This document provides an outline of topics covered in a grammar book. It includes sections on verb conjugations for regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs, stem changers, irregular verbs, saber vs conocer, reflexives, the impersonal "se", diphthongs, verbs ending in -uir/guir, -cer/cir, and -ger/gir. Other topics covered are the preterite vs imperfect tenses, verbs like traer/hacer/poder, comparatives and superlatives, the future and conditional tenses, por vs para prepositions, commands, present perfects, double object pronouns, adverbs, the subjunctive mood, the imperson

1. Grammar Book
By: Antonio Capozzi

2. Table of Contents
3. Presente -ar –er –ir
4. Stem Changers
5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo
6. Saber vs conocer
7. Reflexives
8. ‘se’ impersonal
9. Dipthongs
10. Verbs like…Uir/guir
11. Verbs like…Cer/cir
12. Verbs like…Ger/gir
13. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente
14. Imperfecto
15. Preterite
16. Car, gar, zar
17. Spock
18. cucaracha
19. Snake/snakeys
20. Comparatives/Superlatives
21. Futuro

3. Ar, Er, Ir
• Los verbos regulares en el presente
Ir-
Ar-
o amos o imos
as an Er-
es en
a o emos
e
Caminar- Es en
Camino Caminamos e
Comer- Vivir-
Caminas Caminan
Como Comemos Vivo Vivimos
Camina
Comes Comen Vives Viven
Come Vive

4. Stem Changers aka Boot verbs
• The verbs change in the root
• They do not change in the nosotros form or
the vosotros Pensar-
Penso
• E  ie
Pienso
• O ue
• U ue
Yo nosotros
Tú vosotros
El/ella/utd Ellos/Ellas/Utds

5. Irregulars -go -zco -yo
• The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the
yo form
Yo – Tengo
• “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer,
Yo – Hago
venir Yo - Vengo
• “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir
• y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, Yo - Conozco
Yo - Produzco
saber, dar Yo - Conduzco
Ser- Ir-
Soy Somos Voy Vamos
Eres Son Vas Van
Es Va

6. Saber Vs Conocer
• Both saber y conocer translate to the English
verb to know
• Both “yo” forms are irregular
Saber –
Conocer-
Sé sabemos
Conozco conocemos
Sabes saben
Conoces Conocen
Sabe
Conoce

7. Reflexives
• Brenda se lava- se is reflexive
• Reflexives also can be added on the end of an
infinitive. Such as…- Puedo verme en el espejo

8. ‘se impersonal
• pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make
general statements.
• ¿cómo se dice man en español?
• In English it translates to either “you say” or
“one says.”

9. Dipthongs w/accents
• Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a
word next to each other. *two
strong
• Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o. vowels
cannot be
• Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y. in the same
syllable
• puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.

10. Verbs like…Uir/Guir
Guir Uir
-Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t
-Yo form only changes from Gu to G
change.
-Conseguir
-Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y
consigo before o, e, and a endings
consigues
-atribuir
consigue
conseguimos atribuyo
consiguen atribuyes
atribuye
atribuimos
atribuyen

11. Verbs like…Cer/cir
• Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z
before the c in the yo form only.
• Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir
change the c to z in the yo form only.
• conducir = conduzco
• ejercer = ejerzo

12. Verbs like…Ger/gir
• Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j
in the yo form only.
• coger = cojo
• fingir = finjo

13. Hace +__+ que +
Present/Presentente
• The yo form is the only irregular
• Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen

14. Imperfecto
• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions
in the past that occurred repeatedly.
• Yo caminaba todo los días.
Ser- Ver- Er/Ir-
era veía ía
eras veías ías
Ir- Ar-
era veía ía
éramos veíamos aba
iba íamos
eran veían abas
ibas ían
aba
iba
ábamos
íbamos
aban
iban

15. Preterite
• “Snapshot” of time.
• Known beginning and or ending
• Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la
semana pasada ect…
É Í
Aste iste
ó ió
Amos imos
Aron ieron

16. Car, gar, zar
• Car qué
• Gar  qué
• Zar  cé
• * 1st person only “yo”

17. Spock
Hacer Dar/ver
Ir/ser
hice d/v - i
hiciste Fui d/v - iste
hizo Fuiste d/v - io
hicimos Fue d/v - imos
hicieron Fuimos d/v - ieron
Fueron

18. Cucaracha
Andar  anduv
Estar  estuv É
Poder  pud iste
Poner  pus O
Querer quis imos
Saber  sup ieron
Tener  tuv “j” verbs  i
Venir  vin
Conducir  conduj
Producir  produj
Traducir  traduj Eron
Traer  traj Eron
Decir  dij

19. Snake/Snakey
• Stem changers and Y changers
Dormir- Leer-
Dormi dormimos Leí leimos
Dormiste Leiste
Durmio Durmieron Leyó leyeron

20. Comparatives/Superlatives
Adjective Comparative Translation Superlative Translation
bueno good mejor que better el / la mejor the best
malo bad peor que worse el / la peor the worst
viejo old mayor que older el / la mayor the oldest
joven young menor que younger el / la menor the youngest

21. “Will factor”
El Futuro
• Infinitives & - É
Ás
Á
Emos Ir + a + infinitive
vivir = viviré Án (immediate future)
Decir- to say
Haber- there to be/to have
Hacer- to make do
Poder-to be able
Poner- to put,place,rest
Querer-to want, love
Saber- to know
Salir- to leave, go out
Tener-to have
Valer- to be worth
Venir- to come

22. Parte Dos

23. Pret/imp
Imperfect - words and phrases
Preterite - words and phrases indicate specific that are repetitive, vague or non-
time frames specific time frames
ayer (yesterday) cada día (every day)
anoche (last night) cada semana (every week)
esta mañana (this morning) cada mes (every month)
el otro día (the other day) cada año (every year)

24. Future/ conditional
Irregulars Conditional
Future
tener tendr-
venir vendr- Conditional Endings-
Future Endings
poner pondr- ía -íamos
-é -emos
salir saldr- -ías -íais
-ás -éis
saber sabr- -ía -ían
-á -án
poder podr-
English: They will eat with us. haber habr- English: They would eat with us
Spanish: Ellos comerán con nosotros. caber cabr- Spanish: Ellos comerían con nosotros
decir dir-
hacer har-
querer querr-

25. por
• 1) Used to indicate motion or general location
Around, through, along, by
• 2) Durations of an action
For, during, in
• 3) Reason or motion for an action
Because of, on account of, on behalf of
• 4) object of a search
For, in search of Por aqui - around here
• 5) means by which something is done Por ejemplo - for example
be, by way of, by means of Por eso - that’s why/ therefore
Por fin - finally
• 6) exchange or substitution
In exchange for
• 7) unit of measure
Per, by

26. por
• Portal – idea of passing through
• Portugal – general location
• “por”ever – how long something lasts
• Porpose – the case of something
• Import/export – an exchange
• Im por, pay for me – doing something in the
place of someone else
• Transportation – a means of transportation

27. para
• 1) Destination
toward, in direction of
• 2) dead line or specific time in the future
By, for
• 3) purpose or goal + infinitive
In order to
• 4) purpose + noun
For, used for
• 5) recipient of something
for
• 6) comparison with others or an opinion
For, considering
• 7)in the employ of
for

28. Para
• Surprise Paratay – for whom something is
done
• Paraguay – destination
• The purpose for which something is done
• Paradoname - to express an opinion
• Comparason - to contrast or compare
• Paramedic - to express the idea of a dead line

29. Por Por vs para
Para
• Approximate time or duration
(for, during, in, per) • A destination (for, to)
• Manner or means (by)
• Movement (along, through, by, • A purpose, goal, or
via, around) objective (for, by)
• Exchange (for, in exchange for)
• Cause, motivation, or benefit (for, • A point of view (for)
because of, on behalf of, for the
sake of) • A point of reference or
• Agent or cause of an action (by) comparison (for)
• Por ciento = percent, por hora =
per hour
• Para + infinitive = in order
• Por + infinitive = because of, for
to (verb)
reason of

30. Commands Usted (Formal
AR VERBS
e
IR/ER VERBS
a
form)
Ustedes (Plural
en an
form)
Infinitive Yo form Ud. Command Form
If the Yo form is
Salir Salgo Salga
irregular in the
Hacer Hago Haga Present Tense, it
Poner Pongo Ponga will be irregular
in the Formal &
Decir Digo Diga Plural command
Venir Vengo Venga form.
Infinitive Yo form Ud. Command Form
Estar Estoy Esté With verbs that
Dar Doy Dé end in "Y" in the Yo
Ser Soy Sea form as well as
Saber are very
Ir Voy Vaya irregular
Saber Sé Sepa

31. he
Pres. Perfects has
ha
Used with have, has, hemos
or had han
Juan ha pagado las cuentas.
Juan has paid the bills.
He comido. I have eaten.
Has comido. You have eaten.

32. Double Object Pronouns
Give it to me
Tell her it
Da-me-lo
Di-le-lo
da’melo
NO LELO!!
Di’sela
Ya nos lo dijeron. - They already told it to us.
Direct Object Pronouns
Véndamelos. - Sell them to me! and Indirect Object
Pronouns are placed
Se lo di a ella. - I gave it to her. either directly before a
conjugated verb or
attached to an
infinitive

33. Adverbs Some adverbs don’t always
get the –mente and need to
be memorized such as
Add –mente to
the end of a bastante
word to give it quite
the ly feeling demasiado
too
mal
Difícil = difícilmente badly
mucho
a lot
muy
very
nunca
never
peor
worse
poco
little
siempre
always

34. Subjunctive
Some common clauses that can
be found that associate with
subjunctive feelings The subjunctive is not a
a menos que ... tense; rather, it is a
unless ... mood. Tense refers to when
antes (de) que ... an action takes place (past,
before ... present, future),
con tal (de) que ... whilemood merely reflects
provided that ... how the speaker feels about
cuando ... the action. The subjunctive
when ... mood is rarely used in
conviene que ... English, but it is widely used
it is advisable that ... in Spanish.
después (de) que ...
after ...
dudar que ...
to doubt that ...
en caso de que ...
in case ...

35. Se impersonal
Used to avoid specifying
a person who is doing When using se the verb it is
the action of the verb always in 3rd person
1) Se vende fruta en la
fruteria 1) Aqui se habla espanol
Can be used in all tenses
1) Se hizo mucho
2) Se hara mucho
3) Se habia mucho

36. Progressive w/ ir andar seguir
• + ando/iendo/yendo
Ir • Is slowly but surely_____ing
• + ando/iendo/yendo
Andar • Is going around _____ing
Seguir • + ando/iendo/yendo
(e>i) • Is still _____ing