The document lists various Spanish grammar topics including verb conjugations, irregular verbs, stem changers, reflexive verbs, saber vs conocer, gustar verbs, diphthongs, hacer expressions, preterite vs imperfect tense, and comparatives. It provides examples of conjugating regular verbs ending in -ar, -er, -ir. Irregular verbs like ser, ir, dar and stem changers like oir and hacer are also exemplified.

1. Isabel Laufer

2. 1. Present Tense
2. Stem Changers
3. Irregular YO verbs
4. Saber vs. conocer
5. Reflexive verbs
6. "Se" impersonal
7. Verbs like gusta(an)
8. Dipthongs
9. Irregular verbs (ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir)
10. Hacer expressions (Hace+ __________+Que+_____)
11. Imperfect
12. Preterite Tense
13. Car/Gar/Zar
14. Cucaracha Verbs
15. Snake/Snakey
16. Comparatives/Superlatives
17. Future

3. • -o Subject Pronouns
-Ar
• -as
• -a • Yo (I)
• -amos • Tú (You, informal)
• -an • El/Ella/Usted
(He/She/Formal
You)
• Nosotros/as (We)
• -o
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
-Er/Ir
• -es
• -e
(They boys, They
• -emos/imos
girls, You all)
• -en

4. E O  UE EI
IE
Pensar Poder Pide
-Pienso -Puedo -Pido
-Piensas -Puedes -Pides
-Piensa -Puede -Pide
-Pensamos -Podemos -Pidemos
-Piensan -Pueden -Piden
All stems change, excluding
nosotros(as)

5. Yo form is
different than the
others!
• Oir-Oigo
• Hacer-Hago
Go Verbs • Decir-Digo
• Conozco
C-Zc
• Vencer-Venzo
C-Z • Cocer-Cuezo

6. Saber:- Conocer:
Something To -Knowing
that is know
someone or
factual or something in
informative a friendly
way
Yo sé que el cielo es azul. Conozco tu mamá.

7. Put the reflexive first then the
regularly conjugated verb!
•Me
•Te
Examples:
•Se
•Nos Cepillar (to brush)
Me cepillo
•Se Se cepilla
El cepillo
Nos cepillamos
Se cepillan

8. “Se” is added in front of the
verb
Used for general statements
Examples:
¿Como se dice “horse” en español?
“Se” takes the place of you making it a
general statement.

9. To use verbs like gustar it is simple.
Gustar 1. Remove the –AR or -EN ending
2. Determine whether the noun the
verb is addressing is singular or
• To like plural
3. Use –A or -E for singular nouns
Fascinar (ex. gato)
4. Use –AN or -EN for plural nouns
• To be fascinated by/to (ex. gatos)
Examples:
Me gustan caballos.
Te fascina mi gato.
Nos duelen los manos.

10. • Esquio
Esquiar • Esquias
• Esquia
Diphthongs has
strong vowels and
(to ski) • Esquiamos
• Esquian
have other
weaker/less
pronounced
vowels.
• Envio
Enviar • Envias
• Envia
(to send) • Enviamos
• Envian

11. Coger Distinguir
-Cojo
-Distingo
-Coges
-Distingues
-Coge
-Distingue
-Cogemos
-Distinguimos
-Cogen
-Distinguen
Exigir Decir
-Exijo -Digo
-Exiges -Dices
-Exige -Dice
-Exigimos -Decimos
-Exigen -Dicen

12.  Showslength of time in which the action has
taken place.
Hace+ (time) + que + (Present tense form of verb)
Example:
Hace catorce anos que montar a caballo.
(I have ridden horses for fourteen years)

13. -Ar -Er/Ir
-aba -ia
-abas -ias
-aba -ia
-abamos -iamos
-aban -ian
Trigger words:
Nunca-never
Todo el tiempo- all of the time

14. -Ar Preterite=Past -Er/Ir
 é tense -í
 aste -iste
Connect them to
 ó the verbs just - ío
 amos like any other -
imos conjugation
 aron -
ieron

15. el dia anterior, ayer, la semana pasada, el fin de
semana pasado, el otro dia, esta tarde, esta
noche, ayer por la manana

16. Andar-Anduv
Estar-Estuv
Poder-Pud
Sung to the “La
Ponder-Pus Cucaracha”
Querer-Quis
Saber-Sup
Tener-Tuv
Venir-Vin
Conducir-Conduj
Producir-Produj
Traducir-Traduj
Decir-Dij
Traer-Traj

17.  Stem changers and y changers
 Change the root of the verb
 Only in usted and ustedes form
Leer:
lei leimos
leiste
leyo leyeron

18.  Mas/Menos +_________+ que
Adjective
Use “de” in
Adverb place of
Noun “que” when
using a
•Verb+ _____ + que number
mas/menos
•Tan+ ______ + como
Adjective
adverb
•Tantos+ _______ (noun) + como
Single
plural
•Verb+ tanto como

19.  Infinitive + e, as, a, emos, an  only endings
 “will” factor
 Ex- Te amare
 Irregulars- haber, haver, salir, valer