This document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as a satellite-based navigation system with three segments: space (24 operational satellites), control (5 ground stations), and user (GPS receivers). GPS uses triangulation of signals from multiple satellites to determine a user's 3D position and velocity on Earth. The document outlines how GPS works, potential sources of signal interference, differential GPS, applications of GPS such as mapping and tracking, and concludes that GPS has become predominantly used for civilian rather than military purposes.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only system today able to show one’s own position on the earth any time in any weather, anywhere. This paper addresses this satellite based navigation system at length. The different segments of GPS viz. space segment, control segment, user segment are discussed. In addition, how this amazing system GPS works, is clearly described. The various errors that degrade the performance of GPS are also included. DIFFERENTIAL GPS, which is used to improve the accuracy of measurements, is also studied. The need, working and implementation of DGPS are discussed at length. Finally, the paper ends with advanced application of GPS.
A Comprehending overview of how a GPS (global positioning system) works with a set of satellites ready to provide precision status on location to base station (cell) of user.
#Share the Knowledge
Group presentation done on GPS technology it covers
1.Introduction -History,Background
2.What is GPS - Technology, infrastructure
3.How GPS Works - Theory,Mathematical explanation
4.Applications of GPS
5.Drawbacks of GPS
6.Future Development
#References are added to the note section of the slides.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only system today able to show one’s own position on the earth any time in any weather, anywhere. This paper addresses this satellite based navigation system at length. The different segments of GPS viz. space segment, control segment, user segment are discussed. In addition, how this amazing system GPS works, is clearly described. The various errors that degrade the performance of GPS are also included. DIFFERENTIAL GPS, which is used to improve the accuracy of measurements, is also studied. The need, working and implementation of DGPS are discussed at length. Finally, the paper ends with advanced application of GPS.
A Comprehending overview of how a GPS (global positioning system) works with a set of satellites ready to provide precision status on location to base station (cell) of user.
#Share the Knowledge
Group presentation done on GPS technology it covers
1.Introduction -History,Background
2.What is GPS - Technology, infrastructure
3.How GPS Works - Theory,Mathematical explanation
4.Applications of GPS
5.Drawbacks of GPS
6.Future Development
#References are added to the note section of the slides.
GPS helps us identify exact location of a place/feature in the globe. Now-a-days we can carry out survey, enter data and process data. GPS is very helpful in soil survey
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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2. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based Navigation system developed
and operated by the US Department of Defense.
GPS is the shortened form of NAVSTAR GPS. This is an acronym for Navigation
System with Time And Ranging Global Positioning System.
GPS uses constellation of 24 satellites to determine the accurate three-dimensional
position of the user on the earth.
GPS was originally designed for military use at any time anywhere on the surface of
the earth but soon after proposals it is made available to civilian users also.
WHAT IS GPS
3. The GPS project was proposed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of earlier navigation
systems.
First satellite was launched in 1978 but It became fully operational with launching of
24th satellite in 1995.
Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to
efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS
III satellites.
In addition to GPS of US, other systems are also in use or under development, like
RUSSIAN’s - Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
EUROPEAN’s - Galileo positioning system
INDIA’s - Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System
CHINA’s - Compass navigation system
but these systems are suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe and failed to made
them available for civilian users.
EVOLUTION OF GPS
5. GPS Satellite constellation composed of 24 operational
satellites in space.
These 24 satellites are placed in 6 circular orbits of period
equal to 12hrs and these orbits are equally spaced with 60
degrees apart and at an inclination angle of 55 degrees to
equator.
Space segment
6. The control segment comprises of 5 ground stations located on
equator.(4-monitor and 1-master station)
Monitor stations measure the distances of the overhead satellites
every 1.5 seconds and send the corrected data to Master station.
In Master station the satellite orbit, clock performance and health
of the satellite are determined and determines whether
repositioning is required.
This information is sent back to the satellites using ground
antennas.
Control Segment
7. User Segment
The User Segment consists of all earth-based GPS receivers.
The user segment is totally user community, both civilian
and military.
8. The GPS signal contains mainly two types of data, they are:
Ephemeris data
Almanac data
Ephemeris data is constantly transmitted by each satellite and
contains important information such as status of the satellite
(healthy or unhealthy), current date, and time. This part of the
signal is essential to determining a position.
Almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite
should be at any time throughout the day. Each satellite
transmits almanac data showing the orbital information of
that satellite.
INFORMATION IN A GPS SIGNAL
9. How GPS Works
Satellites
broadcast
• Precise time
• Orbit data
• Satellite
health
Receiver measures
time delay from
satellites, and by
triangulation
calculates
• Location
• Elevation
• Velocity
10. The GPS uses technique of "triangulation" to find location.
To "triangulate," a GPS receiver measures distance from the satellite
using the travel time of radio signals.
To measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate timing, which is
provided by atomic clocks used in the satellites.
Along with distance, we need to know exactly where the satellites are in
space. This information is obtained by Almanac data transmitted by
satellites.
Finally we must correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels
through the atmosphere.
To compute a positions in three dimensions. We need to have four
satellite measurements. The GPS uses a trigonometric approach to
calculate the positions
HOW GPS WORKS(continue)
13. Sources of Signal Interference
Earth’s
Atmosphere
Solid
Structures
Meta
l
Electro-magnetic
Fields
Selective
availability
MC
S
Receiver
errors
clock
14. To obtain more accurate
measurements than a single
GPS unit, In DGPS systems,
The GPS receiver broadcasts
the signal it receives from a
known position. The GPS unit
in the field simultaneously
receives data from the GPS
satellites and the other GPS
receiver on the ground through
a radio signal. The GPS error
from the known position is
compared to that of the GPS
receiver in the unknown
location.
Differential GPS
16. GPS is a network of satellites that continuously transmit coded
information, which makes it possible to precisely identify
locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellites.
GPS although was developed for military purposes, but the
number of civilian users of GPS already well far exceeds than
number of potential military .
As discussed in previous topic, its application field is vast and
new applications will continue to be created as the technology
evolves.
CONCLUSION
Editor's Notes
Sources of Signal Interference (cont.)
Selective Availability (see previous slide).
Control Segment blunders due to computer glitches or human error can cause position errors from several meters to hundreds of kilometers. Checks and balances by the Air Force Space Command virtually eliminates any blunders in the Control and Space segments of the Global Positioning System.
User mistakes account for most GPS errors on the ground. Incorrect datum and typographic errors when inputting coordinates into a GPS receiver can result in errors up to many kilometers. Unknowingly relying on a 2D position instead of a 3D position can also result in substantial errors on the ground. A GPS receiver has no way to identify and correct user mistakes.
Even the human body can cause signal interference. Holding a GPS receiver close to the body can block some satellite signals and hinder accurate positioning. If a GPS receiver must be hand held without benefit of an external antenna, facing to the south can help to alleviate signal blockage caused by the body because the majority of GPS satellites are oriented more in the earth's southern hemisphere.
Errors in GPS are cumulative, and are compounded by position dilution of precision (PDOP) (covered later). It is the user’s responsibility to insure the accuracy of the data being collected with the GPS.