The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1][2] is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.
It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1][2] is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that can provide people who use it with their exact position on Earth, tell them how to get to another location, how fast they are moving, where they have been, how far they have gone, what time it is. GPS was originally designed to help the U.S. military with finding the accurate location of their soldiers, vehicles, planes and ships around the world. Now, GPS is used in cellular phones, navigation and map making.
Space segmentsGPS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles). Each satellite circles the Earth twice a day.The satellites in the GPS constellation are arranged into six equally-spaced orbital planes surrounding the Earth. Each plane contains four "slots" occupied by baseline satellites. This 24-slot arrangement ensures users can view at least four satellites from virtually any point on the planet.
The control segment
The control segment of the GPS system consists of a worldwide network of tracking stations.
The master control station (MCS) located in the United States at Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The primary task of the operational control segment is tracking the GPS satellites in order to determine and predict satellite locations, system integrity, behavior of the satellite atomic clocks, atmospheric data, the satellite almanac, and other considerations.
The User segment
The user segment includes all military and civilian users. With a GPS receiver connected to a GPS antenna, a user can receive the GPS signals, which can be used to determine his or her position anywhere in the world. GPS is currently available to all users worldwide at no direct charge.
How it work?When a GPS receiver is first turned on, it downloads orbit information from all the satellites called an almanac.Once this information is downloaded, it is stored in the receiver’s memory for future use. The GPS receiver calculates the distance from each satellite to the receiver by using the distance formula: distance = velocity x time.The receiver determines position by using triangulation. When it receives signals from at least three satellites the receiver should be able to calculate its approximate position (a 2D position). The receiver needs at least four or more satellites to calculate a more accurate 3D position. The position can be reported in latitude/longitude.
The two GPS codes are;-
Coarse acquisition (or C/A-code)
Precision (or P-code).
The C/A-code is modulated onto the L1 carrier only, while the P-code is modulated onto both the L1 and the L2 carriers. This modulation is called biphase modulation, because the carrier phase is shifted by 180° when the code value changes from zero to one or from one to zero.
Source of GPS error
Satellite clock errors: Caused by slight discrepancies in each satellite’s four atomic clocks. Errors are monitored and corrected by the Master Control Station.
Orbit errors:Satellite orbits.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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1. Introduction to the
Global Positioning System
S.M.J.S.Samarasinghe
Superintendent of Surveys
Institute of Surveying and Mapping
Diyatalawa - Sri Lanka.
2. What is the GPS?
Orbiting navigational satellites
Transmit position and time data
Handheld receivers calculate
latitude
longitude
altitude
velocity
Developed by
Department of Defense
3. History of the GPS
1969—Defense Navigation Satellite
System (DNSS) formed
1973—NAVSTAR Global Positioning
System developed
1978—first 4 satellites
launched
Delta rocket launch
4. History of the GPS
1993—24th satellite
launched; initial
operational capability
1995—full operational
capability
May 2000—Military
accuracy available to
all users
7. Components of the System
Space segment
24 satellite vehicles
Six orbital planes
Inclined 55o with respect to
equator
Orbits separated by 60o
20,200 km elevation above
Earth
Orbital period of 11 hr 55
min
Five to eight satellites
visible from any point on
Earth
Block I Satellite Vehicle
9. GPS Satellite Vehicle
Four atomic clocks
Three nickel-cadmium
batteries
Two solar panels
Battery charging
Power generation
1136 watts
S band antenna—satellite
control
12 element L band antenna—
user communication
Block IIF satellite vehicle
(fourth generation)
Space segment
10. GPS Satellite Vehicle
Weight
2370 pounds
Height
16.25 feet
Width
38.025 feet including
wing span
Design life—10 years
Block IIR satellite vehicle
assembly at Lockheed
Martin, Valley Forge, PA
Space segment
11. Components of the System
User segment
GPS antennas & receiver/processors
Position
Velocity
Precise timing
Used by
Aircraft
Ground vehicles
Ships
Individuals
13. How does GPS work?
Pseudo-Random Code
Complex signal
Unique to each
satellite
All satellites use
same frequency
“Amplified” by
information theory
Economical
15. GPS Operation Jargon
“Waypoint” or “Landmark”
“Track” or “Heading” (Heading is
the direction in which you are currently
moving)
“Bearing”
CDI(The Course Deviation Indicator, CDI, is key
to maintaining your position as you traverse from
one waypoint to another in water or air)
Route
Mark
GOTO
GPS/Digital Telephone
18. Components of the System
Ground control segment
Master control station
Schreiver AFB, Colorado
Five monitor stations
Three ground antennas
Backup control system
21. How does GPS work?
Satellite ranging
Satellite locations
Satellite to user distance
Need four satellites to determine position
Distance measurement
Radio signal traveling at speed of light
Measure time from satellite to user
Low-tech simulation
22. How does GPS work?
Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how
long a radio signal takes to reach us from that satellite.
To make the measurement we assume that both the
satellite and our receiver are generating the same
pseudo-random codes at exactly the same time.
By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random
code appears compared to our receiver's code, we
determine how long it took to reach us.
Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you've
got distance.
High-tech simulation
23. How does GPS work?
Accurate timing is the key to measuring
distance to satellites.
Satellites are accurate because they have
four atomic clocks ($100,000 each) on
board.
Receiver clocks don't have to be too
accurate because an extra satellite range
measurement can remove errors.
24. How does GPS work?
To use the satellites as references for range
measurements we need to know exactly where they are.
GPS satellites are so high up their orbits are very
predictable.
All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into
their computers that tells them where in the sky each
satellite is, moment by moment.
Minor variations in their orbits are measured by the
Department of Defense.
The error information is sent to the satellites, to be
transmitted along with the timing signals.
26. System Performance
Standard Positioning
System
100 meters horizontal accuracy
156 meters vertical accuracy
Designed for civilian use
No user fee or restrictions
Precise Positioning
System
22 meters horizontal accuracy
27.7 meters vertical accuracy
Designed for military use
27. System Performance
Selective availability
Intentional degradation of signal
Controls availability of system’s full capabilities
Set to zero May 2000
Reasons
Enhanced 911 service
Car navigation
Adoption of GPS time standard
Recreation
28. System Performance
The earth's ionosphere and atmosphere
cause delays in the GPS signal that
translate into position errors.
Some errors can be factored out using
mathematics and modeling.
The configuration of the satellites in the
sky can magnify other errors.
Differential GPS can reduce errors.
30. Application of GPS Technology
Location - determining a basic position
Navigation - getting from one location to
another
Tracking - monitoring the movement of
people and things
Mapping - creating maps of the world
Timing - bringing precise timing to the
world
31. Application of GPS Technology
Private and recreation
Traveling by car
Hiking, climbing, biking
Vehicle control
Mapping, survey, geology
English Channel Tunnel
Agriculture
Aviation
General and commercial
Spacecraft
Maritime
49. GPS News
http://www.gpseducationresource.com/gps
news.htm
One–page reading exercise
Center of page—main topic
Four corners—questions & answers from
reading
Four sides—specific facts from reading
Spaces between—supporting ideas,
diagrams, definitions
Article citation on back of page
50. Military Uses for the GPS
Operation Desert Storm
Featureless terrain
Initial purchase of 1000 portable commercial
receivers
More than 9000 receivers in use by end of the
conflict
Foot soldiers
Vehicles
Aircraft
Marine vessels
56. Precision Guided Air Drop
the Marine Corps has been utilizing a
different style of parachute than the
traditional round system used to
airdrop heavy packages. This new
parachute system, the Sherpa, has the
ability to guide itself to the drop zone
from up to 25,000 feet in the air and
15 miles away, landing within 100
yards of the targeted point of impact
while carrying up to 2,200 pounds of
supplies.
57. Equipped with a 1,200-square-foot canopy, the Sherpa is
programmed with the information of where it needs to go, as well as
how long after it falls from the aircraft before it opens the
parachute. After it is programmed, the GPS-guided parachute
attached to its cargo is loaded aboard an aircraft, flown close to the
drop zone and tossed from the plane to make the rest of the way on
its own.
The main canopy steering lines are connected to the control lines in
the airborne guidance unit, which operates with two servo
motors.The motors turn to 'reel in' the control lines, allowing for the
parachute to turn. The turns are determined by the mission that is
programmed into it and based on winds and the target point. The
GPS allows for the system to know where it is in the sky and then
determine how it needs to get to where it is going."
61. Geocaching
Cache(Cell) of goodies
established by individuals
Coordinates published on
Web
Find cache
Leave a message
Leave some treasure(Ex Gem)
Take some treasure
http://www.geocaching.com/
62. GPS Websites
USNO NAVSTAR Homepage
Info on the GPS constellation
How Stuff Works GPS
Good everyday language explanation
Trimble GPS tutorial
Flash animations
GPS Waypoint registry
Database of coordinates
63. Classroom Applications
Physics
Distance, velocity, time
Orbital concepts
Earth Science
Mapping
Spacecraft
Environmental Science
Migratory patterns
Population distributions
GLOBE Program
Mathematics
Geography
Technology
64. Classroom Applications
Careers
Aerospace
Satellite vehicles
Launch vehicles
Hardware engineering
Ground control systems
User systems
Software engineering
Research careers