This document provides a table of contents and overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: the imperfect form, irregular verbs in the imperfect, preterite tense, triggers for using the preterite, irregular preterite verbs, modal verbs, adverbs, present and past progressive tenses, the future tense, irregular future verbs, future conditionals, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, and demonstrative adjectives. It defines and provides examples for each topic.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. Tabla de Contenidos
1. Imperfect Form
2. Imperfect Irregulars
3. Preterite
4. Triggers for Preterite
5. Irregular preterite- Car, gar, zar 16. Superlatives
6. Spock 17. Formal Commands
7. Cucharacha 18. Prepositions
8. Snake/snakies 19. Demonstratives
9. Modul Verbs
10. Adverbs ending in -mente
11. Present Progressive Tense
12. Past Progressive
13. El futuro
14. Irregulars del Futuro
15. Conditionals
3. Imperfect Form
• AR Verbs change to: •ER and IR verbs change to:
-yo: aba -yo: ia
-tu: abas -tu: ias
-el: aba -el: ia
-nosotros: abamos -nosotros: iamos
-vosotros: abais -vosotros: iais
-ellos: ian
-ellos: aban
4. Imperfect Form Irregulars
•There are only 3 imperfect irregular verbs. They
are Ser, Ver, and Ir.
• Ser: •Ver: •Ir:
era
Eras Veia Iba
Veias Ibas
Era
Veia Iba
Eramos Veiamos Ibamos
Erais Veiais Ibais
eran veian Iban
5. Preterite
• Has a definite time in the past with a
beginning or end.
AR ER IR
é í í
aste iste iste
ó ió ió
amos imos imos
aron ieron ieron
6. Trigger Words Preterite:
o Ayer: yesterday
o Anteayer: the day before yesterday
o A las ocho: at 8 o’clock
o El miércoles: Wednesday
o El día anterior: the day before
o El lunes pasado: last Monday
o El fin de semana: last weekend
o Ayer por la mañana: yesterday morning
o El otro día: the other day
o Una vez: on time/once
o Asta tarde: this afternoon
o Asta noche: tonight
o Entonces: then
o Desde el primer momento: from 1st moment
o Durante dos siglos: during 2nd century
o En es momento: in that moment
o Hace dos dias:2 days ago
7. Irregular Preterite
-car, -gar, -zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toque Jugue Comence
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Toco Jugo Comenzo
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron comenzaron
*Only irregular in the YO form*
8. Spock- more irregular preterite
Ir/Ser
Dar/Ver - fui
-i -fuiste
-iste -fue
-io -fuimos
-imos -fueron
DAR
-ieron VER
Hacer:
-hice
-hiciste
-hizo
-hicimos
- hicieron
11. Modal verbos
• Conjugate and pair the modul verb with an
infinitive to get a new meaning
Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
Poder + infinitive (are able to do something)
Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
Deber + infinitive (should do something)
Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something)
Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to)
12. Adverbs ending in -mente
• Change the adjective to a feminine singular form and
then add –mente.
-Example: Claro- clara- claramente
• When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd
one uses –mente. The first one remains in the feminine
singular form.
-Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente.
• Some adverbs don’t follow any pattern of organization
and must be memorized.
Mucho muy mal ya (already)
Bastante Bien tan demasiado
Nunca poco peor siempre
13. Present Progressive Tense
• Formed by combinging the verb “to be” with
the present participle (-ing verb)
• ESTAR+ -ando (ar)/-iendo (er/ir) /-yendo
(double vowels like leer)
• Estoy hablando a ti.
• Estamos estudiando para la examen.
Bailando
Cantando Corriendo
14. Past Progressive Tenses
• ***same as present tense***
• ESTAR+ ando/iendo/yendo
• Estaba hablando.
• Estaban leyendo un libro.
15. El futuro
é emos
ás éis
á an
– All ending are the same for er, ir, and ar verbs.
– Infinitive + ending
– Ex: I will eat the meat: comé la carne
– We will eat: Comeremos
– I will sing: Cantaré
17. Future Conditionals
Endings Example--Conditional
-ía
-ías comería comeríamos
comerías comeríais
-ía comería comerían
-íamos
• Frequently, the conditional is used to express
-íais probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is
usually translated as would, could, must have or
-ían probably.
• The student said that he would study one more hour.
(probability, possibility)
What time could it have been? (wonder, conjecture)
He must have been at home. (wonder, conjecture)
We were probably busy when you called. (probability,
possibility)
18. Superlatives
• Más + adjective (the most)
• Menos + adjective (the least)
• Examples:
-Katia es la chica más alta.
-Roberto es el menos alto.
19. Formal Commands
• PUT IN YO FORM!!
• Then drop the o and change to the opposite
vowel.
– Er and ir a
– Ar e
• Examples:
Coma!
No coma!
20. Commands
Ud./Uds.: put in ‘yo’ form and
Tu: drop the ‘s’ change to opposite vowel.
Los irregulares: TVDISHES
Los irregulares: TVDISHES
DOP+IOP can attach to an Ar -> e
affirmative command Ir/er -> a
DOP+IOP must go before
the negative command
Tu: put it in ‘yo’ form and change
to opposite vowel, ad an ‘s’ Ud./Uds.: same as above.
Los irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon, Los irregulares: TVDISHES
sal, se, ten, ven
21. Prepositions
• a — to, at, by means of •En- in
• antes de — before •encima de — on top of
• bajo — under •enfrente de — in front of
• cerca de — near •entre — between, among
• con — with •fuera de — outside of
• contra — against •hacia — toward
• de — of, from •hasta — until
• delante de — in front of •para — for, in order to
• dentro de — inside •por — for, by
• desde — since, from •según — according to
• después de — after •sin — without
• detrás de — behind •sobre — over, about
• durante — during •tras — after, behind
22. Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos:
• Takes the place of the noun
• Must agree with the number and gender of
the noun it is replacing.
– THIS -- ESTE/ESTA [ex: esta casa] (near)
– THAT – ESE/ESA o AQUEL/AQUELLA [ex: esa casa]
(far)
– THESE – ESTOS/ESTAS [ex: estas casas]
– THOSE – ESOS/ESAS o AQUELLOS/AQUELLAS [ex:
aquellas casas]
