This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts in 18 sections. It covers topics such as verb conjugations for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs; stem-changing verbs; reflexive verbs; the preterite and imperfect tenses; comparatives and superlatives; and future and conditional forms. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like irregular verbs, verbs like gustar, and uses of por vs. para. Trigger words are listed to help form the future and imperfect tenses.

1. Maya Spriggs

2. 1.Presente –ar, -er, -ir……………………….3 “Snakeys”……………….19
2.Stem Changers……………………………….4 Triggers................20
3.Irregulars –go, -zco,-oy………………….5 12. Comparitives……………………21
4.Saber vs. Conocer………………………….6 13. Superlatives…………………….22
5.Reflexives………………………………………7 14. Futuro.....................23-25
6. „Se‟ impersonal…………………………….8 irregulars………………..24
7. Verbs like Gustar………………………….9 trigger words………....25
8. –uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/-gir………10
9. Hacer Expressions………………………..11
10. El Imperfecto………………………..12-13
Triggers……………………………….13
11. El Preterito…………………………….14-20
-car, -gar, -zar…………………….15
“Spoc” verbs……………………….16
Cucaracha verbs……………..….17
Snake verbs…………………………18

3.  -AR -ER
-o -amos -o -emos
-as -aís -es -eís
-a -an
-e -en
 -IR
-o -imos
-es -eís
-e -en

4. o ue
Stem
e ie changers e i
u ue

5.  Only change in the yo form
-zco (conocer)
-go (tener)
Conozco Conocimos
Tengo Tenemos • Conoces • Conoceis
• Conoce • Conocen
• Tienes • Tieneis
• Tiene • Tienen
-oy (dar)
Doy Damos
• Das • Dais
• Da • Dan

6. -Fact
-Know
-How to do someone
something
To -Familiar with
-Often Know
followed by -often
infinitive followed by
direct object

7.  Tomake a verb reflexive, add me, te, se,
nos, os, or se before the verb:
Yo -me Nosotros- nos
Tu - te Vosotros-os
usted- se Ustedes-se
 Reflexives can hook on to infinitives too…
 El tiene que bañarse

8.  When using impersonal „se‟ in front of
verbs…
„Se‟ can be No specific
Verb is in
used in all subject of
third person
tenses sentence
Example: English Translation
Se abren a las ocho de la They open at 8:00 in the
mañana morning

9.  For verbs like gustar, encantar, or molestar that express
opinion:
(Reflexive pronoun) +Verb + noun
Example: Me gusta la escuela. I like school.
When the noun is plural, verbs like gustar also change to
plural form:
• El taco
Gusta • La escuela
• Los tacos
Gustan • Las
escuelas

10.  -uir -guir
 -uyo -imos (gu to g before letter „a‟)
-uyes -uís -ga -gamos
-uye -uyen
-gas -gáis
-ga -gan
-ger/-gir -cer/-cir
(g to j before letter „a‟)
-zo -cemos
-ja -jamos
-ces -céis
-jas -jáis
-ce -cen
-ja -jan

11.  Hacer is used to express…
Time:
Hace + time +que + Preterite verb (for past action)
Preterite verb + hace +time ( for past action)
Hace +time +que + present tense verb (continuing action)
Present tense verb +hace +time (continuing action)
Hacía + time + que +imperfect (interrupted past action)
Imperfect + hacía + que (interrupted past action)
 And…
Weather:
Hace+ Adjective

12. Irregulars:
-ar -er/-ir ir iba
-aba -ía ser era
ver veía

13. Todos los días Siempre
A menudo Con frecuencia
De vez en cuando Habitualmente
Normalmente A veces
Todos las noches Cada día
Cada mañana Por/en la mañana
Por/en la tarde Por/en la noche
Por lo regular Frecuentemente
Generalmente Todos los años
De costumbre

14. -AR -IR/-ER
-é -amos -í -imos
-aste -asteis -iste -isteis
-ó - -ió -ieron
aron

15.  Verbsending in –car, -gar, and –zar change in
the yo form in el preterito.
-car -gar -zar
-gué -qué -cé

17. Andar Anduve
-e
Estar Estuve
Poder Pude -iste
Poner Puse -o
Querer Quise
-imos
Saber Supe
-ieron
Tener Tuve
Venir Vine
 -cir goes to –j + ending (-eron instead of -ieron)

18.  Stem changes only in the Usted and Ustedes
forms
 Example: Dormir (o to u)
Dormí dormimos
dormiste dormisteis
durmió durmieron

19. Verbs with endings like leer and creer – usted
and ustedes endings change to –yó and –yeron
Leí Leimos
Leiste Leisteis
Leyó Leyeron

20. Trigger Word English Translation
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Anoche Last night
La semana pasada Last week
El mes pasado Last month
El ano pasado Last year
El fin de semana pasado Last weekend
Ayer Yesterday

21. Verbs:
Adjectives:
(más/menos/tan)+Adjective+(que/tan)

23. -é -emos
-ás -éis
-á -án

24. Decir Dir-
Haber Habr- é
Hacer Har-
-ás
Poder Podr-
Poner Pondr- -á
Querer Querr- -emos
Saber Sabr-
-án
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Valdr-
Venir Vendr-

25. Trigger word English Translation
Mañana Tomorrow
La proxima día The next day
Éste Lunes/Martes/etc… This Monday/Tuesday/etc…
La proxima semana Next week
Mañana pasado The day after tomorrow
En __ día In __days
En ___(semanas, años,etc) In __ (weeks, years, etc)

27.  Pretarito vs. Imperfecto……………………………………………………………..28
 Futuro vs. Conditional…………………………………………………………………29
 Por……………………………………………………………………………………………….30
 Para………………………………………………………………………………………………31
 Por vs. Para………………………………………………………………………………….32
 Commands…………………………………………………………………………………..33
 Present Perfect……………………………………………………………………………34
 Double Object Pronouns……………………………………………………………..35
 Adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………..36
 Subjunctive………………………………………………………………………………….37
 Se impersonal………………………………………………………………………………38
 Progressive with ir, andar, and seguir………………………………………….39

28. -ar -er/-ir
-ar -er
-é -amos -í -imos -car -gar -zar
-aste -asteis -iste -isteis
-gué -qué -cé -aba -ía
-ó -aron -ió -ieron
Snakes- Snakeys
Dormí dormimos
Leí Leimos
ir iba
dormiste dormisteis
Leiste Leisteis
durmió durmieron
Leyó Leyeron
ser era
ver veía
Anduve
Estuve -e
Pude -iste
Puse
-o
Quise
-imos
Supe
-ieron
Tuve
Vine

29. -é -emos -ía -íamos
-ás -éis -ías -íais
-á -án -ía -ían
Dir-
Decir Dir- Habr-
Haber Habr- Har-
Hacer Har- -ía -íamos
Podr-
Podr- é -ías -íais
Poder Pondr-
Poner Pondr- -ás Querr-
-ía -ían
Querer Querr- -á Sabr-
Saber Sabr- Saldr-
-emos
Salir Saldr- Tendr-
-án
Tener Tendr- Valdr-
Valer Valdr- Vendr-
Venir Vendr-

30. Uses
1 Indicate motion or general location (similar to around, through,
along or by)
2 Duration of an action (similar to for, during, and in)
3 Expresses reason or motive for an action (similar to because of,
on account of, or on behalf of)
4 Object of a search (similar to for, or in search of)
5 Means by which something is done (by, by, way of, by means of)
6 Exchange or substitution (for, in exchange for)
7 Unit of measures (per, by)

31. Uses
1 Expresses destination (toward, in the direction of)
2 Indicates deadline or specific time in the future( by, for)
3 Purpose or goal + infinitive (in order to)
4 Purpose of a noun (for, used for)
5 Recipient of something (for)
6 Make comparison with others or give an opinion (for, considering)
7 Indicates who someone works for (for)

32. Uses
Uses
1 Expresses destination (toward, in 1 Indicate motion or general location (similar to
the direction of) around, through, along or by)
2 Indicates deadline or specific time Duration of an action (similar to for, during,
in the future( by, for) 2
and in)
3 Purpose or goal + infinitive (in order 3 Expresses reason or motive for an action
to) (similar to because of, on account of, or on
behalf of)
4 Purpose of a noun (for, used for)
4 Object of a search (similar to for, or in search
5 Recipient of something (for) of)
5 Means by which something is done (by, by,
6 Make comparison with others or way of, by means of)
give an opinion (for, considering)
6 Exchange or substitution (for, in exchange for)
7 Indicates who someone works for
(for) 7 Unit of measures (per, by)

33. Affirmative
Rule Irregulars
DOP + IOP + Tú Drop the s Di, haz, ve, pon,
„se‟ can sal, sé, ten, ven
attach to an
affirmative Ud./Uds. Put in yo form and Tener, Venir,
change to dar/decir, ir, ser,
opposite vowel hacer/haber,estar,
saber
Negative
Rule Irregulars
Tú Put in to form and Tener, venir, DOP + IOP +
change to dar/decir, ir, ser, „se‟ must go
opposite vowel hacer/haber, before the
and add an s estar, saber negative
Ud./Uds. Put in yo form and Tener, Venir, command
change to dar/decir, ir, ser,
opposite vowel hacer/haber,estar,
saber

34. Present Tense
Past Participle
Haber
He
has Infinitive – ending + ado/edo
ha Irregulars:
hemos Abrir Abierto
Cubrir Cubierto
Habéis
Decir Dicho
han Escribir Escrito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Poner Puesto
Resolver Resuelto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Vover Vuelto
Ir ido

35. Whenever both an indirect and direct pronoun are used in a
sentence….
1. Indirect pronoun comes first
(i.e: ellos me los dan)
2. When both pronouns begin with “l”, change the first pronoun to “se”
(i.e: le lo se lo)
3. In a negative sentence, the “no” comes before the first pronoun
(i.e: No se lo tengo)

36. Irregulars
Bastarte Quiet
Demasiado Too
Mal Badly
Mucho A lot
Muy Very
Nunca Never
Peor Worse
Siempre always

37. Hablar
Hable Hablemos
Hables Habléis
Put in yo and go to opposite vowel
Hable hablen
Decir
Irregular verbs with irregular yo forms have same
Diga Digamos
irregularity in all forms
Digas Digáis
Diga Digan
Irregulars:
-ir stem changers change in all forms Dar Dé
Estar Esté
Ir Vaya
Saber Sepa
Ser Seya
Hay haya

38.  When using impersonal „se‟ in front of
verbs…
„Se‟ can be No specific
Verb is in
used in all subject of
third person
tenses sentence
Example: English Translation
Se abren a las ocho de la They open at 8:00 in the
mañana morning

39. Is slowly
Present but
Ir
participle surely
___ing
Is going
Present around
Andar
Participle ____ing
Present Is still
Seguir
participle ____ing