This document provides a grammar guide in Spanish. It includes: 1) A table of contents outlining tenses and topics covered such as the present, future, imperfect, preterite, stem changers, reflexives, comparatives and superlatives. 2) Explanations and conjugations of verb tenses including the present, stem changers, irregular verbs, saber vs conocer, reflexives, impersonal se, diphthongs with accents, hace + time + que constructions, ger/gir and cer/cir verbs. 3) Discussions of the preterite tense triggers and irregular conjugations. 4) Descriptions of the imperfect tense,

1. Grammar Book
Cristina Coleman
1st period

2. Table of Contents!
1. Present Tense (ar/er/ir) 14. Future Tense (and irregular)
2 Stem Changers
3 Irregular „yo‟ verbs
4 Saber vs. Conocer
5 Reflexives
6 „Se‟ impersonal
7 Dipthongs with accents ?
8 Verbs Like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir
9 Hace + time + que + presente/preterite
10. Imperfecto
11. Preterite
(car/gar/zar, Spock, cucaracha, snakey), etc)
12. Comparatives
13. Superlatives

3. Presente -ar, -er, -ir
-ar
-er
I
o
o -ir
as o You
es
a es He/She/It
e
amos e We
emos
áis imos Them
éis
an ís
en You all
en

4. Stem changers
• Stem changing verbs change inside the boot.
e -> ie Perder -> Pierdo
e -> i Pedir -> Pido
o -> ue Dormir -> Duermo
u -> ue Jugar -> Juego

5. Irregulars -go, -zco, -oy
-Go -Zco -Oy
Ser
Oigo (oir)
(cer/cir) Estar
Hago (hacer) Conozco (conocer) Dar
Pongo (poner) Conducir Ver
Producir Saber

6. Saber vs. Conocer
Saber is used when you know facts.
- Names of books, music, titles, etc.
Conocer is used when you know people.
- Names, families, etc.

7. reflexives
• Me
• Te
• Se
• Nos
• Os
• Se
These can hook onto infinitives.
“El tiene que lavarse.”

8. 'se' impersonal
Se + verb (in 3rd person singular) + singular direct object
Ejemple: Se habla inglés en Inglaterra.
Se + verb (in 3rd person plural) + plural direct object
Ejemple: Se venden zapatos en las zapaterías.

9. Ser vs. Estar
SER Estar
‘ser’ refers to a permanent ‘estar’ refers to a temporary
condition, mood, or physical condition, mood, or physical
characteristic. appearance.
Conjugations:Conjugations:
SoyEstoy
EresEstás
EsEstá
SomosEstámos
SonEstán
“Me llamo Cristina! Soy de Atlanta.” “Estoy muy cansado.”
“El chico es muy estupido.” “Lorena estáhumilde y simpatica.”

10. Dipthongs with accents
• These are in the present tense.
•Work on this one!!!!!

11. hace + time + que + present tense

12. verbs like -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/gir
• uir/guir: in present tense, verbs ending in –uir have a ‘y’ except for ‘nos’
and ‘vos’.
Constuyo
Construyes
Construye
Construimos
Construis
Construyen
Ger-Gir
In present tense, ‘yo’ switches from ‘g’ to ‘j’.
Cojo
Coges
Coge
Cogemos
Cogeis
Cogen

13. Preterite
• Known beginning and/or end.
• Past tense
• “snapshot” of time.
• E I
• Aste Iste
• O Io
• Amos Imos
• Aron ieron

14. Regular Conjunctives

15. irregular conjunctive

16. Imperfecto!
• Imperfecto is a form of
past-tense.
• -AR imperfect.
• -ER/IR Imperfect
• Aba
• Ía
• Ábamos
• íamos
• Abas
• Ías
• Abais
• ías
• Aba
• Ía
• Aban
• Ían

17. Preterite : car/gar/zar
Car Gar Zar
Qué Gué Cé
Aste Gaste Aste
Ó Ó Ó
Amos Amos Amos
Asteis Asteis Asteis
Aron Aron Aron
These only change in first person!

18. Preterite: Spock Verbs
Ir/Ser Dar/Ver Hacer
Fui D/V I Hice
Fuiste D/V iste Hiciste
Fue D/V io Hizo
Fuimos D/V imos Hicimos
Fueron D/V ieron Hicieron

19. Cucarachas
-é
Andar : anduv-
-iste Estar : estv-
Poder : pud-
-o Poder : Pus-
-imos Querer : Quis-
Saber : Sup-
-ieron Tener : Tuv-
-(“I” verbs -i) Venir : vin-
Conducir : conduj-
Producir : produj-
Traducir : traduj-
Decir : dij-
Traer : traj-

20. Preterite: Snakes & Snakey
• Snakes and Snakeys are in the past tense.
• Snakeys are used when three vowels are in a
row. You replace ‘i’ with ‘y’.

21. trigger words
• Words that elude to the use of a preterite
term.
• ayer
• anoche “Ayer, yo comí muchas fresas para la cena.”
• anteayer
• la semana pesada
• cada dia

22. Comparatives:
used to compare one thing to another.
Equality: ‘tan’ + adjective/adverb + como Tan = so
Inequality: mas/menos + adj/adv/noun + que
Tanto = so much
*When using numbers, use ‘de’, not ‘que’.
Tantos/as = so many

23. Superlatives
El/la/los/las + Esta es la mujer
Noun + Mas
Adjective + Bonita
De = De todas

24. El Futuro.
• Ir + a + infinitive =
-é
the immediate -ás
future! -á
– “Voy a caminar”- -emos
I’m going to walk”. -án
However, if you “will” do something, there’s a selection of endings
that refer to the future.
“Simpre te amaré.” = I will always love you.

25. Irregular Future
• Decir Dir- to say
• Haber Habr- to be, to have (helping verb)
• Hacer Har- to make, do
• Poder Podr- to be able
• Poner Pondr- to put, place, set
• Querer Querr- to want, love
• Saber Sabr- to know a fact, how
• Salir Saldr- to leave, go out
• Tener Tendr- to have
• Valer Valdr- to be worth
• Venir Vendr- to come

26. Preterite vs. Imperfect (not yet)