This document contains an outline of topics for a Spanish grammar book. It includes sections on present tense conjugations, stem changes, irregular verbs like ser and ir, saber vs conocer, reflexive verbs, the impersonal se, diphthongs with accents, similar verbs ending in -uir/-uir and -cer/-cir, the formula "hace + time + que", imperfect versus preterite tenses, irregular preterite verbs, comparative and superlative adjectives, the future tense, irregular future verbs, and common future trigger words.

1. LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA
ESPAÑOLA
Karina Bereszniewicz
7th period

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. Present (ar,er,ir)
4. Stem Changes
5. Irregular “Yo”
6. Saber vs. Conocer
7. Reflexives
8. “se” Impersonal
9. Dipthongs with „
10. Verbs like .. Uir/guir. Cer/cir.Ger/gir
11. Hace+___+que ___
12. Imperfecto
13. Preterite
14. Irregulars- car gar zar
15. Spock
16. snakey/snakeys
17.Trigger words

3. PRESENT (AR,ER,IR)
Irregular Present
For present tense of Ir: Estar: Ser: Dar:
a regular verb you Voy Estoy Soy Doy
change the ar/er/ir Vas Estas Eres Das
Va Esta Es Da
ending with the Vamos Estamos Somos Damos
corresponding Van Estan Son Dan
conjugation.
Ar
 Yo-o Er/ir
 Tu-as •Yo-o
•Tu-es
 Ud. El/ella- a
•Ud.el/ella-e
 Nosotros-amos •Nosotros-imos
 Uds.ellos/ellas-an •Uds.ellos/ellas-en

4. STEM CHANGES
 Have a stem change in all forms except for
nosotros.
• Cerrar→ Cierro, Cierras,
E→IE Cierra, Cerramos, Cierran
• Acoster→ Acuesto, Acuestes,
O→UE Acueste, Acostimos, Acuesten
• Pedir→ Pido, Pides, Pide,
E→I Pedimos, Piden

5. IRREGULAR “YO”
go‟ verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener.
 Ex: pongo
zco‟ verbs(cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducer
 Ex: conozco
Y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver
 Ex: soy

6. Saber vs. Conocer
•Both verbs mean “to know”
Saber Conocer
•To know a •To be familiar
with, to be
fact, acquainted, with
information, people,places,
or data and general
concepts

7. REFLEXIVES: REFLEXIVES ARE WHAT IS BEING
REFLECTED UPON.
Me Te Se Nos Se
• myself • yourself • Himself • ourselves • themselves
• Herself
• itself
Example: Lavarse- to wash
•Me lavo
•Te lavas
•Se lava
•Nos lavamos
•Se lavan

8. “SE” IMPERSONAL
There isn‟t anyone in
specific its referring to, it
means people in general.
Passive • Indicates what happened to the
Voice- subject of the sentence without
Se habla saying who or what carried out the
espanol action.
Reciprical • Indicate that action ismore subjects.
preformed on one or
being
action- Nos Like people doing something to or
vemos with each other.

9. DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS:
WHEN A STRONG AND WEAK VOWEL OR TWO WEAK
VOWELS COMBINE TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE.
Mas Mas
Esquiar
palabras Palabras
• Esquio • Continuar: • Puerto
• Esquias to continue • Siete
• Esquia • Graduarse: • Hay
• Esquiamos to graduate • Cuidad
• Esquian • hacia

10. VERBS LIKE: UIR/GUIR Y CER/CIR Y GER/GIR
Coger
• Cojo Conocer Conseguir
• Coges
• Conozco Decir • Consigo
• coge
• Conoces • Consigues
• Cogemos
• Conoce • Digo • Consigue
• cogen Atribuir
• Conocemo • Dices • Consigimos
s • Dice • Atribuyo • Consiguen
Exigir • Conocen • Decimos • Atribuyes
• Exijo • Dicen • Atribuye
• Exgiges • Atribumios
• Exige • Atribuyen
• Exigimo
s
• Exigen

11. HACE+ TIME+ QUE + PRESENT TENSE OF THE
VERB:
 This formula is used to show how long an action
was happening or the length of time an action took
place.
 Hace + dos anos+ que + trabajar a brusters=
Hace dos anos que trabaja a brusters.

12. IMPERFECT
 Ar
 Aba
 Abas
 Aba
 Abamos
 Aban
 Er/ ir
 Ia
 Ias
 Ia
 Iamos
 ian

13. PRETERITE
é í
 Past tense
 Known beginning/and or
aste iste
ending
 Snapshot of time
ó ío
Trigger words
 Ayer
 Anoche amos imos
 Anteayer
 La semana pasada
aron ieron
Esto es el preterite

14. LAS IRREGULARES (PRETERITE)
Car que
 Only in the you
 Car gar zar Gar gue
Que gue ce
Tocar- toqué Zar ce
Jugar- jugué
comenzar-comencé
Spock
 Hacer –ir ser- dar ver
 Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
 Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
 Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron
 Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron

15. CUCARACHA
Only the base of verb changes while preterit endings stay same
Andar anduve e
Estar estur iste
Poder pud io
Poner pus imos
Querer quis ieron
Saber sup eron
Tener tuv eron
Venir vin
If verb conjugation ends in a j drop the “I” in the ending if it
follows the j.
Conducir conduj
Producir produj
Traducir traduj
Traer traj
Decir dij

16. SNAKE/SNAKEY
Stem changers and y changers
Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the
usted and ustedes forms.
 Dormir leer
dormi dormimos lei leimos
Dormiste leiste
durmio durmiero leyo leyeron

17. TRIGGER WORDS
 Ayer=yesterday
 El otro dia=the other day
 El dia anterior=the day before
 Va a vez=one time
 Ayer por la mañana=yesterday morning
 El fin de samana passado=last weekend
 Entonces=then
 En ese memento=in that moment
 Hace dos dias=two days ago

18. COMPARITIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
 Mas que .. More than •Superlatives indicate that
 Menos que.. one person or thing is the
Less/fewer than best, most, least, or worst.
•noun + más or menos +
 Tan.. Come as..as
adjective
 Tanto como.. As
•Es la ciudad menos
much/many as interesante del mundo…It's
 Are the comparison of the least interesting city in
a person or thing to the world.
another thing. (more,
less, or as…as)

19. EL FUTURO
 Infinitive + é ás á emos an
 Vivir____
 Comer____
 Hablar____
 Will factor
 Just add the endings onto the ending a conjugation
needed
 Ir+a+ infinitive
 (immediate future)

20. IRREGULAR FUTURES
Decir-dir- to say
Haber-habr- there to be Infinitive + é
Poder-podr- to be able ás
á
Poner-pondr- to put,place,set emos
án
Querer-querr- to want, love
Saber-sabr- to know a fact,
Salir-saldr- to leave, go out
Tener- tendr- to have
Valer-valdr- to be worth
Venir-vendr-to come

21. TRIGGER VERBS
 Todos los dias
 Siempre
 A menudo
 Cada dia
 Generalmente
 Por lo general