This document provides a summary of key grammar concepts in Spanish organized by topic in a table of contents. It includes explanations and conjugations for verb tenses like the imperfect, preterite, and future, as well as other grammar topics such as adverbs, participles, commands, conditionals, and demonstratives.

1. Libro de Gramatica
(Spanish Grammar Book)
Joya Burns

2. Table of Contents
Concept Page #
Preterite 3
-car, -gar, -zar 4
SPOCK 5
Cucaracha 6
Snake/snakey 7
Modal Verbs 8
Los Adverbios 9
Progressive Tense 10
Superlatives 11
Formals commands 12
Prepositions 13
conditionals 14
Demonstratives 15

3. Imperfect
-ar verbs
• The imperfect tense is abaabasabaáb
used to refer to actions amosabaisaba
n
in the past that
occurred repeatedly.
• The imperfect tense is -er verbs, -ir verbsíaíasíaíamosíaisían
also used to refer to
actions in the past that
occurred over an
extended period of
time.

4. Preterite
-ar -er/ir
-é -í
-aste -iste
-ó -ió
-amos -imos
-aron -ieron

5. Preterite
Irregulares

6. -Car, –Gar, -Zar
Tocar Jugar comenzar
Toque Jugue Comence
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Toco Jugo Comenzo
tocamos jugamos comenzamos
tocaron jugaron comenzaron
**spelling change in 1st person only

7. SPOCK
hacer ir/ser dar/ver
hice fui i
hiciste fuiste iste
hizo fue io
hicimos fuimos imon
hicieron fueron ieron

8. Cucaracha
andar anduv-
estar estuv-
poder pud- -é
poner pus- -iste
querer quis-
-o
saber sub-
tener tuv-
-imos
venir vin- -isties
-ieron
decir dij-
i
traer traj-
conduar conduj-
Drop the
producir produj-
traduar traduj-

9. snake/snakey
SNAKE
Dormir STEM CHANGERS
Dormí Y CHANGERS
Dormimos
Leer
Dormiste
Leí
Durmió
Leimos
Dumieron
Leiste
Leyó
Leyeron
SNAKEY

10. Modal verbs
Conjugate and pair the modal verb with
an infinitive to get a new meaning.
Vocab Meaning
ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
Necesitar To need
querer+infinitive (want to do something)
Poder Can, could, might, be able to
querer Want, would like to deber+infinitive (should do something)
Saber Usually, used to
tener que+infinitive (to have to do something)
soler Know, know how to
soler+infinitive (to be accustomed to)
necesitar+infinitive (to need something)

11. Los Adverbios
• Most Spanish adverbs are
formed by adding -mente to ‣When two adverbs modify the same verb,
only the second one uses the -mente ending.
the feminine singular form Note that the first adverb is the same as the
of the adjective. This ending feminine singular form of the adjective.
corresponds to -ly in English.
Adj. Fem. form Adv.
claro clara claramente
constante constante constantemente
difícil difícil difícilmente

12. Progressive Tense
....present
....present
the present progressive is hablar: hablando
only used to describe an (hablar - ar +
action that is in the process ando)trabajar:
of taking place. It is not trabajando
used for future actions (trabajar - ar +
• To form the present ando)estudiar:
progressive in Spanish, estudiando
combine a form of "estar" (estudiar - ar + ando)
with the present participle.
comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)

13. Participles
....past
....past
To form the past participle,
simply drop the infinitive
ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add
-ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido
(for -er, -ir verbs).
They were studying. Ellos estaban estudiando ahora.
We were selling a novel Estábamos vendiendo una novela.
He was eating a lot. Él estaba comiendo mucho.
She was leaving in two days. Estaba partiendo en dos días.

14. Futuro
• The future tense is used to tell
what "will" happen, or what
"shall" happen.
• But, the future tense is not infinitive + ending
used to express a willingness
to do something.
• Regular verbs in the future
tense are conjugated by
adding the following endings
to the infinitive form of the
verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis,
-án.

15. Future Irregulars
• caber
• tenerquerervalersabervenir
• poner
• decir
• haber
• salir
• hacer
• poder

16. Superlatives
• Use when you want to
say something os the
most or least of a
1)Best 2)worst
certain quality. 3)oldest
• When using a 4)youngest
superlative in the
noun form, place it 1) El/La mejor
after the article. 2) El/La peor
3) El/La mayor
• Use the neutral ‘lo’ 4) El/La menor
when referring to an
idea or concept.

17. Formal Commands
• Change to ‘yo’ Affirmative
AND
• Change opposite vowel Negative
• ar -> e
• er/ir -> a
T V D I S H E S

18. Prepositions
ehindencima de - on top of, aboveenfrente de - oppositefrente a - opposite, towardsfuera de
• al lado de - beside
• alrededor de - around, about
• antes de - before
• cerca de - near, close to
• debajo de - under, underneath
• delante de - in front of
• dentro de - in, inside, into,
within

19. Conditionals
• Frequently, the conditional is ía
used to express probability,
possibility, wonder or ías
conjecture, and is usually
translated as would, could, ía
must have or probably.
íamos
• To conjugate regular -ar, -er
and -ir verbs in the íais
conditional, simply add one of
the following to the infintive: ían

20. Demonstratives
Demonstrative adjectives are placed before
the noun and agree in number and gender
with the noun.
This That That over there
m este ese aquel
f esta esa aquella
These Those Those over there
m estos esos aquellos
f estas esas aquellas
Aquí Allí Allá