This document provides an outline of grammar topics for learning Spanish. It includes 35 sections covering grammar concepts like verb tenses, irregular verbs, object pronouns, comparatives, por vs para, and the subjunctive mood. The document also includes examples and explanations of certain grammar rules and conjugations.

1. By: Taciana Key

2. 1. Title page
24. Preterite vs. Imperfect
2. Tabla de Contenidos
25. Future vs. Conditional
3. Present tense
26. Por
4. Ser vs. Estar
27. Para
5. Stem changers
28. Por vs. Para
6. Irregular “yo”
29. Commands
7. Saber vs. Conocer
30. Present Perfect Tense
8. Reflexives
31. Present Perfect Irregulars
9. “Se” Impersonal
32. Double Object Pronouns
10. Verbs like Gustar
33. Adverbs
11. Dipthongs with accents
34. Subjunctive
12. Verbs like Uir/Guir; Cer/Cir; Ger/Gir
35. Progressive w/Ir, Andar, & Seguir
13. Hacer Expressions
14. Imperfecto
15. Preterite
16. Los Irregulares Preterite (Car/Gar/Zar)
17. Cucaracha verbs
18. Spock verbs
19. Snake/Snakey
20. Comparatives
21. Superlatives
22. El Futuro
23. El Futuro Irregulares

3.  Touse present tense change the ar/er/ir
ending to the following conjugation:
Yo- o Nosotros- Yo- o Nosotros-
amos imos
Tu- as Tu- es
El/Ella/Ust Ellos/Ellas/ Yo- o Nosotros- El/Ella/Ust Ellos/Ella/
ed- a Ustedes- emos/imos ed- e Ustedes-
an Tu- es en
El/Ella/Ust Ellos/Ella/
ed- e Ustedes-
en

4. e=>ie
• Quiero
• Quieres
• Quiere Everthing
• Queremos
changes
Querer • Quieren
except in
e=>I •
•
•
Pido
Pides
Pide
nosotros
form!
• Pedimos
Pedir • Piden
o=>ue •
•
•
Duermo
Duermes
Duerme
• Dormimos
Dormir • Duermen
u=>ue •
•
•
Juego
Juegas
Juega
• Jugamos
Jugar • Juegan

5. 
U
O
IE
EE
t
These verbs will change its
conjugation in the “yo” form.
• Hacer-haigo • Recoger-recojo
• Decir-digo • Escojer- escojo
-Go
G-J
verbs
C-Z C-ZC
• Ejercer-ejerzo • Conoce-
• Cocer-cuezo conozco
• Obedecer-
obedezco

7. Saber:
expresses Conocer: to
knowledge of express
information knowing or
about being familiar
something with someone

8.  Reflects action of the verb back to the
subject.
 Pronouns: me, te, se, nos, se
Ex- Me rasco el brazo - (I scratch my arm)
Ex- Te rascas el brazo – (You scratch your arm)
Ex- Se rasca el brazo – (He/She scratches his/her arm)
Ex- Nos rascamos los brazos – (We scratch our arms)
Ex- Se rascan los brazos – (They scratch their arm)

9.  We use the impersonal “se” to get around
specifying the person doing the action.
 Using “se” impersonal is always used in the
3rd person.
 Example:
 Se nadar bien en el lago
 One swims well in the lake.
 Can be used in all tenses
 Se hizo mucho
 Se hara mucho
 Se habia hecho

10. Yo (Me) Encantar
Tu (Te) Fascinar – to be
fascinating to
Mi amigo/a (Le) Molestar – to be a bother
Mi amigos/as (Les) Faltar – to be lacking
something
Usted (Le) Parecer – to appear to
be
Ustedes (Les) Disgustar – to hate
something
Nosostros (Nos) Importar – to be
important to

11.  Combination of two vowel sounds to make a
strong syllable.
 Made up of weak and strong vowels
 Usually i, y, & u are weak vowels and a ,e ,& o are
strong
AI: UE: UA:
Baile Puesto Guatemala
dance post (country)

12.  Changes in the “yo” form
Dirigir – to direct Recoger – to pick up
Dirijo Dirigimos Recojo Recogemos
Diriges Recoges
Dirige Dirigen recoge Recogen
Extinguir – to extinguish Reconstruir – to reconstruct
Extingo Extinguimos Reconstruyo Reconstruimos
Extingues Reconstruyes
extingue extinguen Reconstruye Reconstruyen
Convencer – to convince Decir – to say/ tell
Convenzo Convencemos Digo Decimos
Convences Dices
Convence Convencon Dice Dicen

13.  Use this equation to express time
 Ex- Hace dos dias que bebo kool-aid.
 Two days ago I drink kool- aid.

14.  No definite beginning or ending
 Uncompleted action in the past
Ar-
aba abamos
Trigger Words: abas abias
 Nunca(never) aba aban
 A veces(sometimes) Er/Ir-
ia iamos
 Todo a tiempo(all the time)
ias iais
 A menudo(often) ia ian

15. -ar -er/ir
e i
aste iste
o io
amos imos
 Pasttense aron ieron
 Known beginning and or ending
 “snapshot” of time
Trigger Words:
 Ayer (yesterday)
 Anoche (last night)
 Anteayer (day before yesterday)
 La semana pasada (last week)

16.  Car/gar/zar- change the “yo” form to
que/gue/ce
Jugar
• Jugue
• Jugaste
Tocar • Jugo Comenzar
• Jugamos
• jugaron • Comence
• Toque
• Comenzaste
• Tocaste
• Comenzo
• Toco
• Comenzamos
• Tocamos
• comenzaron
• tocaron

17. • Hice
• Hiciste
Hacer • Hizo
• Hicimos
• Hicieron
Ser
• fui
Ir & • Fuiste
• Fue
Ser • Fuimos
• fueron
•Di
Dar
•Dio
•diste
•Dimos
•dieron
•Vi
Ver
•Viste
•Vio
•Vimos
•vieron

18. Andar Anduve-
Estar Estuve-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
-e -imos
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin- -iste -isteis
Conducir Conduj- -o -ieron
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij- Take off the “I”
Traer Traj-

19.  Dormir
 Dormi
 Dormimos
 Dormiste
 Durmio
 Leer
 Dumieron
 Lei
 Leimos
 Leiste
 Leyo
 Leyeron

20. :comparison of one thing to another
using (more, less, or as…as)
 Mas/menos + adj + que
adv *If using a number you use “de”
instead of “que”.
noun
 Me acuesto mas tarde que tu
 I go to bed later than you
 To use equality use:
 Tan- so
 Tanto- so much
 Tantos/as- so many Adjective Comparative
Bueno Mejor
Malo Peor
Grande mayor
Pequeno menor

21. :indicates the noun that is least, worst,
most, or best of all.
 Definite article + noun + mas/menos + adj + de
 Miguel es el chico mas inteligente de la clase
 Michael is the smartest boy in the class.
Adjective Superlative
Bueno El/la mejor
Malo El/la peor
Grande El/la meyor
Pequeno El/la menor

22. e
as
a
 Infinitive + ending emos
 Ex: vivir – vivire an
 Comer – comere
 Hablar – hablare
 Caminar - caminare
Ir + a + infinitve ( the immediate future)

23.  Decir – dir
 Haber – habr
 Hacer – har
 Poder – podr
e
 Poner – pondr as
 Querer – querr Infinitive + a
 Saber – sabr emos
 Salir – saldr an
 Tener – tendr
 Valer – valdr
 Venir - vendr

24.  Preterite: past tense for an action with a
known beginning and or ending.
 Imperfect: uncompleted action in the past
without a known beginning or ending.

25. é
ás
 Future is used to tell á
Decir – dir
what will happen. Haber – habr emos
Hacer – har
 Conditional is used to Poder – podr
án
tell what would, should, Poner – pondr
Querer – querr
or could happen. Saber – sabr
 Ar, Er, and Ir use the Salir – saldr
same endings. Tener – tendr
Valer – valdr ía
 Use the same irregular Venir - vendr
stem from the future ías
with the conditional. ía
íamos
ían

26.  Portal- the idea of passing through
 Portugal- general rather than specific location
 “Por”ever- how long something lasts
 Porpose- the cause of something
 Import/Export- an exchange
 I‟m por, pay for me- doing something in place of or
instead of someone else
 Transportation- a means of transportation

27.  Surpriseparatay- for whom something is done
 Paraguay- destination
 The purpose for which something is done
 Paragotive- to express an opinion
 Comparason- to contrast or compare
 Paramedic- to express the idea of a deadline

28. *they are not interchangeble
 “Para” expresses:
 Destination
 Deadline or specific time in future
 Purpose or goal + infinitive
 Recipient for something
 Comparison with others or an opinion
 In the employ of
 “Por” used to indicate:
 Motion or general location
 Duration of an action
 Reason or motive for an action
 Means by which something is done
 Exchange or substitution
 Unit of measure

29.  Tu affirmative (+)-
 Drop the „s‟
 Tu negative (-)-
 Put in the „Yo‟ form & change to opp. verb, the
add an „s‟
 Ud./Uds. (+/-)-
 Put in the „Yo‟ form & change to opp. verb

30.  Thistense is frenquently used for past actions
that continue to affect the person in the He
present. Has
Ha
Hemos
Han

31.  Abrir- abierto
 Cubrir- cubierto
 Decir- dicho
 Escribir- escrito
 Hacer- hecho
 Morir- muerto
 Poner- puesto
 Resolver- resuelto
 Romper- roto
 Ver- visto
 Volver- vuelto
 Ir- ido

32. *You typically *If “l” occurs before
place it either both the indirect and
direct object pronoun,
directly before or change the indirect to
attached to an “se”
infinitive.
The order of the sentence would have the indirect object
before the double object pronoun.
 Subject + Indirect object pronoun + Direct object
pronoun + Verb
IOP:
Example: me, te, el, le, nos, os,
Yo me la quiero les
comprar DOP:
“I want to buy it for me, te, él, lo, la, nos,
myself” os, los, las

33.  To form an adverb: If the adjective you wan
to change into an adverb ends in any other
letter (besides O) you just add –mente to the
end. (The accent mark stays if there is one)
 Example:
 Frecuente – frequentemente *Adverbs that don‟t
 General - generalmente follow the same
pattern:
Bastante-quite
Demasiado-too
Mal-badly
Mucho-a lot
Muy-very
Nunca-never
Peor-worse
Poco-little
Siempre-always

34. *Not a tense
but a mood.
 Subjunctive mood: used to state attitudes,
uncertain, hypothetical.
 Impersonal expressions: Es bueno que, es
malo que, es necesario que, es mejor que, es
importante que, es urgente que, es ojala, 5 Irregular Verbs
que
Estar Saber
Conjugation :
Ar • -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en Dar Ser
Er & Ir • -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Ir