This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar topics in 18 numbered sections. It includes explanations of verb conjugations, stem changers, reflexive verbs, impersonal expressions, diphthongs, saber vs conocer, the preterite and imperfect tenses, por vs para, and other grammar concepts. Tables are included showing examples of conjugations and stem changes.

1. By: Brenda Wnukowski
7th Period

2. 1. Present tense (ar, er, ir) 11. Preterite
2. Stem changers 12. Spock
3. Irregular “Yo” 13. Chuchara
4. Saber vs. Conocer 14. Snake y Snakey
5. Reflexives 15. Imperfect vs Preterite
6. “Se” Impersonal 16. Futuro
7. Dipthongs 17.
8. Verbs like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir
9. Hace+___+ que + ____
10. Imperfecto

3. Yo ar o er o
ir o
tú as es es
él/ella/
usted a e e
Nosotros amos emos imos
Vosotros áis éis ís
Ellos/ellas/ an en en
ustedes

4.  “E” se convierte a “ie”
 “E” se convierte a “I”
 “O” se convierte a “ue”
 “U” se convierte a “ue”
Jugar (u:ue) Medir (e:i) Contar (o:ue) Entender (e:ie)
juego mido cuento entiendo
juegas mides cuentas entiendes
juega mide cuenta entiende
jugamos medimos contamos entendemos
jugáis medéis contáis entendéis
juegan miden cuentan entienden

5.  Verbs that change to “go” in present form – caer, decir,
oir, poner, tener, hacer, venir, and traer
 Verbs that change to “zco” in present form – conocer,
producir, conducir
 Others – Ser, estar, ir, ver, saber, dar
“Go” Verbs “Zco” Verbs Others
Tener -> Tengo Conocer -> Conozco Ser -> Soy, eres, es, somos
Poner -> Pongo Producir -> Produzco Estar - > Estoy
Caer -> Caigo Ver -> Veo
Hacer -> Hago Saber -> Sé
Dar -> Doy

6.  Saber - To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about
something, use "saber."
 Conocer - To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or
an object, use conocer.
 Juan sabe donde está María.
Juan knows where Maria is.
 Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.
I don't know your telephone number.
 Yo no conozco a María.
I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria.
 Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.
Alberto and Alfredo know (are acquainted with) Madrid.

7.  A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are
the same
 Ex: I wash myself. Subject - I, verb – wash, object –
myself.
 Lavar – To wash (non-reflexive)
 Lavarse – To wash oneself (reflexive)

8.  Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb
is unspecified (but is human). They are mostly used to
make general statements and to express rules
 Se + 3rd person singular
 Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is spoken here)
 Se prohibe fumar. (Smoking is prohibited)

9.  Diptongos are the combination of two vowels, from
the Spanish-speaking point of view.
 Example – bueno (bvooeh-noh)
cuando (kooahn-doh)
feo (feh-oh)

10.  vowel + -cer/-cir verbs: c to zc
 consonant + -cer /-cir verbs: c to z
 -ger/-gir verbs: g to j
 -guir verbs: gu to g
 verbs ending in -cer/-cir, -ger/-gir, and -guir
(but not -uir) undergo the same changes that
occur in the yo form of the present

11.  subject (may be implied) + indicative verb + que +
subject (may be implied) + subjunctive verb
 Obligar: La ley obliga que asistamos. The law requires
us to attend.
 Quiero que salga. (I want him to leave)

12.  Is like a continual action, it can happen more than once. No
specific beginning point or ending.
1. Express what is in the middle of happening at time of narration (We
used to live here)
2. Describes people or things in past tense (My mom was kind and had
a pretty face)
3. Describe state of mind, opinion, or feeling in past. (She was sad)
4. Express time of day in past. (It was at 8 at night)
5. Action interrupted by another (I was walking when my dad called me)
6. To set the stage, describe situation or setting. (The sun was shinning)

13. Irregulars Regulars
ser ver ir ar Er/ir
era veía Iba Aba I‟a
Eras veías Ibas Abas I‟as
Era veía Iba Aba I‟a
E‟ramos veíamos Íbamos A‟bamos I‟amos
Erais Veiais Ibais Abais I‟ais
eran veían iban aban I‟an

14.  Past tense
 Trigger words: Ayer, anoche, anteayer, le semana pasada, etc.
 Known beginning and/or ending ar Ir/er
E‟ í
 “Snapshot” of time
aste iste
- LOS IRREGULARES DE PRETERITOS O‟ Io‟
 Car, gar, zar in yo form amos imos
aron ieron
 Que‟, gue‟, ce‟

15.  Hace – hice hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron
 Ir, ser – fui fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
 Dar, ver – d/v: i, iste, io, imos, ieron

16.  E‟, iste, o, imos, ieron – ( “J” verbs – i)
 Andar -> anduv Traer -> traj
 Estar -> estuv decir -> dij
 Poder -> pud
 Poner -> pus
 Querer -> quis
 Saber -> sup
 Tener -> tuv
 Venir -> vin
 Conducir -> conduj
 Producir -> produj
 Traducir -> traduj

17.  Stem changers (snake) and Y changers (snakey)
 SNAKE – Dormir: dormí, dormiste, dormimos,
durmió, durmieron
 SNAKEY – Creer, contruir, leer: leí, leimos, leiste,
leyó, leyeron

18. Imperfect Preterite
• Continual action • Completed action
• No specific • Known beginning or
beginning or ending ending
• Sequential actions in
• Can happen more the past time
then once • Show the start or
• Past action viewed finish of an action or
as in progress state, or indicate a
• Habitual actions change in a state in
past time.

19.  infinitive + e‟, ás, á, emos, án.  ONLY ENDINGS
POSSIBLE
 “Will” factor
 Ex. Te amare‟
 Irregulars – decir, haber, hacer, poder, ponerm querer,
saber, salir, tener, valer, y venir.
 Immediate Future
 Ir + a + infinitive (Voy a salir. – I am going to leave)

20.  Por – portal, portugal, „por‟ever, „por‟pose,
imPORt/exPORT, I‟m POR, pay for me,
transPORtation
- Por amor de Dios (For the love of God.)
- Por cierto (certainly)
- Por eso (because of that/that‟s why)

21.  Para – Surprise PARAtay (for whom
something is done), Paraguay (destination),
PARAgotive (opinion), comPARAson,
PARAmedic (to express the idea of a
deadline), the purpose for which something
is done.
- Para siempre (Forever)

22.  Por – portal, portugal, „por‟ever, „por‟pose,
imPORt/exPORT, I‟m POR, pay for me,
transPORtation
 Para – Surprise PARAtay (for whom something is
done), Paraguay (destination), PARAgotive (opinion),
comPARAson, PARAmedic (to express the idea of a
deadline), the purpose for which something is done.

23. DOP + IOP + „se‟
DOP+ IOP + „se‟
must go before
can attach to an
the negative
affirmative
command
Affirmative Tú Ud./Uds. Negative Tú
• Just drop the • Put in „yo‟ • Put in „yo‟
„s‟ form and form and
• Los change to change to
irregulares: oppisite opposite
di, haz, ve, vowel. vowel, ass an
pon, sal, sé, • Los „s‟
ten, ven Irregulares: • Los
TVDISHES Irregulares:
TVDISHES

24.  Ía  É
 Ías  Ás
 Ía  Á
 Íamos  emos
 Íais  Éis
 ían  án

25.  Place directly before conjugated verb or attached to
the infinitive
 Ex: Give it to me  Damelo
 Ex: Don‟t give it to me  No me lo diga

26.  How, when, where, how often, and how much.
 Used to provide information about the verb
 Often formed by adding –mente
 Rapido  rapidamente

27.  Ar = e
 Er/ir = a
 Hablar = Hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hableis,
hablen

28.  -ing
 Ir + present participle = slowly but surly _____ing.
 Andar + present participle = is going around _____ing.
 Seguir + present participle = is still _______ing