This document provides an overview of key grammar topics in Spanish, including: 1) The imperfect vs. preterite tenses and how they refer to ongoing vs. single actions in the past. 2) The future and conditional tenses and how one indicates something that will happen and one expresses conditionality. 3) The uses of the prepositions "por" and "para". 4) How to form commands in Spanish for different subjects. 5) How the present perfect tense is formed using the past participle and auxiliary verbs. 6) The uses of se impersonal expressions. 7) How to express progressive actions using the verbs ir, andar, and seguir.

1. Grammar
Book Part 2
Raquel Hynes

2. Table of Contence
 Imperfect vs. Preterite
 Future vs. Conditional
 Por
 Para
 Por vs. Para
 Commands
 Present Perfect
 Double Object Pronouns
 Adverbs
 Subjunctive
 Se Impersonal
 Progressive w/ ir, andar, and suguir

3. Imperfect vs. Preterite
Refers to ONE
A continuous action
specific event or
in the past!
ER/IR time in the past!
AR AR
ia iamos Er/Ir
ab abam
e amos
i imos
a os iais
abas abais ias aste asteis
iste isteis
ab aban ia ian o aron
a io ieron
Ser ver ir
Ser & Ir Dar Hacer
•era •veia •iba
•fui •di •hice •Eras •Veias •Ibas
•Fuiste •Diste •Hiciste' •Era •Veia •Iba
•Fue •Dio •Hizo •Eramos •Veiamos •Ibamos
•Fuimos •Dimos •Hicimos •Erias •Veiais •Ibais
•Fuisteis •Disteis •Hicisteis •eran •veian •iban
•Fueron •dieron •hicieron

4. Future vs. Conditional
What WILL happen in Something will happen
the future “conditionally” (would or
could)
Verb Stem
e emos ia iamos
Change
Decir Dir ias
as
Hacer Har ia ian
a an
Poner Pondr
Salir Saldr
Tener Tendr
venir Vendr
Poder Podr
Querer Querr
Saber Sabr
Valer Valdr

5. Por
 to express gratitude
 apology
 for multiplication
 for division
 meaning through, along, by or in the area
of.
 Regarding exchange (dealing with money
and numbers)
 to express a length of time
 for means of communication or
transportation
 to express cause or reason

6. Para
to indicate destination
to show the use or purpose of a
THING
 in order to or for the purpose of
 to express a deadline
(paramedics)

7. Por vs. Para
Por
• to express gratitude Para
• apology • to indicate destination
• for multiplication • to show the use or purpose of
• for division a THING
• meaning • in order to or for the purpose
through, along, by or in the of
area of. • to express a deadline
• Regarding exchange (paramedics)
(dealing with money and
numbers)
• to express a length of time
• for means of
communication or
transportation
• to express cause or reason

8. Commands
Tu Affirmative Ud./Uds. Affirmative
•drop the „s‟ •put it in the yo form and change
•Irregulars: the opposite vowel
•Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven •Irregulars:
•TVDISHES
Tu Negative Ud./ Uds. Negative
•put it in yo form and change the •same as above
to opposite vowel, add an „s‟ •Irregulars
•Irregulars: •TVDISHES
•TVDISHES
Nosotros
•Make same as Ud./Uds.
•Irregulars:
•TVDISHES
•Don‟t forget about. monkey verbs

9. Present Perfect
• Take the past participle and combine it with the auxiliary verbs:
has or have
He Hemos
Has
Ha Han
Drop the infinitive
- Ar add –ado
- Ir add –ido

10. Direct Object Pronouns
Me Me
Le lo = se lo
You Tu Le la = se la
(familiar)
Le los= se los
Le las = se las
Him, her,
it, you
Lo, la, el Les lo = se lo
Les la = se la
Les lo = se los
Us Nos Les las = se las
You all
Os The direct object answer who
(familiar)
or what. The pronoun that
takes place of the direct
Them, you
all (formal)
Los, las object makes the sentence
more simple and easy to say.

11. Adverbs
Adverbs are usually formed by adding the ending –mente to the
singular feminine form of the adjective.
Spanish English
Muy very
Nunca never
Peor Worse
Poco Little
Mal Badly
Mucho A lot
Siempre always

12. Subjunctive
verb Stem change
conducir Condusca
Decir Diga Wish
oir Oiga God and
Emotion
Guesses
dar De
Estar Este
saber Sepa
WEDDING
ser Sea Negotiation
and non- Denial
existing
hacer haya
Es importante que
Impersonal
Es necesario que Doubt
Expression
Es posible que
Es probable ques
Ojala que

13. Se impersonal
•Used to avoid specifying a person who is
doing the action of the verb. To specify as
“you”; :however not you specifically.

14. Progressive w/ Ir, Seguir, andar
•+ando/iendo/yendo
Ir •Slowly but surely _____-ing
•+ando/iendo/yendo
andar •Is going around _____-ing
•+ando/iendo/yendo
Seguir •Is still _____=ing