2. Table of contents
1-title page
2-table of contents
3- present
4- stem changers
5-irregulars “yo”
6- saber vs conocer
7-reflexives
8-”se” impersonal
9- diphthongs with accents
10- verbs like uir/ guir, cer/cir, ger/ gir
11- hace + time+que+ presente
12- imperfect
13-preterit tense
14-preterit continued
15-comparatives
16-superlatives
17-Future
18-commands
19-por
20-para
21-por vs para
22-present perfect
23-double object pronouns
24- adverbs
25-subjunctive
26- se impersonal
27- progressives (ir, andar, seguir)
3. Present:
To create the present
tense of a regular
verb you replace the
ar/er/ir ending with
the corresponding
Irregular present
conjugation
“ar”
Ud.
Noso Uds. Ir: Estar: Ser: Dar:
tros- Ellos/
Yo-o Tu-as El/ell
amo ellas- -Voy -Estoy -Soy -Doy
a-a
s an
-Vas -Estas -Eres -Das
-Va -Esta -Es -Da
“er/ir” -Vamos -Estamos -Somos -Damos
Ud. Uds. -Van -Estan -Son -Dan
Noso
El/ Ellos/
Yo- o Tu-es tros-
ella- ellas-
imos
e en
4. Stem Changers: Have a stem change in all forms
with the exception of nosotros
E IE O UE EI
Pensar Poder: Pedir:
-Pienso -Puedo -Pido
-Piensas -Puedes -Pides
-Piensa -Puede -pide
-Pensamos -Podemos -Pedimos
-Piensan
-Pueden -Piden
Similar verbs: Similar verbs: Similar
Cerrar , despertar, Acoster, colgar, verbs:
empezar, divertise, devolter, dormir, Conseguir,
encontrar,
encender, hervir, despedir,
mostrar, probar,
mentir, perder, recordar, revolver. seguir,
preferir. servir, vestir.
5. Irregulars “yo” form:
Irregular verbs
whose yo forms
have a diffent
conjugation than
the rest of subjects
Go verbs GJ C ZC C Z
Tener-Tengo Proteger- Cocer-
Protejo cuezo
Decir- Digo
Dirigir- Dirijo Torer- Tuerzo
Oir-Oigo
Conocer- Mecer-
Hacer- Hago Escoger- conozco
Escojo Mezo
Traer: Traigo Obedecer-
Recoger- Ejercer-
Caer-Caigo Obedezco Ejerzo
Recojo
Poner-Pongo Vencer-
Salir- Salgo Venzo
6. Saber VS.
Though both verbs mean
: “to know” each stands
for something different.
Conocer
Saber Conocer
SABER
• To know a fact, Yo- se Yo-conozco
information, or data. Tu- sabes Tu-conoces
Ud. El/ella- Ud. El/ella-
CONOCER sabe conoce
Nosotros- Nosotros-
sabemos
• To be familiar with, to conocemos
Uds.
be acquainted with, Ellos/ellas-
Uds.ellos/ellas-
conocen
people, places, and saben
general concepts.
7. Reflexives are what
Reflexives: is being reflected
upon.
ME TE SE NOS SE
•myself •yourself •Yourself •ourselves •Yourselves
•Himself •themselves
•Herself
•itself
Reflexive verbs
Lavaerse: to wash oneself
Me lavo Llamarse: to be called Vestirse: to get dressed
Te lavas Levantarse: to get up Sentarse: to sit down
Se lava Acostarse: to go to bed Cansarse: to get tired
Nos lavamos Ponerse: to put on Alegrarse: to be glad
Se lavan
8. Passive voice-
Se habla
“se” Reciprocal
action- Nos
Espanol
impersonal vemos
There isn’t anyone in specific
its referring to, it means
Indicates what people in general. Indicate that
happened to action is being
the subject of preformed on
the sentence one or more
without saying subjects. The
who or what most common
carried out the translation is that
action. people do
something to or
with each other
9. Diphthongs with accents:
When a strong and weak vowel or
two weak vowels combine to form a
single syllable.
Esquiar: to ski Mas palabras Mas palabras
•Esquio •Enviar: to send •Puerto
•Esquias •Continuar: to •Tierra
•Esquia continue •Siete
•Esquiamos •Graduarse: to •Hay
•esquian graduate •Cuida
•Ciudad
•Labio
•Hacia
•canción
11. Hace+ Time+ Que + present
tense of the verb: This formula is used action
show how long an
to
was happening or the
length of time an action
took place.
Hace+ Time+ Que+ Present tense of the verb
Hace+ Tres que+ Estudio espanol =
anos+
Hace tres anos que estudio
espanol.
12. Imperfect:
Uncompleted action
No definite beginning or end
Descriptive tense; who? What? When? Where?
“Ar” “Er/ir”
aba ia
abas ias
Imperfect trigger words
aba Ia
Abamos Iamos
aban
Nuca: A veces:
ian
never sometimes
Todo el tiempo:
all the time
13. Preterit tense
Irregulars Preterit conjugations spock
Ar Er/ir Ir/ser
Gar: Zar: Dar/ver Hacer
Car: -e -I Fui
G gu z c -aste -iste Fuiste
Di/vi Hice
c qu Fue
Diste/viste Hiciste
Buscar
Jugar Amlorzar -o
-amos -imos
-io
Fuimos
Dio/vio Hizo
Dimos/vimos Hicimos
busque jugue almorce -Aron -ieron
Fueron
Dieron/vieron hicieron
cucuracha
andar estar poder poner Quere Saber Tener venir Conducir Producir Traducir Decir Traer
r
Anduve Estuve Pude Puse Quise Supe Tuve Vine Conduje Produje Traduje Dije traje
Conjugations
-e -iste -o -Imos -Ieron
14. Preterit continued
Snake
Stem
changers
snakey Trigger words
dormir
leer
Anteaye- La
Ayer- Anoche- day semana
-Dormi
-Dormimos yesterday lastnight before pasada-
-Dormiste -lei yesterday last week
-Durmio -leimos
-dumieron -leiste
-leyo
-leyeron
15. Comparatives
Used to show comparison of
one thing to another using :
more, less, or, as…
Comparatives: mas/menos + adj + que
Me acuesto mas tarde que
If using numbers use de in place of que
When showing comparative adj
equality use: Mejor Bueno
Tan- so Peor Malo
Tanto- so much Mayor Grande
Tantos- so many menor pequeno
16. superlatives
Indicates the noun that is least, worst,
most, or best of all.
Definite article + noun+ mas/menos+
adj+de
Miguel es el chico mas inteligente de la clase
irregulars
Adj Superlative
-bueno -el/la mejor
-malo -el/la peor
-grande -el/la meyor
-pequeno -el/la menor
17. Future -e
-as
oInfinitive + ending Ir+ a+ infinitive = -a
oVivir vivire the immediate -emos
ocomer comere future -an
ohablar hablare
Irregular
Trigger words •Decir- dir
•Haber- habr
•Hacer- har
•Poder-podr
•Poner-pondr
Proximo
Proximo
semana- Manana-
•Querer- querr
ano- next •Saber- sabr
next tomorrow
year
week •Salir- saldr-
•Tener- tendr
•Valer- valdr
•Venir-vendr
18. Commands
For tu commands, you For nosotros commands, just
simply put the verb in the put it in nosotros form and
“usted” form.
EX: Comer- Come switch the vowel.
For negative tu commands, EX: Comer- comamos
use the usted form, switch If it’s a verb like “irse”, the
the vowel, and add an “s”. correct conjugation would
EX: Comer- No comas be like IR- Vamosnos-
For usted commands, you Vamonos
simply put the verb in the It’s the same for negative
“yo” form and switch the commands.
ending vowel. EX: Comer- No comamos
EX: Comer- Coma/coman
For usted negative
commands, you do the
same thing.
19. Por
Unit of measure (per or by)
Exchange or substitution (in exchange for)
Object of search
Means by which something is done (by, by
way of, or by means of)
Reason or motive for an action (because of,
on account of, on behalf of)
Duration of an action ( during)
Motion or general location ( around, through,
along, by)
20. Para
Who someone works for
Recipient of something
Comparison with others or an opinion
Considering
Purpose + Noun
For, used for
Purpose – Goal + Infinitive
In order to
Destination – Towards, In the direction of
Deadline – Specific time in the future
By, For
21. Por vs. para
Bothrepresent the word “for” but are not
used in the same context.
Por Para
22. Present perfect
Haber + -Ado or – Ido
He Habia, Has Habias, Ha Habia, Hemos Habiamos, Hand Habian
Irregulars
Abrir – Abierto
Cubir – Cubierto
Decir – Dicho
Escribir – Escrito
Hacer – Hecho
Morir – Muerto
Poner – Puesto
Resolver – Resuelto
Romper – Roto
Ver – Visto
Volver – Vuelto
Ir - Ido
23. Double object pronouns
Verbo + Indirect
Object Pronoun Damelo! – Give
+ Direct Object it to me!
Pronoun
Give him the
Dimelo! - Tell present
me it! • Da le (se) DOP
24. Adverbs
-mente = -ly Just add –mente
when ending with a
Slowly, Quickly, consonant
Readily Facil – Facilmente :
Changing an Frequente –
Frequentemente
adverb that ends
with an “o” Irregular Adverbs
Change “o” to “a” Bastante- Bad
and and –mente Demasiando – Too
Rapido – Mal – Badly
Rapidamente : Peor – Worse
Tranquilo –
Tranquilamente Siempre - Always
For others…
25. Subjunctive
W- Wish, Want Es muy importante que
E- Emotion aprendas el subjectivo
D-Doubt (no creer) Impersonal Expressions
D- Denial Es bueno que…
I- Impersonal Es mejor que…
Expressions Ojala que…
N- non-Existing Es malo que…
G- God (Ojala) Guest Es necesario que…
Main Clause + Connector Es urgente que…
+ Subordinate Clause
Indicative Subjunctive
Facts Attitudes
Real Uncertain
Definite Hypothetical
