipicolinic acid Vegetative cells develop endospores in unfavourable conditions Only gram-positive bacteria can form endospore, they called bacilli The sporogenesis is not bacterial reproduction Spores are located at characteristic positions inside the cell of different kinds of bacteria, their location can be helpful in identifying the particular species

54. Clostridium botulinum These are bacillus that forms subterminal endospores

55. C lostridium difficile These bacilli form terminally located endospores

56. Bacillus anthracis The endospores are located centrally.

57. Spore structure

58. Formation of a bacterial spore

59. Spores. Acid-fast stain For visualization of spores may be used special methods of stain, for instance, acid-fast stain

60. Gram stained bacilli

61. The capsule or slime layer mediates adherence of bacteria to human tissue determines virulence of many bacteria protecting bacterial cells from engulfment by phagocytes protect cells from perennial effects of desiccation determines antigen properties of bacterium and can be used for serologic identification

62. Capsule For observing of capsule special staining may be used. Capsules are most easily seen by negative staining, outlined as a light area against a darkened background

63. Inclusion (granules) Composition: glycogen polyphosphate (volutin granules) protein granules fat drops Function: reserve carbon, phosphate and energy source

64. Volutin granules in cells of Corynebacterium diphtheria Granules can be seen with special stains Volutin granules are characterized by metachromasia. Upon staining with special method color of granules is differ from sytoplasm color