The document provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics including: - Verb tenses such as imperfect, preterite, future, conditional, modal verbs, progressives. - Irregular verb forms for common verbs. - Uses of tenses to denote ongoing past actions vs single past events. - Adverbs and how to form them from adjectives. - Commands and how to make them formal or informal. - Comparatives and superlatives. - Prepositions and when to use "de". - Demonstratives such as este, ese, aquel and their uses.

2.  Imperfects/Irregular  Adverbios
Imperfects › Irregular averbios
 Preterites  Progressives
 Irrugular Preterites › Present
› Car/Gar/Zar › Past
› Spock Verbs  Future
› Cucaracha › Irregular Future
› Snake/Snakey  Conditional
 Modal Verbs  Deber and Soler
 Adverbios  Formal Commands
› Irregular Averbios  Superlatives
 Progressives  Prepositions
› Present
 Demonstratives
› Past

3. Only Regular
Imperfect Verbs.
AR ER/IR
- aba Yo - ía
- abas Tú - ías
- aba Usted - ía Examples:
- ábamos Nostrosos - íamos Todos los días yo
hablaba
- abais Vostoros - íais Everyday I talk.
- aban Ustedes - ían Cuando era una
niña, montaba los
 Uses cabollos.
When I was a little
› Ongoing past tense action girl, I rode horses.
› Repeated action
› No definite beginning or end
 Like a film not just a single snap shot
› Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions

4.  Have the same uses!
 3 irregular verbs are ir, ser, and ver.
Ir Ser Ver
• iba • era • veía
• ibas • eras • veías
• iba • era • veía
• íbamos • éramos • veíamos
• ibais • erais • veíais
• iban • eran • veían

5. Tigger words
Endings for Preterite:
Ayer yesterday
AR ER/IR A noche at night
-é Yo -í El año pasado
last year
- aste Tú - iste La semana
-ó Usted - ió passado
Last week
- amos Nostrosos - imos Ante ayer
before
- aran Ustedes - ieron yesterday
 Uses
› Simple happened and its over action; a
definite time in the past
› Has a beginign and or ending
› It’s a single snapshot in time
› Example
• The boy fell and broke his leg. It
happened at that single point in time.

6. Comenzar
comencé comenzamos
comenzaste ________
Jugar comenzó comenzaron
jugué jugamos
jugaste _______
Tocar
jugó jugaron
toqué tocamos
tocaste _______  Rule: A spelling change in only
tocó tocaron
the first person; this is done to
keep the sound the word is
supposed to have.
Example Tocar
Tocé - the e sound makes the c soft when it is supposed
to be hard
So we spell it toqué to keep the c hard
Example Jugar
Jugé – the g is soft but should be hard
Jugué - the g is now hard

7. di/vi
diste/viste
dio/vio
dimos/vimos fui
dieron/vieron fuiste
fue
fuimos
fueron
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicmos
hicieron

8. ANDAR anduv-
ESTAR
PODER
estuv-
pud-
-e
PONER pus-
QUERER quis- -iste
SABER sup-
TENER tuv- -o
VENIR vin-
DECIR dij-
-imos
TRAER traj-
-ieron
CONDUCIR conduj- -i For “J” verbs, drop the “i”
PRODUCIR produj-
for the ustedes form
TRADUCIR traduj- Ex. Traer Trajeron

9.  Snakey
 Leer
 Snake Leí Leimos
Leiste --------
 Dormir
Leyó Leyeron
Dormí Durmió
Dormiste -------
Durmió Durmieron  The “i” changes to
an “y” in third
person.
 The “o” changes to
a “u” in third person

10. ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
poder + infinitive (are able to do something)
querer + infinitive (want to do something)
deber + infinitive (should do something)
* Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to
get a new meaning.

11.  Formed by adding –mente to the female singular form of
the adjective
› Like adding –ly to adjectives in English
Adjective Feminine Form Adverb
Claro Clara Claramente
Dificil Dificil Dificilmente
 When two adverbs modify the same verb only the second
adverb gets -mente added to it. Both adverbs get
changed to the feminine form.
› El chico el habló clara y cortésmente.
 Irregular Averbs:
› Mucha –lot Tan-so
› Muy- very Demaslado-too
› Mal- bad Peor-worse
› Bastanto – quite/enough Siempre-always
› Bien-good
› Ya-already

12.  Past
Estar + -ando -iendo -yendo
Conjugate ar er/ir Double
in the vowels
 Present imperfect
› Present and doing it
right now; in the Example: Estaba
moment hablando a ti
 Ex. I am talking to my aunt
 Formula - I was talking to my
aunt
Estar + -ando -iendo -yendo
Conjugate ar er/ir Double
vowels
 Example: Estoy
hablando a ti Hablar -> drop
the ar then add
Estar -> estoy
ando

13. Irregulars
Decir -> dir –
-é Hacer -> har –
-é
Poner -> pondr – -ás
-ás Salir -> saldr – -á
Tener -> tendr –
Valer -> vendr
-á Poder -> podr
-emos
 Infinitive + Querer -> querr -éis
-emos Saber -> sabr -án
-éis
-án
**Endings are the same for
ar/er/ir verbs

14.  The conditional tense is used to express
probability in the future tense.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs
in the conditional, simply add one of the
following to the infinitive:
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

15. Remember you can put
a pronoun in front of the
conjugated deber so
 Use deber to say what attach it to the infinitive
people should so. The
conjugated form of
deber is followed by an
infinitive (what they  Use soler to say you used
should be doing) to do something.
Followed by an infinitive
debo debemos  Conjugate it in the past
tense form (imperfect or
debes debéis preterite)
debe deben
 Example: Solía ordernar
 Examples: Debo barrer el las flores.
suelo I used to arrange the
I should sweep the floor flowers
› Debe limpar la cocina
He should take out the
trash

16.  Put the verb into the “yo” form
 Change to opposite vowel
› -ar verbs change endings to e
Affimative
› -er/-ir verbs change ending to a
 Irregulars: TVDISHES
› See below!
*DOP and IOP can attach
to comand
Negative
 Same as above
*DOP and IOP can not attach
Tenga- Venga- De- Veya- Sea- Haga- Esteé- Sepa-

17. **Be sure
the
adjectives
matches
 The Most  The Least the noun in
› el más… › el menos… both
› los “ “ … or … › los “ “ gender
and
› la “ “ › la “ “ number
› las “” › las “ “
When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality.
To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the
article **
example: Luis es el chico más alto.
Luis is the tallest boy
When you use an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo
Irregulars: el/la mejor(best) el/la poer(worst)el/la
meyor(oldest) el/la menor(youngest)

18. Use de only when a specific
location follows the expression
Cerca (de) Abajo
-Near Entre -Below
Delante (de) -Between Arriba
-Before A la izquierda (de) -Up
A la derecha (de) -To the left Debajo (de)
-To the right Al lado (de) -Below
Detrás (de) -To the side Dentro (de)
-Behind Lejos (de) -Inside
Encime (de) -Far Fuera (de)
-Above -Out/Outside

19. The “t”
is near
me
SM SF PM PF
THIS Este Esta Estos Estas •Aqui
THAT Ese Esa Esos Esas
THAT Aquel Aqualla Aquellos Aquellas
•Allí
OVER
YONDER •Allá
 Eso, esto, aquello are nueter – refer to situations or
ideas, not to specific nouns
 Accent marks denotes pronoun which takes a place
of a noun
 All demonstratives always agree in gender and
number of the noun it modifies
 Comes in front of the noun they modify

20. FIN