This document provides a grammar book summary for the first and second semesters of Spanish. It includes tables of contents that list grammar topics such as verb tenses, stem changers, reflexives, comparatives, commands, and more. Each topic is then explained concisely through examples and conjugation tables. The document serves as a helpful reference guide for learning essential Spanish grammar concepts.

1. Grammar Book
Cristina Coleman
1st period

2. Table of Contents! (First Semester)
1. Present Tense (ar/er/ir) 14. Future Tense (and irregular)
2 Stem Changers --------------------------
3 Irregular „yo‟ verbs
4 Saber vs. Conocer
5 Reflexives
6. Ser vs. Estar
7 Dipthongs with accents ?
8 Verbs Like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir
9 Hace + time + que + presente/preterite
10. Imperfecto
11. Preterite (car/gar/zar, Spock, cucaracha, snakey, etc)
12. Comparatives
13. Superlatives

3. Presente -ar, -er, -ir
-ar
-er
I
o
o -ir
as o You
es
a es He/She/It
e
amos e We
emos
áis imos Them
éis
an ís
en You all
en

4. Stem changers
• Stem changing verbs change inside the boot.
e -> ie Perder -> Pierdo
e -> i Pedir -> Pido
o -> ue Dormir -> Duermo
u -> ue Jugar -> Juego

5. Irregulars -go, -zco, -oy
-Go -Zco -Oy
Ser
Oigo (oir)
(cer/cir) Estar
Hago (hacer) Conozco (conocer) Dar
Pongo (poner) Conducir Ver
Producir Saber

6. Saber vs. Conocer
Saber is used when you know facts.
- Names of books, music, titles, etc.
Conocer is used when you know people.
- Names, families, etc.

7. reflexives
• Me
• Te
• Se
• Nos
• Os
• Se
These can hook onto infinitives.
“El tiene que lavarse.”

8. Ser vs. Estar
SER Estar
‘ser’ refers to a permanent ‘estar’ refers to a temporary
condition, mood, or physical condition, mood, or physical
characteristic. appearance.
Conjugations:Conjugations:
SoyEstoy
EresEstás
EsEstá
SomosEstámos
SonEstán
“Me llamo Cristina! Soy de Atlanta.” “Estoy muy cansado.”
“El chico es muy estupido.” “Lorena estáhumilde y simpatica.”

9. Diphthongs with accents
• Diphthongs are strong vowels.
• Oaxaca- Wah-hahk-ah.
• Maestro- mai-eh-strow

10. verbs like -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/gir
• uir/guir: in present tense, verbs ending in –uir have a ‘y’ except for ‘nos’
and ‘vos’.
Constuyo
Construyes
Construye
Construimos
Construis
Construyen
Ger-Gir
In present tense, ‘yo’ switches from ‘g’ to ‘j’.
Cojo
Coges
Coge
Cogemos
Cogeis
Cogen

11. hace + time + que + present tense

12. Imperfecto!
• Imperfecto is a form of
past-tense.
• -AR imperfect.
• -ER/IR Imperfect
• Aba
• Ía
• Ábamos
• íamos
• Abas
• Ías
• Abais
• ías
• Aba
• Ía
• Aban
• Ían

13. Preterite
• Known beginning and/or end.
• Past tense- “I did ____”, “We liked the store.”
• It‟s a“snapshot” of time.
• E
I
• Aste Iste
• O Io
• Amos
• Aron
Imos
ieron

14. Preterite : car/gar/zar
Car Gar Zar
Qué Gué Cé
Aste Gaste Aste
Ó Ó Ó
Amos Amos Amos
Asteis Asteis Asteis
Aron Aron Aron
These only change in first person!

15. Preterite: Spock Verbs
Ir/Ser Dar/Ver Hacer
Fui D/V I Hice
Fuiste D/V iste Hiciste
Fue D/V io Hizo
Fuimos D/V imos Hicimos
Fueron D/V ieron Hicieron

16. Cucarachas
-é
Andar : anduv-
-iste Estar : estv-
Poder : pud-
-o Poder : Pus-
-imos Querer : Quis-
Saber : Sup-
-ieron Tener : Tuv-
-(“I” verbs -i) Venir : vin-
Conducir : conduj-
Producir : produj-
Traducir : traduj-
Decir : dij-
Traer : traj-

17. Preterite: Snakes & Snakey
• Snakes and Snakeys are in the past tense.
• Snakeys are used when three vowels are in a
row. You replace ‘i’ with ‘y’.

18. trigger words
• Words that elude to the use of a preterite
term.
• ayer
• anoche “Ayer, yo comí muchas fresas para la cena.”
• anteayer
• la semana pesada
• cada dia

19. Comparatives:
used to compare one thing to another.
Equality: ‘tan’ + adjective/adverb + como Tan = so
Inequality: mas/menos + adj/adv/noun + que
Tanto = so much
*When using numbers, use ‘de’, not ‘que’.
Tantos/as = so many

20. Superlatives
El/la/los/las + Esta es la mujer
Noun + Mas
Adjective + Bonita
De = De todas

21. El Futuro.
• Ir + a + infinitive =
-é
the immediate -ás
future! -á
– “Voy a caminar”- -emos
I’m going to walk”. -án
However, if you “will” do something, there’s a selection of endings
that refer to the future.
“Simpre te amaré.” = I will always love you.

22. •
I r r e g u l a r Future
Decir Dir- to say
• Haber Habr- to be, to have (helping verb)
• Hacer Har- to make, do
• Poder Podr- to be able
• Poner Pondr- to put, place, set
• Querer Querr- to want, love
• Saber Sabr- to know a fact, how
• Salir Saldr- to leave, go out
• Tener Tendr- to have
• Valer Valdr- to be worth
• Venir Vendr- to come

24. Table of contents (Second Semester)
15. Preterite vs. Imperfect 25. Se impersonal
16. Por 26. Progressive w/ ir, andar, seguir
17. Para
18. Por y Para
19. Future vs. Conditional
20. Commands (continues onto other slides)
21. Present Perfect
22. Double Object Pronouns
23. Adverbs
24. Subjunctive

25. Preterit vs. Imperfect
When you use the preterit, you‟re saying
you did something in the past.
“Ella corré a su clase.”
She ran to her class.
When you use the imperfect tense, you’re using
the past, but the past was at a certain time.
“él vivía en el casa en ese tiempo.”
He was living at the house at the time.

26. Por
• Por has seven special uses:
– General location & motion
– Duration of action
– Motive of action
– Object of search
– Translation of „by‟
– Exchange or substitution
– Unit of Measure
It is used more as „for‟, whereas para can
mean „through‟ or „by‟.

27. Para
• Para also has seven uses.
– Expresses destination
– Deadline or specific future destination
– Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order for…)
– Purpose + noun (In order for ____)
– Recipient
– Comparison or opinion
– In the employ of… (she works for…)

28. Por y Para!
• Por and para both mean ‘for’.
– Por refers to methods of travel, exchange,
measure, duration, what you’re looking for, and
the duration of something.
– Para refers to destination, deadline, comparison,
recipient, purposes, and employment.

29. Future vs. Conditional
É ía
ás ías
á ía
emos íamos
éis íais
án ían
The future is what tells what you’ll do in When you use Conditional tense, you’re saying
a few days, hours, months, years, etc. As you ‘would have’, ‘could have’, or ‘should have’
long as you’re not doing something presently or a done something (like, run, walk, write, etc.).
few days ago, you’ll use the future tense. The
endings add onto
all verb forms.
Infinitive + ending =
Comprar + é =
“Me gustaría comprar un borro.”
I will shop. I would like to buy a donkey.

30. Commands
• Commands are used in the Usted form, which is third
person on the boot chart.
• -AR verbs use “e” and “en” on the conjugate.
• -ER/-IR verbs use “a” and “an”.
• Compre ud. la joya.
Buy the jewelry.

31. Commands: continued
• For Affirmative commands:
– When using the ‘tú’ tense, you’d normally add ‘s’
to the end. For commands, you drop the ‘s’.
– Affirmative Irregulars:
• Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

32. Commands: continued
• For Negative commands: in the ‘tú’ tense,
you’ll change it to ‘yo’, change the vowel (to
the opposite verb ending), and add an ‘s’.
– Negative irregulars:
• TVDISHES (Tener, Venir, Dar/Decir, Ir, Ser, Hacer/Haber,
Estar, Saber)

33. Present Perfect
• Present perfect is when you or someone
says they have/had/has done something.
Endings:
(yo) he comido. I have eaten.
• He (tu) has comido. You have eaten.
• Has (él) ha comido. She/he/it has eaten.
• Ha
• Hemos
• Habéis
• Han

34. Double Object Pronouns
• Yo le pido los discos a mi hermano --> Yo se los
pido.
• DOPs change your sentence from having too
many nouns, to having “it’s” and other words
to replace other nouns.

35. Adverbs
• For Spanish adverbs, -mente means ‘ly’. That makes the
word ‘mente’ is attached to an adverb.
• To add -mente, if the word ends in o, change it to a.
• Tipico -> tipicamente (Typically)
• If the verb has an acento, it will stay in place.
• Bastante- quite
• Demasiado- too
• Mal- badly
• Peor- worse
• Nunca- never

36. Subjunctive
• Subjunctive refers to an uncertain attitude.
The speaker is hypothetical.
IRREGULARS:
Dar- dé
Estar- esté
Ir- vaya
Saber- sepa
Ser- sea

37. Se Impersonal
• ‘Se’ is used to avoid specifying a person in a
sentence.
• If you use ‘se’, conjugate the verb to third
person.
• Se can be used in each tense.
– “Se hable español.”
– “Se hizo mucho.”
– “Se hará mucho.”

38. Progressive with Ir, Andar,
Seguir
o Ir- ando/iendo/yendo
o Is slowly (but surely) ____ing
o Andar- ando/iendo/yendo
o Is going around ____ing
o Seguir (changes from e to i)- ando/iendo/yendo
o Is still ____ing

44. ¡TERMINADO!