The document discusses BCD to Excess-3 code conversion and Manchester encoding. It describes how to convert a serially transmitted BCD word into an Excess-3 code using a state machine with 3 states. It also explains Manchester encoding as transmitting a 0 as a low-to-high transition and 1 as a high-to-low transition at the midpoint of each period. Verilog code is provided for a BCD to Excess-3 converter and Manchester encoder, along with test benches.

1. ENGR. RASHID FARID CHISHTI
LECTURER,DEE, FET, IIUI
CHISHTI@IIU.EDU.PK
WEEK 10
BCD TO EXCESS 3 CONVERTER
MANCHESTER ENCODING
FPGA Based System Design
Sunday, May 17, 2015
1
www.iiu.edu.pk

2.  A serially-transmitted BCD (8421 code)
word is to be converted into an Excess-
3 code
 An Excess-3 code word is obtained by
adding 3 to the decimal value and
taking the binary equivalent.
 Excess-3 code is self-complementing
!(0011) = 1100 again an excess-3 code
!(0100) = 1011
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter
2
Decimal
Digit
8-4-2-1
Code
(BCD)
Excess-3
Code
0 0000 0011
1 0001 0100
2 0010 0101
3 0011 0110
4 0100 0111
5 0101 1000
6 0110 1001
7 0111 1010
8 1000 1011
9 1001 1100

3. www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Serial BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter
3

4. www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Mealy Model State Machine
4
Decimal
Digit
BCD
Code
Excess-3
Code
0 0000 0011
1 0001 0100
2 0010 0101
3 0011 0110
4 0100 0111
5 0101 1000
6 0110 1001
7 0111 1010
8 1000 1011
9 1001 1100
S0S0
S1S1
S2S2
S3S3
0/1
0/1
0/0
0/0
S4S4
1/0
S5S5
0/0
0/1
1/0
S6S6
1/1
1/1 1/0
1/1
0/1
reset

5. module BCD_to_Excess_3 (y, x, pstate, clk, reset);
output y, pstate; input x, clk, reset;
parameter S0 = 3'd0, S1 = 3'd1, S2 = 3'd2, S3 = 3'd3, S4 = 3'd4, S5 = 3'd5, S6 = 3'd6;
reg[2: 0] pstate, nxtstate; reg y;
always @ (posedge clk or negedge reset)
if (reset== 0) pstate <= S0; else pstate <= nxtstate;
always @ (pstate or x) begin
case (pstate)
S0: if (x) begin nxtstate = S4; y = 0; end
else begin nxtstate = S1; y = 1; end
S1: if (x) begin nxtstate = S5; y = 0; end
else begin nxtstate = S2; y = 1; end
S2: begin nxtstate = S3; y = x; end
S3: begin nxtstate = S0; y = x; end
S4: begin nxtstate = S5; y = x; end
S5: if (x) begin nxtstate = S6; y = 0; end
else begin nxtstate = S3; y = 1; end
S6: begin nxtstate = S0; y = 1; end
default: begin nxtstate = 3'dx; y = 1'bx; end
endcase end endmodule
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Behavioral Modeling
5

6. module Test_BCD_to_Excess3;
wire y; wire [2:0]pstate; reg x, clk, reset;
BCD_to_Excess_3 BE1 (y, x, pstate, clk, reset);
initial begin reset = 1;
#7 reset = 0; #3 reset = 1;
end
initial begin clk = 0;
repeat (20) #5 clk = ~clk;
end
initial begin x = 1;
repeat (10) #10 x = ~ x;
end
endmodule
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Test Bench
6
S0S0
S1S1
S2S2
S3S3
0/1
0/1
0/0
0/0
S4S4
1/0
S5S5
0/0
0/1
1/0
S6S6
1/1
1/1 1/0
1/1
0/1
reset

7.  Each bit is transmitted in a fixed time (the "period").
 A 0 is expressed by a low-to-high transition, a 1 by high-to-low transition.
 The transitions which signify 0 or 1 occur at the midpoint of a period.
 Transitions at the start of a period are overhead and don't signify data.
 Manchester coding is widely used in Ethernet, RFID and Near Field Communication.
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Manchester Encoding
7
S1S1 S2S2
0/01/1
0/11/0
S0S0

8. module NRZ_2_Manchester_Mealy (B_out, state, B_in, clock, reset_b);
output B_out; input B_in; input clock, reset_b; output state;
reg [1: 0] state, next_state; reg B_out;
parameter S0 = 0, S1 = 1, S2 = 2, dont_care_state = 2'bx, dont_care_out = 1'bx;
always @ (negedge clock or negedge reset_b)
if (reset_b == 0) state <= S0;
else state <= next_state;
always @ (state or B_in ) begin
B_out = 0;
case (state)
S0: if (B_in == 0) begin next_state = S2; B_out = 0; end
else if (B_in == 1) begin next_state = S1; B_out = 1; end
S1: begin next_state = S0; B_out = 0; end
S2: begin next_state = S0; B_out = 1; end
default: begin next_state = dont_care_state;
B_out = dont_care_out; end
endcase
end
endmodule
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Manchester Encoding
8
S1S1 S2S2
0/01/1
0/11/0
S0S0

9. module test_NRZ_2_Manchester_Mealy;
wire B_out; reg B_in, clk, rst; wire [1:0] state; reg clk2;
NRZ_2_Manchester_Mealy (B_out, state, B_in, clk, rst);
initial begin rst = 1; #7 rst = 0; #3 rst = 1; end
initial begin clk = 0;
repeat (20) #5 clk = ~clk; end
initial begin clk2 = 1;
repeat (10) #10 clk2 = ~clk2; end
initial begin B_in = 1;
repeat (3) #40 B_in = ~ B_in; end
endmodule
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Manchester Encoding Test Bench
9
S1S1 S2S2
0/01/1
0/11/0
S0S0

10. module test_NRZ_2_Manchester_Mealy;
wire B_out; reg B_in, clk, rst; wire [1:0] state; reg clk2;
NRZ_2_Manchester_Mealy (B_out, state, B_in, clk, rst);
initial begin rst = 1; #7 rst = 0; #3 rst = 1; end
initial begin clk = 0;
repeat (20) #5 clk = ~clk; end
initial begin clk2 = 1;
repeat (10) #10 clk2 = ~clk2; end
initial begin B_in = 1;
repeat (3) #40 B_in = ~ B_in; end
endmodule
www.iiu.edu.pk Sunday, May 17, 2015
Manchester Encoding Test Bench
9
S1S1 S2S2
0/01/1
0/11/0
S0S0