The document discusses various global and regional satellite navigation systems:
- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
- EGNOS and Galileo are Europe's systems to enhance GPS. EGNOS went live in 2004 as a precursor to Galileo, which launched its first satellites in 2016.
- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
- IRNSS is India's system consisting of 7 satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 geosynchronous, providing accuracy of 20 meters over India
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System or IRNSS is an ingenuously developed Navigation Satellite System that is used to provide accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and region extending to 1500 km around India. The fully deployed IRNSS system consists of 3 satellites in GEO orbit and 4 satellites in GSO orbit, approximately 36,000 km altitude above earth surface.However, the full system comprises nine satellites, including two on the ground as stand-by.The requirement of such a navigation system is driven because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military depending on American GPS during the Kargil War.The IRNSS would provide two services, with the Standard Positioning Service open for civilian use, and the Restricted Service (an encrypted one) for authorized users (including the military).
By Martin de Kievit (Sales Manager Marine at Trimble, The Netherlands)
The demand for greater positioning accuracy with more reliability for waterways and marine positioning is aided with more satellite availability. While GPS from USA, and GLONASS from Russia, have been the mainstay of GNSS for the last few years we have seen three new constellations – QZSS from Japan, BeiDou (Compass) from China and GALILEO from Europe.
This presentation reviews the current status of all the GNSS constellations. Other new developments which will be touched briefly;
-Updated Geoid Model EGM-96,
-Due to doubling of the number of satellites, the corrections needed for precise GNSS, have also doubled so a new correction format is explained.
Furthermore we will tell you something about the latest RTX service (corrections over satellite) and xFILL technology (maintaining your positioning after you lose your GNSS signal).
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System or IRNSS is an ingenuously developed Navigation Satellite System that is used to provide accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and region extending to 1500 km around India. The fully deployed IRNSS system consists of 3 satellites in GEO orbit and 4 satellites in GSO orbit, approximately 36,000 km altitude above earth surface.However, the full system comprises nine satellites, including two on the ground as stand-by.The requirement of such a navigation system is driven because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military depending on American GPS during the Kargil War.The IRNSS would provide two services, with the Standard Positioning Service open for civilian use, and the Restricted Service (an encrypted one) for authorized users (including the military).
By Martin de Kievit (Sales Manager Marine at Trimble, The Netherlands)
The demand for greater positioning accuracy with more reliability for waterways and marine positioning is aided with more satellite availability. While GPS from USA, and GLONASS from Russia, have been the mainstay of GNSS for the last few years we have seen three new constellations – QZSS from Japan, BeiDou (Compass) from China and GALILEO from Europe.
This presentation reviews the current status of all the GNSS constellations. Other new developments which will be touched briefly;
-Updated Geoid Model EGM-96,
-Due to doubling of the number of satellites, the corrections needed for precise GNSS, have also doubled so a new correction format is explained.
Furthermore we will tell you something about the latest RTX service (corrections over satellite) and xFILL technology (maintaining your positioning after you lose your GNSS signal).
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GNSS Jamming Detection, Localization and MitigationMarco Lisi
Presentation on "GNSS Jamming Detection, Localization and
Mitigation" at the Navigation, Surveillance and Signal Intelligence Roudtable, Warsaw, 11-12 March, 2015
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. 3
Introduction to GLONASS
Russian satellite navigation system
positioning by measuring distances to satellites with known
positions
• First launch in 1982
• Complete constellation in 1996
• Modernized Glonass-M and new Glonass-K
• Next launch: 25 December 2005 (3 Satellites)
• 18 operational satellites in 2007
• Present constellation (24) satellites
6. GLONASS Control Segment
Main task
predict satellite orbits and clock behavior
Components
System Control Center
planning and coordination of activities
Phase Control System
monitor satellite clocks by comparing satellite signals
with system time
Telemetry, Tracking and Command Stations
computation of satellite orbits by radar distance measurement,
communication, control segment for the satellites,
monitoring of satellite signals
7. GLONASS Control Segment
Telemetry, Tracking and Command stations
Because of the geographic location of TT&C stations it
is system integrity is difficult to maintain
Komsomolsk
Jeniseysk
RUSLAND
Golitsino
St. Petersburg
8. GLONASS User Segment
Development of user segment
• GLONASS in 1993 released for international civil use
• “all-in-view” single frequency receivers available since 1996
• “all-in-view” dual frequency receivers available since 1998
Receiver manufacturers
Ashtech, JPS/TPS, 3S Navigation (single & dual freq.)
Novatel, MAN Technologie, Zeiss, Dasa (single freq.)
10. The Structure of EGNOS and Galileo
• European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
• Search for a system started in 1995
• Developed the framework for EGNOS
• EGNOS went into operation in 2004
• EGNOS technology will be integrated into Galileo
in 2006-2008.
• Precursor to Galileo
• Enhances GPS/GLONASS
11. Why was it developed?
• As opposed to GPS, which was developed primarily
for military uses, Galileo was developed exclusively
for civilian use.
• There are zero militarily uses for Galileo as of right
now, and no plans for military use in the future.
12. Space Segment
• Contains a total of 30 satellites; 27 are operational
• 3 spare satellites
• Satellites are in 3 different planes, equally spaced
around the plane.
• Altitude = 23, 600 km
• Satellites are in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
• 3 Geostationary Earth Orbiting (GEO) satellites.
13. Space Segment
• Each satellite has a period of 14 hours and 22
minutes
• Each satellite can last for 20 years, although they
may be replaced every 12 years
• At any point on earth, at least 6 satellites will be in
view.
14. Control Segment
• 4 Mission Control Centers which contain a
Central Processing Facility (CPF)
• 34 Ranging and Integrity Monitoring Stations
(RIMS)
• 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations
15. Control Segment
• Mission control - maintains the
management of satellite clocks
• Satellite control - monitors if the satellite
orbits are on path
16. User Segment
• Consists of one of two receivers; one that uses
GPS or one that uses GLONASS.
• EGNOS is also programmed into that receiver.
• EGNOS helps sharpen the receiver’s position
from 20 meters of error to as little as 5 meters of
error.
20. The ground segment consists of
o Master Control Station,
o Upload Stations and
o Monitor Stations.
Control Segment
20
21. The user segment consists of BeiDou user
terminals and interoperable terminals with
other GNSS.
User terminals of BeiDou system
User Segment
21
22. Deployment Step
22
o 3 GEO satellites has been launched since 2000 to 2003
o The demonstration system is able to provide basic services
including positioning, timing and short-message
communication in regional area.
o Currently, all the 3 satellites work normally in orbit.
Oct 31,2000 Dec 21,2000 May 25 ,2003
23. The first MEO satellite named COMPASS-M1 was
launched in Apr. 2007 which secured the time related
filing. Many technical experimentations have been
implemented using COMPASS-M1.
COMPASS-M1 Launch
24. COMPASS-G2 Launch
The first GEO satellite named
COMPASS-G2 was launched
from the Xichang Satellite
Launch Center on Apr.15
2009. The GEO navigation
satellite related technologies
have been verified using the
satellite.
24
25. GEO Satellite Launch Latterly
The 3rd satellite of BeiDou
was launched from the
Xichang Satellite Launch
Center on Jan.17 2010. The
satellite is also the 2nd
GEO satellite.
25
26. BeiDou started to
cover Asia-Pacific area
from around 2012, and
will cover all over the
world before 2020.
Deployment Step
26
27. Applications
27
BeiDou Navigation Demonstration System has played important roles
in various areas.
- Surveyi and mapping
- Communication
- Water conservancy
- Disaster mitigation
- Marine
- Transportation
- Mining
- Forest fire rescue
- etc.
29. •IRNSS Refers to Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
System implemented by the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO)
•IRNSS is an independent Navigation Satellite System
providing Navigation services in the Indian Region.
•IRNSS system provides the user with a targeted
position accuracy of better than 20m over India and the
region extending to about 1500 km around India.
IRNSS Objective
30.
31.
32.
33. •Consists of 7 Satellites, 3 in Geo-Stationary orbit at
32.5°,83° and 131.5° East.
•4 Satellites in GEO Synchronous orbit at inclination of 29°
with Longitude crossing at 55° and 111.75° East.
• The full constellation started to operate from 2015
Space Segment
38. QZSS
•The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) developed by Japan
Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is a regional navigation satellite
system.
•Which is used as a constellation of satellites placed in Highly-inclined
Elliptical Orbits (HEO).
•A highly elliptical orbit (HEO) is an elliptic orbit with a low-altitude
(often under 1,000 kilometers) perigee and a high-altitude (often over
35,786 kilometers apogee).
•This is to ensure that one of the satellites is always visible near zenith
over Japan, including in urban and mountainous areas whereby it is
difficult to receive GNSS signals.
38
39. Overview of QZSS
Objective
• GNSS complementary
• Improve availability
• Improve accuracy
First QZSS Satellite
• First Launched in September 2010
Future QZSS Satellites:
• 2 HEO and 1 GEO End of March
2018
39
41. Coverage Area (East Asia and Oceania)
RMIT University PPP Workshop 2013, Ottawa 41
42. Ground Segment
• Monitor test station (9 overseas and domestic stations)
• Master Control Station (in Tsukuba)
• Time control test station (in Koganei and Okinawa)
• QZS tracking and control station
43.
44.
45.
46. Projects
1. Monthly Ionospheric Error and its comparison during quiet and storm days
for diurnal variation
2. Ionospheric Error and its comparison with International Reference Ionosphere
(IRI) model buy using cross correlation coefficient.
3. Tropospheric Error and its relation with temperature
4. Triangular affine transformation from ITRF to local datum and barycentric
coordinate
5. Dislocation Modelling of the high-precision Global Positioning System
displacements