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 The letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms
  except nosotros and vosotros.
 Example: Contar 
   Cuento, Cuentas, Cuenta, Contamos, Contais, Cuentan
  There are many O:UE stem-changing verbs, including:
       * almorzar, morir, aprobar, mostrar, colgar, mover,
  contar, probar, costar, recordar, devolver, resolver, volver,
  dormir, sonar, encontrar, envolver, costar, morder, volar,
  etc.
 The letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms
  except nosotros and vosotros.
 Example: cerrar 
     Cierro, Cierras, Cierra, Cerramos, Cerrais, Cierran
    There are many I:IE stem-changing verbs, including:
       * Acertar,Encender, Advertirto, Entender,
    Cerrar, Fregar, Comenzar, Hervir, Confesar,
    Mentir, Consentir, Negar, Convertir, Pensar (en),
    Defender, Perder, Empezar, Preferir
 The letter e in the stem changes to I in all forms except
  nosotros and vosotros.
 Example: Repetir 
     Repito, Repites, Repite, Repetimos, Repetis, Repiten.
    There are many E:I stem-changing verbs, including:
       * Bendecir (*), Impedir, Colegir, Maldecir (*),
    Competir, Medir, Conseguir, Pedir, Corregir,
    Perseguir, Decir (*), Reír, Despedir, Repetir, Elegir,
    Seguir, Freír, Servir, Gemir, sonreír
-AR    -ER-     -IR
       YO
                      -0      -o      -o
       TU
                      -as     -es     -es
  El, Ella, Ud.
                      -a      -e      -e
    Nosotros
                     -amos   -emos   -imos
    Vosotros
                      -áis    -éis    -is
Ellos, Ellas, Uds.
                      -an     -en     -en
ING-
Ar- ando
Er/Ir- endo
     - yendo
 Gustar- to like
 Fascinar- to fascinate
 Doler- to hurt
                           Me    Gusta
 Molestar- to bother            Gustan
 Faltar- to lack
                           Te      Falta
                                  Faltan
                           Le    Duele
                                 Duelen
                           Nos    Fascina
                                 Fascinan
                           Les   Molesta
                                 Molestan
 Present tense  since & far
 Preterite tense  ago


  Hace + Time + Que + Verb

  Examples: Hace tres dias que tengo problemas con
    pedro.
  = I have had problems with Pedro for three days.
 El preterito- a definite time in the past with a
  beginning and/or ending.


                     Hablar     Comer       Escribir
           Yo        Hablé       Comí        Escribí
           Tú       Hablaste    Comiste    Escribiste
           Ud        Habló       Comió      Escribió
           Nos      Hablamos    Comimos    Escribimos
           Uds      Hablaron    Comieron   Escribieron
   Ayer- Yesterday
   Anteayer- the day before yesterday
   A las ocho- 8 o’clock
   El míercoles- Wednesday
   El día anterior- the day before
   El lunes pasado- last Monday
   El fin de semana- last weekend
   Ayer por la mañana- yesterday morning
   El otro día- the other day
   Una vez- one time/once
   Asta tarde- this afternoon
   Asta noche- tonight
   Entonces- then
   Desde el primer momento- from the 1st moment
   Durante dos siglos- during 2nd century
   En es momento- in that moment
   Hace dos dias- 2 days ago
Tocar     Jugar     Comenzar

Yo     Toqué     Jugué     Comencé
Tú    Tocaste   Jugaste   Comenzaste

Ud     Tocó      Jugó      Comenzó

Nos   Tocamos   Jugamos   Comenzamos

Uds   Tocaron   Jugaron   Comenzaron
ir-to go ser-to be        dar-to give ver-to see




                       ir
                               d/v-i d/v-imos
    fui    fuimos
  fuiste   fuisteís            d/v-iste   d/v- isteís

   fue     fueron              d/v-io     d/v- ieron


hacer-to make or do
   hice hicimos

 hiciste hicisteís
  hizo     hicieron
•e
•iste       Andar / anduv-
            Estar / estuv –
•o          Poder / pud-
•imos       Poner / pus-
            Querer / quis-
•isteis     Saber / sup-
            Tener / tuv-
•ieron      Vener / vin-


          Conducir / conduj-
          Producir / produj-
          Traducir / traduj-


            Decir / dij-
            Traer / traj-
 Dormir-
    Yo       Dormi     Nos   Dormimos
    Tu      Dormiste   Vos   Dormisteis
    Ud      Durmió     Uds   Durmieron


 Pedir-

    Yo        Pedi     Nos    Pedimos
    Tu      Pediste    Vos   Pedisteis
    Ud       Pidio     Uds    Pidieron
 Leer, creer, & oir change I to y in the 3rd person.
Me        Nos
                                        Te       Os
Accent on third to last syllable.     Lo, la   Los, Las
 có ma lo
Does not connect to negative commands.
 no la coma
CAN NOT hook on to a preterite!
 yo lo comí     comilo  bad
D.O.P. can only hook on in three instances:
 Infinitive (voy a comerlo)
 Affirmative commands (¡Bébela!)
 Gerunds (Estoy comiéndolo)
 Tu- simply drop the ‘s’
 Los irregulares- TVDISHES
 Tenga
 Venga
 Dé                           Tu- put it in the yo form
 Vaya                         Los irregulares-
 Sea                          Di
 Haga                         Haz
 Esté                         Ve
 Sepa                         Pon
                               Sal
                               Se
                               Ten
                               Ven
 Put it in the yo form and change to the
    opposite vowel
   Los irregulares- TVDISHES
   Tenga
   Venga
   Dé
   Vaya
   Sea
   Haga
    esté
   sepa
Me
          Te
          Le
          Nos
          Os
          Les
 She gave it to me = Me lo dio.
 Give it to him = Déselo.
 She hit him = Lo pegó.
 Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the
    action of the verb
   Example: Se vende fruta en la frutería
   When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person
   Example: Aquí se habla español. .
   Se can be used in all tenses.
     A) Se hizo mucho.
     B) Se hará mucho.
     C) Se había hecho.
1.   Past Participles As Adjectives
2.   El Futuro & ir+a+infinitive
3.   Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos
4.   Mandatos Formales
5.   Modal Verbs
6.   Reflexives
7.   Saber vs. Conocer
8.   Imperfecto
-ado           -ido
                             -ar            -er
                             verbs          verbs
 For conjugating
 these types of
 past participles,                          -ir verbs
 you simply take
 off the ending
 and add ad0 for –
 ar verbs and ido
 for –er/-ir verbs.
 Resolver  Resuelto
                              (resolved)
 Abrir  abierto (open)
                             Romper  roto
 Cubrir  cubierto           (broken)
    (covered)
                             Ver  visto (seen)
   Decir  dicho (said)
                             Volver  vuelto
   Escribrir  escrito
    (written)                 (returned)
   Freír  frito (fried)
   Hacer  hecho (done)
   Morir  muerto (dead)
   Poner  puesto (put)
é
 Infinitive + Ending
 Endings are all the
 same for ar/er/ir
 verbs.
                        éis          á
                              emos
 Decir  Dir
 Hacer  Har
 Poder  Podr
 Poner  Pondr
 Querer  Querr
 Saber  Sabr
 Salir  Saldr
 Tener  Tendr
 Valer  Valdr
 Venir  Vendr
Example:
Yo voy a visitar mi abuela.
I’m going to visit my grandma.
 Put it IN FRONT OF the noun it modifies
 Make sure its agrees with number and gender


             Singular                    Plural
          Este/Esta (This)         Estos/Estas (These)
           Ese/Esa (that)           Esos/Esas (Those)
      Aquel/Aquella (that over   Aquellos/Aquellas (those
              there)                   over there)
-AR


-ER

-IR
Affirmativos   Negativos
    Dí          Tengas
    Haz         Vengas
    Ve         Dés, digas
    Pon          Vayas
    Sal          Seas
    Sé          Hagas
    Ten          Estés
    Ven          Sepas
Ir + a + infinitive  going to do something


Poder + infinitive  are able to do something


Querer + infinitive  want to do something



 Deber + infinitve  should do something


 Tener que + infinitve  to have to do something
 They can be:
   Attatched to the infinitive
   Attatched to the present participle
   Attatched to an affirmative command
   Attatched to the conjugated verb


  When attatched, add an accent to the proper syllable.
   (third to last)

  ME, TE, SE, NOS, OS, SE
To know facts or
      information


          To know people,
          places, things, or
CONOCER
          published works
 A habitual action in the past; does not have a definite
  ending (MOVIE vs. snapshot)
                              -AR         -ER/IR
              YO              -aba           -ía
              TU             -abas          -ías
         El, Ella, Ud.        -aba           -ía
           Nosotros         -ábamos       -íamos
           Vosotros          -abais         -íais
       Ellos, Ellas, Uds.    -aban          -ían

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Honors Spanish 4 Grammar Book

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.  The letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.  Example: Contar   Cuento, Cuentas, Cuenta, Contamos, Contais, Cuentan There are many O:UE stem-changing verbs, including: * almorzar, morir, aprobar, mostrar, colgar, mover, contar, probar, costar, recordar, devolver, resolver, volver, dormir, sonar, encontrar, envolver, costar, morder, volar, etc.
  • 4.  The letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.  Example: cerrar   Cierro, Cierras, Cierra, Cerramos, Cerrais, Cierran There are many I:IE stem-changing verbs, including:  * Acertar,Encender, Advertirto, Entender, Cerrar, Fregar, Comenzar, Hervir, Confesar, Mentir, Consentir, Negar, Convertir, Pensar (en), Defender, Perder, Empezar, Preferir
  • 5.  The letter e in the stem changes to I in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.  Example: Repetir   Repito, Repites, Repite, Repetimos, Repetis, Repiten. There are many E:I stem-changing verbs, including:  * Bendecir (*), Impedir, Colegir, Maldecir (*), Competir, Medir, Conseguir, Pedir, Corregir, Perseguir, Decir (*), Reír, Despedir, Repetir, Elegir, Seguir, Freír, Servir, Gemir, sonreír
  • 6. -AR -ER- -IR YO -0 -o -o TU -as -es -es El, Ella, Ud. -a -e -e Nosotros -amos -emos -imos Vosotros -áis -éis -is Ellos, Ellas, Uds. -an -en -en
  • 7.
  • 9.  Gustar- to like  Fascinar- to fascinate  Doler- to hurt Me Gusta  Molestar- to bother Gustan  Faltar- to lack Te Falta Faltan Le Duele Duelen Nos Fascina Fascinan Les Molesta Molestan
  • 10.  Present tense  since & far  Preterite tense  ago Hace + Time + Que + Verb Examples: Hace tres dias que tengo problemas con pedro. = I have had problems with Pedro for three days.
  • 11.  El preterito- a definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending. Hablar Comer Escribir Yo Hablé Comí Escribí Tú Hablaste Comiste Escribiste Ud Habló Comió Escribió Nos Hablamos Comimos Escribimos Uds Hablaron Comieron Escribieron
  • 12. Ayer- Yesterday  Anteayer- the day before yesterday  A las ocho- 8 o’clock  El míercoles- Wednesday  El día anterior- the day before  El lunes pasado- last Monday  El fin de semana- last weekend  Ayer por la mañana- yesterday morning  El otro día- the other day  Una vez- one time/once  Asta tarde- this afternoon  Asta noche- tonight  Entonces- then  Desde el primer momento- from the 1st moment  Durante dos siglos- during 2nd century  En es momento- in that moment  Hace dos dias- 2 days ago
  • 13. Tocar Jugar Comenzar Yo Toqué Jugué Comencé Tú Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste Ud Tocó Jugó Comenzó Nos Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos Uds Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron
  • 14. ir-to go ser-to be dar-to give ver-to see ir d/v-i d/v-imos fui fuimos fuiste fuisteís d/v-iste d/v- isteís fue fueron d/v-io d/v- ieron hacer-to make or do hice hicimos hiciste hicisteís hizo hicieron
  • 15. •e •iste Andar / anduv- Estar / estuv – •o Poder / pud- •imos Poner / pus- Querer / quis- •isteis Saber / sup- Tener / tuv- •ieron Vener / vin- Conducir / conduj- Producir / produj- Traducir / traduj- Decir / dij- Traer / traj-
  • 16.  Dormir- Yo Dormi Nos Dormimos Tu Dormiste Vos Dormisteis Ud Durmió Uds Durmieron  Pedir- Yo Pedi Nos Pedimos Tu Pediste Vos Pedisteis Ud Pidio Uds Pidieron
  • 17.  Leer, creer, & oir change I to y in the 3rd person.
  • 18. Me Nos Te Os Accent on third to last syllable. Lo, la Los, Las  có ma lo Does not connect to negative commands.  no la coma CAN NOT hook on to a preterite!  yo lo comí comilo  bad D.O.P. can only hook on in three instances:  Infinitive (voy a comerlo)  Affirmative commands (¡Bébela!)  Gerunds (Estoy comiéndolo)
  • 19.  Tu- simply drop the ‘s’  Los irregulares- TVDISHES  Tenga  Venga  Dé  Tu- put it in the yo form  Vaya  Los irregulares-  Sea  Di  Haga  Haz  Esté  Ve  Sepa  Pon  Sal  Se  Ten  Ven
  • 20.  Put it in the yo form and change to the opposite vowel  Los irregulares- TVDISHES  Tenga  Venga  Dé  Vaya  Sea  Haga  esté  sepa
  • 21. Me Te Le Nos Os Les  She gave it to me = Me lo dio.  Give it to him = Déselo.  She hit him = Lo pegó.
  • 22.  Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb  Example: Se vende fruta en la frutería  When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person  Example: Aquí se habla español. .  Se can be used in all tenses.  A) Se hizo mucho.  B) Se hará mucho.  C) Se había hecho.
  • 23. 1. Past Participles As Adjectives 2. El Futuro & ir+a+infinitive 3. Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos 4. Mandatos Formales 5. Modal Verbs 6. Reflexives 7. Saber vs. Conocer 8. Imperfecto
  • 24. -ado -ido -ar -er verbs verbs  For conjugating these types of past participles, -ir verbs you simply take off the ending and add ad0 for – ar verbs and ido for –er/-ir verbs.
  • 25.  Resolver  Resuelto (resolved)  Abrir  abierto (open)  Romper  roto  Cubrir  cubierto (broken) (covered)  Ver  visto (seen)  Decir  dicho (said)  Volver  vuelto  Escribrir  escrito (written) (returned)  Freír  frito (fried)  Hacer  hecho (done)  Morir  muerto (dead)  Poner  puesto (put)
  • 26. é  Infinitive + Ending  Endings are all the same for ar/er/ir verbs. éis á emos
  • 27.  Decir  Dir  Hacer  Har  Poder  Podr  Poner  Pondr  Querer  Querr  Saber  Sabr  Salir  Saldr  Tener  Tendr  Valer  Valdr  Venir  Vendr
  • 28. Example: Yo voy a visitar mi abuela. I’m going to visit my grandma.
  • 29.  Put it IN FRONT OF the noun it modifies  Make sure its agrees with number and gender Singular Plural Este/Esta (This) Estos/Estas (These) Ese/Esa (that) Esos/Esas (Those) Aquel/Aquella (that over Aquellos/Aquellas (those there) over there)
  • 31. Affirmativos Negativos Dí Tengas Haz Vengas Ve Dés, digas Pon Vayas Sal Seas Sé Hagas Ten Estés Ven Sepas
  • 32. Ir + a + infinitive  going to do something Poder + infinitive  are able to do something Querer + infinitive  want to do something Deber + infinitve  should do something Tener que + infinitve  to have to do something
  • 33.  They can be:  Attatched to the infinitive  Attatched to the present participle  Attatched to an affirmative command  Attatched to the conjugated verb When attatched, add an accent to the proper syllable. (third to last) ME, TE, SE, NOS, OS, SE
  • 34. To know facts or information To know people, places, things, or CONOCER published works
  • 35.  A habitual action in the past; does not have a definite ending (MOVIE vs. snapshot) -AR -ER/IR YO -aba -ía TU -abas -ías El, Ella, Ud. -aba -ía Nosotros -ábamos -íamos Vosotros -abais -íais Ellos, Ellas, Uds. -aban -ían