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3. Presente -ar –er –ir
4. Stem Changers
5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo
6. Saber vs conocer
7. Reflexives
8. ‘se’ impersonal
9. Dipthongs
10. Verbs like…Uir/guir
12. Verbs like…Cer/cir
13 Verbs like…Ger/gir
14. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente
15.Imperfecto
      Los verbos regulares en el presente
                                                 Ir-
      Ar-
      o          amos                            o       imos
      as         an        Er-
                                                 es      en
      a                    o        emos
                                                 e
Caminar-                   Es       en

Camino      Caminamos      e
                        Comer-              Vivir-
Caminas     Caminan
                        Como     Comemos    Vivo       Vivimos
Camina
                        Comes    Comen      Vives      Viven

                        Come                Vive
 The verbs change in the root
 They do not change in the nosotros form or
  the vosotros
 E  ie
 O ue      Pensar- Yo        nosotros
 U ue      Penso   Tú        vosotros
            Pienso   El/ella/utd   Ellos/Ellas/Utds
Yo – Tengo
                                                Yo – Hago
                                                Yo - Vengo
 The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the
  irregulars in the yo form
 “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer,
  tener, traer, venir
 “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir,
  conducir                               Yo - Conozco
                                             Yo - Produzco
 y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver,
                                             Yo - Conduzco
saber, dar
           Ser-          Ir-
              Soy    Somos   Voy   Vamos
              Eres   Son     Vas   Van
              Es             Va
 Both saber y conocer translate to the
  English verb to know
 Both “yo” forms are irregular


Conocer-               Saber –
Conozco                Sé   sabemos
     conocemos         Sabes
Conoces                     saben
     Conocen           Sabe
Conoce
 Brenda se lava- se is reflexive
 Reflexives also can be added on
  the end of an infinitive. Such as…-
  Puedo ver me en el espejo
 pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make
  general statements.
 ¿cómo se dice man en español?
 In English it translates to either “you
  say” or “one says.”
 Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a
  word next to each other.
 Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.
 Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.
 puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.
      *two strong
      vowels
      cannot be
      in the same
      syllable
Guir                            Uir
-Yo form only changes from Gu   -Nosotros form is the only
                                that doesn’t change.
to G
                                -Verbs that end in -uir (not
-Conseguir
                                guir) add y before o, e, and a
consigo                         endings
consigues
                                -atribuir
consigue
conseguimos                     atribuyo
consiguen                       atribuyes
                                atribuye
                                atribuimos
                                atribuyen
 Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z
  before the c in the yo form only.
 Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change
  the c to z in the yo form only.
 conducir = conduzco
 ejercer = ejerzo
 Verbs   that end in ger and gir change
  the g to j in the yo form only.
 coger = cojo
 fingir = finjo
The yo form is the
 only irregular
Hago, haces, hace,
 hacemos, hacen
 The imperfect tense is used to refer to
  actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.
 Yo caminaba todo los días.



Ser-    Ir-     Ver-      Ar-      Er/Ir-
era             veía      aba      ía
        iba
eras            veías     abas     ías
        ibas
era             veía      aba      ía
        iba
éramo           veíamos   ábamos   íamo
        íbamo
s               veían     aban     s
        s
eran    iban                       ían
 “Snapshot” of time.
 Known beginning and or ending
 Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la
  semana pasada ect…

    É      Í
    Aste   iste
    ó      ió
    Amos   imos
    Aron   ieron
Car, Gar, Zar   Spock       Cucaracha
Car qué        Hacer       Andar  anduv
                                                                   Snake/ Snakey
                            Estar  estuv
Gar  qué       hice        Poder  pud
                                                   É
                                                   iste            o Stem changers and
 Zar  cé       hiciste     Poner  pus            O
                                                   imos              Y changers
                            Querer quis
 * 1st person   hizo        Saber  sup
                                                   ieron
                                                   “j” verbs 
                            Tener  tuv                          Dormir-
 only “yo”      hicimos                                          Dormi          dormimos
                            Venir  vin
                hicieron    Conducir  conduj
                                                                 Dormiste
                                                                 Durmio         Durmieron
                Ir/ser      Producir  produj
                                                Eron
                            Traducir  traduj
                Fui         Traer  traj
                                                Eron                   Leer-
                                                                       Leí            leimos
                Fuiste      Decir  dij                                Leiste
                                                                       Leyó           leyeron
                Fue
                Fuimos
                Fueron
                Dar/ver
                d/v - i
                d/v - iste
                d/v - io
                d/v - imos
                d/v - ieron
Adjective   Superlative Translatio    Comparative   Translatio

Joven       younger     El/la         young         Menor que
                        menor


Viejo       older       El/la mayor old             Mayor que

Malo        worse       El/la peor    bad           Peor que

Bueno       better      El/la mejor   good          Mejor que
“Will factor”
                             É
      Infinitives +         Ás
                             Á
                             Emos
                             Án

Decir- to say
Haber- there to be/to have
Hacer- to make do
Poder-to be able
Poner- to put,place,rest
Querer-to want, love                          Ir + a + infinitive
Saber- to know                                (immediate future)
Salir- to leave, go out
Tener-to have
                             vivir = viviré
Valer- to be worth
Venir- to come

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Grammar book emilia

  • 1.
  • 2. 3. Presente -ar –er –ir 4. Stem Changers 5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo 6. Saber vs conocer 7. Reflexives 8. ‘se’ impersonal 9. Dipthongs 10. Verbs like…Uir/guir 12. Verbs like…Cer/cir 13 Verbs like…Ger/gir 14. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente 15.Imperfecto
  • 3. Los verbos regulares en el presente Ir- Ar- o amos o imos as an Er- es en a o emos e Caminar- Es en Camino Caminamos e Comer- Vivir- Caminas Caminan Como Comemos Vivo Vivimos Camina Comes Comen Vives Viven Come Vive
  • 4.  The verbs change in the root  They do not change in the nosotros form or the vosotros  E  ie  O ue Pensar- Yo nosotros  U ue Penso Tú vosotros Pienso El/ella/utd Ellos/Ellas/Utds
  • 5. Yo – Tengo Yo – Hago Yo - Vengo  The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo form  “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, venir  “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir Yo - Conozco Yo - Produzco  y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, Yo - Conduzco saber, dar Ser- Ir- Soy Somos Voy Vamos Eres Son Vas Van Es Va
  • 6.  Both saber y conocer translate to the English verb to know  Both “yo” forms are irregular Conocer- Saber – Conozco Sé sabemos conocemos Sabes Conoces saben Conocen Sabe Conoce
  • 7.  Brenda se lava- se is reflexive  Reflexives also can be added on the end of an infinitive. Such as…- Puedo ver me en el espejo
  • 8.  pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements.  ¿cómo se dice man en español?  In English it translates to either “you say” or “one says.”
  • 9.  Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other.  Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.  Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.  puerto, ciudad, siete, hay. *two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable
  • 10. Guir Uir -Yo form only changes from Gu -Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t change. to G -Verbs that end in -uir (not -Conseguir guir) add y before o, e, and a consigo endings consigues -atribuir consigue conseguimos atribuyo consiguen atribuyes atribuye atribuimos atribuyen
  • 11.  Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c in the yo form only.  Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z in the yo form only.  conducir = conduzco  ejercer = ejerzo
  • 12.  Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form only.  coger = cojo  fingir = finjo
  • 13. The yo form is the only irregular Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen
  • 14.  The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.  Yo caminaba todo los días. Ser- Ir- Ver- Ar- Er/Ir- era veía aba ía iba eras veías abas ías ibas era veía aba ía iba éramo veíamos ábamos íamo íbamo s veían aban s s eran iban ían
  • 15.  “Snapshot” of time.  Known beginning and or ending  Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la semana pasada ect… É Í Aste iste ó ió Amos imos Aron ieron
  • 16. Car, Gar, Zar Spock Cucaracha Car qué Hacer Andar  anduv Snake/ Snakey Estar  estuv Gar  qué hice Poder  pud É iste o Stem changers and Zar  cé hiciste Poner  pus O imos Y changers Querer quis * 1st person hizo Saber  sup ieron “j” verbs  Tener  tuv Dormir- only “yo” hicimos Dormi dormimos Venir  vin hicieron Conducir  conduj Dormiste Durmio Durmieron Ir/ser Producir  produj Eron Traducir  traduj Fui Traer  traj Eron Leer- Leí leimos Fuiste Decir  dij Leiste Leyó leyeron Fue Fuimos Fueron Dar/ver d/v - i d/v - iste d/v - io d/v - imos d/v - ieron
  • 17. Adjective Superlative Translatio Comparative Translatio Joven younger El/la young Menor que menor Viejo older El/la mayor old Mayor que Malo worse El/la peor bad Peor que Bueno better El/la mejor good Mejor que
  • 18. “Will factor” É  Infinitives + Ás Á Emos Án Decir- to say Haber- there to be/to have Hacer- to make do Poder-to be able Poner- to put,place,rest Querer-to want, love Ir + a + infinitive Saber- to know (immediate future) Salir- to leave, go out Tener-to have vivir = viviré Valer- to be worth Venir- to come