This is a power point Presentation about wifi and the various standards of IEEE used for the transmission of data over the wireless network.
You must have encountered with term 802.11.a/b/g/n of your wireless network device.
This presentation will break the ice for your knowledge about those terms, their standards and how they get connected.
Let's Get Started.
This is a power point Presentation about wifi and the various standards of IEEE used for the transmission of data over the wireless network.
You must have encountered with term 802.11.a/b/g/n of your wireless network device.
This presentation will break the ice for your knowledge about those terms, their standards and how they get connected.
Let's Get Started.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
This presentation provides an brief introduction about Bluetooth Low Energy. This also covers the basic protocol layers of bluetooth low energy. Also discusses about the ble device discovery, service discovery, connection establishment, connection termination, etc.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
This presentation provides an brief introduction about Bluetooth Low Energy. This also covers the basic protocol layers of bluetooth low energy. Also discusses about the ble device discovery, service discovery, connection establishment, connection termination, etc.
WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices (using-spectrum or OFDM radio) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building.
WLAN is a marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation and use.
Its about the need for standard in networking, and caters to IEEE 802 standard in detail. FI you want to listen to this lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVD5sOpA0lc
Zigbee is a technological standard designed for control and sensor networks based on IEEE 802.15.4. The standard is developed and promoted by the Zigbee Alliance.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
3. Introduction
Created and maintained by IEEE
Set of media control(MAC) and physical layer
Used to implement wireless local area
network(WLAN)
In the frequency band 2.4,3.6,5 and 60 GHz
Wi-fi refers to the IEEE 802.11 communication for
WLAN
The Linksys WRT54G contains a router with an
802.11b/g radio and two antennas
4. Introduction cntd.
Adopted in 1997
Family of 802
Origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal
Communications commission
Consist of series of half duplex over the air
modulation
Uses same basic protocols
It uses two spread spectrum technology
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
5. 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY)
The 802.11 physical layer (PHY) is the interface
between the MAC and the wireless media where
frames are transmitted and received.
The PHY provides three functions.
First, the PHY provides an interface to exchange
frames with the upper MAC layer for transmission and
reception of data.
Secondly, the PHY uses signal carrier and spread
spectrum modulation to transmit data frames over
the media.
Thirdly, the PHY provides a carrier sense indication
back to the MAC to verify activity on the media.
6. Architectures
Station (STA) Architecture:
It contains IEEE 802.11
conformant MAC and PHY
interface to the wireless
medium, but does not
provide access to a
distribution system
Access-Point Architecture:
Device that contains
IEEE802.11 conformant
MAC and PHY interface to
the wireless medium, and
provide access to a
distribution system for
associated stations
Implemented in infra-
structure products that
connect to wired backbones
7. General terminologies
BSS (basic service set):
Group of stations that communicate each other
IBSS(independent basic service set):
It is a BSS without access point
Extended Service Set (ESS):
A set of one or more Basic Service Sets inter
connected by a distribution System (DS)
9. General terminologies cntd
Service Set Identifier (SSID):
It is network name similar to domain id
One network (ESS or IBSS) has one SSID
Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID)
It is cell identifier and is 6 octets long
Similar to NW ID in pre-IEEE Wave LAN systems
10. Frame format
Bytes 2 22 6 6
6
66 2 6 0-
2312
4
Frame control Durati
on ID
A1 A2 A3 seq.ctr
l
A4 Frame
body
CRC
802.11 MAC header
Bits :2
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol
version
type Sub
type
To DS From
DS
More
flag
Retry Pwr
Mgt
More
data
wep rsvd
Frame control Field
11. protocols
802.11 legacy
Release in Jun 1997
Original version of 802.11
Specifies two net bit rate 1or 2 mbits per sec
It has forward error correction code
Three alternatives physical layer
Diffuse infrared
Frequency hopping spread spectrum
Direct sequence spread spectrum
12. 802.11a(ofdm waveform)
Release in sep 1999
Data rates 1.5 to 54 mbit/s
First widely accepted 802 family
Operates at 5GHz frequency band
Less range
13. 802.11b
Release on the market in 2000
Maximum raw data rate of 11mbit/s
High throughput
Low cost
Interference problem
14. 802.11g
Release on june 2003
Operates in the 2.4 GHz band
Uses OFDM based transmission scheme
Operates at the average bit rate of 22 Mbit/s or
maximum 54 Mbit/s
Its hardware are full back compatible with
802.11b hardware
15. 802.11n
Release on October 2009
It is the improvement over previous 802.11
standard
It has MIMO antennas
Operates at the 2.4 GHz or less than 5GHz
bands
Data rates from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s
16. 802.11ac
Release in December 2013
It is an amendment to IEEE 802.11
It has wider channels(80 or 160 MHz)
Operates at 5GHz band
It supports multi-user MIMO
Data rates up to 1300 Mbit/s
17. 802.11ad
Release in Dec 2012
It defines new physical layer for 802.11 n/w
Operates in the 60GHz millimeter wave
spectrum
Product implementing this standard are being
brought under the name of wigig brand
Peak transmission rate 7 Gbit/s
18. Other Protocols
802.11 AH
Estimated to release 2016
Bandwidth 900MHz
802.11 AJ
Estimated to release 2016
Bandwidth 24/60
802.11 AX
Estimated to release 2019
Bandwidth 2.4/5
19. 802.11 Media Access Control
The 802.11 MAC layer provides functionality to allow reliable data
delivery for the upper layers over the wireless PHY media.
The data delivery itself is based on an asynchronous, best-effort,
connectionless delivery of MAC layer data.
There is no guarantee that the frames will be delivered successfully.
The 802.11 MAC provides a controlled access method to the shared
wireless media called Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
CSMA/CA is similar to the collision detection access method
deployed by 802.3 Ethernet LANs.
20. 802.11 Media Access Control cntd
Another function of the 802.11 MAC is to
protect the data being delivered by providing
security and privacy services.
Security is provided by the authentication
services and by Wireless Equivalent Privacy
(WEP), which is an encryption service for data
delivered on the WLAN.
21. Security
For security 802.11 specifies two
Authentication modes:
OSA(Opens Systems Authentication)
• Device that request to access the network is granted
without any security check
Shared Key Authentication
• Device that request to access the network is granted
with security check
• WEP: wired equivalent privacy
ESSID offers casual separation of traffic