This document provides a table of contents and overview of key grammatical concepts in Spanish, including: verb conjugations for regular and irregular verbs, uses of por vs para, stem changers, reflexive verbs, the imperfect and preterite tenses, comparatives and superlatives, commands, and an introduction to the subjunctive mood. It serves as a reference guide for students to learn essential grammar structures in Spanish.

1. Libra de gramatica
CARMELTIA HUSKINS

2. Table of Contents
 Present
 Stem Changers
 Irregular “yo”
 Saber vs. Conocer
 Reflexives
 “Se” Impersonal
 Diphthongs with accents
 Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
 Hace + Time + Que + Presente
 Imperfect
 Preterite
 Spock Verbs
 Cockroach Verbs
 Snake/Snakey
 Comparatives/ Superlatives
 El Futuro
 Commands
 Por
 Para
 Por vs. Para
 Present Perfect
 Double Object Pronouns
 Adverbs
 Subjunctive
 Se Impersonal
 Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)

3. Present
To use the present tense of a regular verb, replace the ar/er/ir ending with a
conjugated ending .
“Ar” “Er”
Yo- O Yo- O
Tu- As Tu- Es
Ud. El/ella – A Ud. El/ella- E
Nosotros- Amos Nosotros- imos
Uds. Ellos/ as- Uds. Ellos/ as-
An En

4. Stem Changers
All stems change except for Nosotros
O -> UE
E -> IE E -> I
Pensar Poder Pide
-Pienso -Puedo -Pido
-Piensas -Puedes -Pides
-Piensa -Puede -Pide
-Pensamos -Podemos -Pedimos
-Piensan -Pueden -Piden

5. Irregular “Yo”
Irregular verbs that the yo form is different from the rest

6. Saber vs. Conocer
Both mean “to know” something.
Saber
-Se
-Sabes
-Sabe
-Sabemos
Saben
Conocer
-Conozco
-Conoces
-Conoce
-Conocemos
-Conocen

7. Reflexives
What the action is being reflected upon.
Acostarse: To go to bed
-Me Acosto
-Te Acostas
-Se Acosta
-Nos Acostamos
Llamarse: To be called -Se Acostan
Levantarse: To get up
Ponerse: To put on
Cansarse: To get tired
Sentarse: To sit down

8. “Se” Impersonal
Not one specific thing or person is being specified. Very general.

9. Diphthongs with Accents
When a weak and a strong vowel or two weak vowels combine to create a single syllable.

10. Verbs like… uir/guir, cer/cir, and ger/gir

11. Hace + Time + Que + Present tense
 This is used to show the length of
time that an action took place.

12. Imperfect : This action has not been completed. There is no definite end
or beginning. Like a continuous movie.
 Trigger words
 Nunca – Never
 A veces – Sometimes
 Todo el Tiempo – all of the time

13. El Preterito
 Past Tense
 Has a known beginning and/or ending
 Snapshot of time
Trigger Words
*Ayer
*Anoche
*Anteayer E I
*la semana pasada Aste Iste
O Io
Amos Imos
Aron Ieron

14. Irregulares
-Car -Gar -Zar
Que Gue Ce
Only for the yo form.
Make sure that all
spellings have an
accent mark on the e.

15. Spock
Dar
Di
Ser S
D diste
Fui e
a V Dio
Fuiste I r r Dimo
e s
Fue r Diero
r
Fuimos n
s
Fuistei
Fueron
Ir er Hacer
c
Fui Ha Hice
Fuiste Hiciste
Fue Hizo
Fuimos Hicimos
Fueron Hicieron

16. Cucaracha Verbs
 Andar anduve
 Conducir* conduje
 Decir* dije
 Estar estuve
 Hacer hice
 Poner puse
 Poder pude
 Querer quise
 Saber supe
 Tener tuve
 Traer* traje
 Venir vine

17. Snake / Snakey
 Snake = E to I
 Ex. Pedir, Venir
 Snake = O to U
 Morir
 Snakey = O to Y
 Ex. Oir
 Snakey = E to Y
 Creer

18. Comparatives and Superlatives
 Expresses differences and comparisons
Menos + Adj + Que Mas + Adj + Que

19. El Futuro
 Infinitive + E, As, Emos, An
 Vivire – Yo Vivire
 Immediate Future = Ir + a + Infinitive
Trigger Words
La semana
Proxima
Pasado Ano
Manana
Ano

20.  Decir dir- to say
 Hacer har- to make/ do
 Haber hab- to have
 Poder podr- to put, place, set
 Querer querr- to love
 Saber sabr- to leave , go out
Infinitive
 Tener tendr- to have
E
 Valer valdr- to be worth As
A
 Venir vendr- to come Emos
An

21. Por
 Unit of measure
 Per, by
 Exchange or substitution
 In exchange for
 Object of a search
 Means by which something is done
 By, By way of, by means of
 Reason or motive for an action
 Because of, on account of, on behalf of
 Duration of an action
 During, In
 Motion or general location
 Around, through, along, by

22. Para
 Who someone works for
 Recipient of something
 Comparison with others or an opinion
 Considering
 Purpose + Noun
 For, used for
 Purpose – Goal + Infinitive
 In order to
 Destination – Towards, In the direction of
 Deadline – Specific time in the future
 By, For

23. Por vs. Para
 Both mean for but are not interchangeable!
Para Por

24. Present Perfect
 Haber + -Ado or – Ido
 He Habia, Has Habias, Ha Habia, Hemos Habiamos, Hand Habian
 Irregulars
 Abrir – Abierto
 Cubir – Cubierto
 Decir – Dicho
 Escribir – Escrito
 Hacer – Hecho
 Morir – Muerto Sing to the tune of
 Poner – Puesto Twinkle Twinkle
 Resolver – Resuelto Little Star
 Romper – Roto
 Ver – Visto
 Volver – Vuelto
 Ir - Ido

25. Double Object Pronouns
 Verbo + Indirect Object Pronoun + Direct Object Pronoun
 Damelo! – Give it to me!
 Dimelo! - Tell me it!
 Give him the present
 Da le (se) DOP

26. Adverbs
 -mente = -ly
 Slowly, Quickly, Readily
 Changing an adverb that ends with an “o”
 Change “o” to “a” and and –mente
 Rapido – Rapidamente : Tranquilo – Tranquilamente
 For others…
 Just add –mente when ending with a consonant
 Facil – Facilmente : Frequente – Frequentemente
 Irregular Adverbs
 Bastante- Bad
 Demasiando – Too
 Mal – Badly
 Peor – Worse
 Siempre - Always

27. Subjunctive
Indicative Subjunctive
Facts Attitudes
Real Uncertain
Definite Hypothetical
Main Clause + Connector + Subordinate Clause
W- Wish, Want
E- Emotion
Es muy importante que aprendas el subjectivo
D-Doubt (no creer)
D- Denial Impersonal Expressions
I- Impersonal Expressions Es bueno que…
N- non-Existing Es mejor que…
G- God (Ojala) Guest Ojala que…
Es malo que…
Es necesario que…
Es urgente que…

28. Subjunctive Cont.
Sw
itc
ht
oo
 Regular Present Subjunctive- Hablar pp
osi
te
 Hable, Hables, Hable, Hablemos, Hablen vow
el
 Irregular Yo
 Conducir (zco) Conduzca
Ir Stem Changers
Pedir – e:i Pida, Pidamos
Sentir – e:ie Sienta
Dormir – o:ue Duerma, Duermas, Dueran

29. Progressives (ir, andar, seguir)