I was presented this ppt in college .........
A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has been a technical challenge for nowadays. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases, conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
A flexible display cannot rely on a normal layer of glass as used in displays common at the time since glass does not fulfill the criteria of flexibility. Instead of glass it is possible to build displays on metal foil and a variety of plastics, each of which pose many difficult issues waiting to be resolved. For example, a plastic substrate replacing glass would need to over some properties of glass, i.e. clarity, dimensional stability, thermal stability, barrier, solvent resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion coupled with a smooth surface. No plastic isomers have all these properties, yet, so any plastic-based substrate will almost certainly be a multilayer composite structure.
Flexible display is a display which is flexible in nature; differentiable from the more prevalent traditional flat screen displays used in most electronics devices. In the recent years there has been a growing interest from numerous consumer electronics manufacturers to apply this display technology in e-readers, mobile phones and other consumer electronics.
Flexible displays are an exciting development because of their physical and performance attributes and their capability to enable new products requiring displays with unique form factors that the current rigid glass substrate based displays cannot support. Flexible displays can be very thin, light weight, have unique form factors and be highly rugged and not prone to breakage on impact unlike rigid and flat glass substrate based displays. The flexible form factors such as having an arbitrary shape, ability to be curved, conformal, bendable, and roll-able can enable a variety of new applications and products.
Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes
I was presented this ppt in college .........
A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has been a technical challenge for nowadays. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases, conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
A flexible display cannot rely on a normal layer of glass as used in displays common at the time since glass does not fulfill the criteria of flexibility. Instead of glass it is possible to build displays on metal foil and a variety of plastics, each of which pose many difficult issues waiting to be resolved. For example, a plastic substrate replacing glass would need to over some properties of glass, i.e. clarity, dimensional stability, thermal stability, barrier, solvent resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion coupled with a smooth surface. No plastic isomers have all these properties, yet, so any plastic-based substrate will almost certainly be a multilayer composite structure.
Flexible display is a display which is flexible in nature; differentiable from the more prevalent traditional flat screen displays used in most electronics devices. In the recent years there has been a growing interest from numerous consumer electronics manufacturers to apply this display technology in e-readers, mobile phones and other consumer electronics.
Flexible displays are an exciting development because of their physical and performance attributes and their capability to enable new products requiring displays with unique form factors that the current rigid glass substrate based displays cannot support. Flexible displays can be very thin, light weight, have unique form factors and be highly rugged and not prone to breakage on impact unlike rigid and flat glass substrate based displays. The flexible form factors such as having an arbitrary shape, ability to be curved, conformal, bendable, and roll-able can enable a variety of new applications and products.
Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh KumarSourabh Kumar
www.androroot.com
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh Kumar
Flexible electronics is a new trend in electronics industry to handle the increasing burden on chips. It is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrate. This technology is increasingly being used in a number of applications which benefit from their light weight, favourable dielectric properties, robust, high circuit density and conformable nature. Flexible circuits can be rolled away when not required. To replace glass, plastic substrate must offer properties like clarity, dimensional stability, low coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity etc. Recent advances in organic and inorganic based electronics proceeds on flexible substrate, offer substantial rewards in terms of being able to develop displays that are thinner , lighter and can be rolled when not in use. This paper will discuss about the properties, preparation methods, applications and challenges in this rapidly growing industry.
Keywords : Electronics, Flexible, Circuits, Silicon, Substrates
This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
Presented for TTI Vanguard "Shift Happens" conference (http://bit.ly/TTIVshifthappens) visit to PARC, this is an overview of an all-printed and therefore low-cost, disposable sensor that conforms to the curvature of a helmet.
Developed for DARPA to monitor soldiers' blast exposure and prevent traumatic brain injury, the technology can be applied to multiple biomedical and other applications.
Transparent electronics is an emerging technology that employs wide band-gap semiconductors for the realization of invisible electronics circuits and optoelectronics devices.
Organic Thin Film Transistor 2016: Flexible Displays and Other Applications 2...Yole Developpement
Are OTFTs ready to disrupt the display industry and enable fully-flexible devices?
ORGANIC TFTS ARE ENTERING THE FAB BY THE BACK DOOR
When trying to build a flexible display panel, the Thin Film Transistor (TFT) matrix is one of the most challenging and fragile functional layers.
Interest in OTFT emerged in the mid-2000s when mobility reached values similar to amorphous silicon (a-Si), the dominant display backplane technology. This triggered a flurry of activity at leading display manufacturers, and prototypes rapidly emerged. Besides fast-improving electrical performance, OTFT’s intrinsic flexibility made the technology ideal for the realization of flexible displays. In 2007, the first ever flexible AMOLED panel was demonstrated by Sony and featured an organic TFT.
However, interest waned as performance and homogeneity issues persisted, and other TFT technologies like LTPS and metal oxide emerged.
Nevertheless, organic semiconductor companies kept perfecting their molecules and ink formulations, gaining a better understanding of the interaction between the materials, the transistor structure, and the manufacturing process. Consequently, performance in the lab improved by another order of magnitude. Combined with the explosive growth of flexible displays and the promise of a cost-efficient, solution-based manufacturing process, interest in OTFT has renewed.
Panel makers remain cautious, but a handful in Taiwan and China are currently attempting to retrofit older Gen 2.5 - 4.5 fabs with OTFT. These first attempts to move OTFT into mass production will be critical for the technology’s future. Failure in these initial industrialization attempts could be fatal for the OTFT industry, or, at the very least, set it back many years. However, if OTFT proves that it can be mass produced and enables panel makers to revive those obsolete fabs with high-margin flexible displays, there are no fundamental barriers prohibiting the technology from being quickly scaled up to fabs Gen 8 or above, and possibly challenge the vast market for traditional a-Si based panels like LCD TV, monitors, etc. In the long-term, because they are inherently solution-processable, OTFTs are also an ideal backplane candidate for additive manufacturing and fully printed displays.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh KumarSourabh Kumar
www.androroot.com
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh Kumar
Flexible electronics is a new trend in electronics industry to handle the increasing burden on chips. It is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrate. This technology is increasingly being used in a number of applications which benefit from their light weight, favourable dielectric properties, robust, high circuit density and conformable nature. Flexible circuits can be rolled away when not required. To replace glass, plastic substrate must offer properties like clarity, dimensional stability, low coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity etc. Recent advances in organic and inorganic based electronics proceeds on flexible substrate, offer substantial rewards in terms of being able to develop displays that are thinner , lighter and can be rolled when not in use. This paper will discuss about the properties, preparation methods, applications and challenges in this rapidly growing industry.
Keywords : Electronics, Flexible, Circuits, Silicon, Substrates
This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
Presented for TTI Vanguard "Shift Happens" conference (http://bit.ly/TTIVshifthappens) visit to PARC, this is an overview of an all-printed and therefore low-cost, disposable sensor that conforms to the curvature of a helmet.
Developed for DARPA to monitor soldiers' blast exposure and prevent traumatic brain injury, the technology can be applied to multiple biomedical and other applications.
Transparent electronics is an emerging technology that employs wide band-gap semiconductors for the realization of invisible electronics circuits and optoelectronics devices.
Organic Thin Film Transistor 2016: Flexible Displays and Other Applications 2...Yole Developpement
Are OTFTs ready to disrupt the display industry and enable fully-flexible devices?
ORGANIC TFTS ARE ENTERING THE FAB BY THE BACK DOOR
When trying to build a flexible display panel, the Thin Film Transistor (TFT) matrix is one of the most challenging and fragile functional layers.
Interest in OTFT emerged in the mid-2000s when mobility reached values similar to amorphous silicon (a-Si), the dominant display backplane technology. This triggered a flurry of activity at leading display manufacturers, and prototypes rapidly emerged. Besides fast-improving electrical performance, OTFT’s intrinsic flexibility made the technology ideal for the realization of flexible displays. In 2007, the first ever flexible AMOLED panel was demonstrated by Sony and featured an organic TFT.
However, interest waned as performance and homogeneity issues persisted, and other TFT technologies like LTPS and metal oxide emerged.
Nevertheless, organic semiconductor companies kept perfecting their molecules and ink formulations, gaining a better understanding of the interaction between the materials, the transistor structure, and the manufacturing process. Consequently, performance in the lab improved by another order of magnitude. Combined with the explosive growth of flexible displays and the promise of a cost-efficient, solution-based manufacturing process, interest in OTFT has renewed.
Panel makers remain cautious, but a handful in Taiwan and China are currently attempting to retrofit older Gen 2.5 - 4.5 fabs with OTFT. These first attempts to move OTFT into mass production will be critical for the technology’s future. Failure in these initial industrialization attempts could be fatal for the OTFT industry, or, at the very least, set it back many years. However, if OTFT proves that it can be mass produced and enables panel makers to revive those obsolete fabs with high-margin flexible displays, there are no fundamental barriers prohibiting the technology from being quickly scaled up to fabs Gen 8 or above, and possibly challenge the vast market for traditional a-Si based panels like LCD TV, monitors, etc. In the long-term, because they are inherently solution-processable, OTFTs are also an ideal backplane candidate for additive manufacturing and fully printed displays.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of flexible OLED displays are becoming better through newer and thinner materials, roll-to roll printing, and larger production equipment. Thinner materials along with new materials increase flexibility, reduce moisture permeation and thus increase the lifetime, and reduce cost. Flexibility enables displays that conform to complex shaped things such as wrists and backpacks and that can be fit inside pens and other tubes. Along with other technologies, this further facilitates information access.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Transparent and Flexible Displays. Transparent displays provide new forms of value to users particularly in the form of better augmented reality. They also make bi-direction games and other forms of communication and entertainment possible. They can be used in tablet computers, mobile phones, and other electronic devices by tech junkies and other potential users. These slides also explain other aspects of the business model such as the method of value capture, scope of activities, and method of strategic control.
They are not tattoos.they don't contain any ink nor involve piercing through skin.they can stick to the skin as band aid and consists of sensors.in addition to sensors wireless networking capability provided with which contrlolling can be done from remote computer or smartphone.
A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has been a technical challenge for years. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases, conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
What is sensitive skin?
It is a large area flexible array of sensors, with data processing capabilities, with the ability to sense the surroundings.
It make possible the use of unsupervised machine in our midst.
Machines in unstructured environments
Societal needs and concerns
a) Health industry
b) Eco friendly
c) Difficulties of acceptance
E-paper is a portable, reusable storage and display medium that looks like paper but can be repeatedly written on (refreshed) - by electronic means - thousands or millions of times.
hey guyz this is the presentation iv made in my last year of engineering and got very nice feedbacks. my topic was oled(organic light emitting diodes).. iv given all its highlited informations with pictures
Can we just imagine of having a TV which can be rolled up? Wouldn’t you like to be able to read off the screen of your laptop in direct sunlight? Your mobile phone battery to last much, much longer? Or your next flat screen TV to be less expensive, much flatter, and even flexible? Well, now it is possible by an emerging technology based on the revolutionary discovery that, light emitting, fast switching diode could be made from polymers as well as semiconductors.OLED
Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field concentrates on producing ‘invisible’ electronics circuit and optoelectronics devices. The application contains consumer electronics such as automobile windshield, transparent solar panel, transparent display and real time wearable display. In the conventional Si/III-V based electronics, the structure is based on semiconductor junction & transistor. However, the basic building material for transparent electronic devices which is to be transparent and in visible range is a true challenge. Therefore, to understand and implement such technology there are two scientific goals, to have a material which are optically transparent and electrically conductive and to implement an invisible circuitry. Development of such invisible transparent electronic devices needs expertise together from pure and applied science, material science, chemistry, physics &electronic science.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
1. M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 1
Flexible Electronic Displays
Sindhu A
USN No:1MS09TE054
B.E- Telecommunication Engg
Guide :
Mrs Parimala P
Asst. Professor
MSRIT, Bangalore
2. Acknowledgements
I express immense gratitude towards the Head of
the Department of Telecommunication Engineering,
Dr K Natarajan for continued support.
I would also like to thank, Mrs. Parimala P,
Mr.Venu K N and Mr.Satish Tunga for their appropriate
guidance.
2
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology,
3. Aim of the Project
• To understand the various flexible
electronic display technologies.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 3
4. Outline
• Introduction and Scope
• What makes flexible electronic displays attractive ?
• Based on Reflectivity or Emissivity
• Properties
• Different types of display technologies
• Flexible electronic displays have two plans
• Flexible Electronic displays based on Reflectivity-Gyricon
• Electrophoretic Ink
• Self-Emissive based flexible displays -->FOLED
• How OLED technology works?
• Small molecule OLED vs Polymer OLED
• OLED ACTIVE AND PASSIVE DISPLAYS
• Advantages and Disadvantages FOLED
• Wide variety of applications..
• Challenges and Conclusion
• References M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 4
5. Introduction
• A flexible display is a display which is flexible in nature;
differentiable from the more prevalent traditional flat
screen displays used in most electronics devices.
• It Enables a New Intuitive User Interface,
suitable for simple operations in application software and
opens up new possibilities for flexible displays to be used as
user-interface devices.
Scope
• Offers a more natural way to interact with our gadgets.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 5
6. What makes flexible electronic displays
attractive ?
• Rugged
• light weight
• unconventional form factors
• very thin
• non-brittle
• the ability to curve, flex, conform, roll,
and fold
• portability
• Low power M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 6
7. Based on either
– Reflectivity or Emissivity
there are 2 forms of displays
Flexible E-Paper based displays and
Flexible OLED based displays
As Both of these technologies work on different principles,
they exhibit different properties and various different types of display
technologies.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 7
8. Properties
• Similarities
• Differences
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 8
Reflective based—E-Paper Technology Emissive based–Flexible OLED Technology
Comfortable to Eyes, as screens reflect light
like real paper.
They emit light
This relies on reflected ambient light(can be
read in direct sunlight without the images
appearing to fade)
Each individual light generating pixel
generates light when an electric charge is
applied
Holds static image and text indefinitely
without using electricity
Both forms can show images while being bent without
suffering from distortion or blank spots
Both the technologies do not rely on back light
9. • Based on Reflectivity
– Flexible Electronic Paper based
• Gyricon
• Electrophoretic
• Cholesteric based bi-stable display
• Electrowetting
• Electrochromic
• Self-Emissivity Based
– Flexible OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
based
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 9
Different types of display technologies
10. The flexible electronic displays have two plans
The back plane – It is made up of organic thin film transistor arrays
which provide voltage needed by the, E-Paper or the FOLED (Flexible
Organic Light Emitting Diode) based front plane.
The front plane – It is the part where visible images will be displayed.
Back Plane construction
Flexible Printed Organic back planes
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 10
A piece of
Flexible
Plastic
Substrate
Coated
with
OTFT
material
To produce
Backplane
and a display
that can be
handled like a
paper
11. Flexible Electronic displays based on
Reflectivity-- Gyricon
Nicholas K. Sheridon invented Gyricon at
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC),
In the 1970s
A new display technology
eventually became the basis of the e-paper.
designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on
paper, as they reflect light.
Theoretically making it more comfortable to read,
and giving the surface a wider viewing angle
compared to conventional displays.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 11
12. each bead is a dipole
spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet,
suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely.
polarity of the applied voltage by the backplane to each pair of electrodes determines
whether white or black face is up.
Thus giving the pixel a white or black appearance in the front-plane.
bi-chromal front-plane had a number of limitations, including relatively low brightness and
resolution and a lack of color.
used only in message boards
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 12
Polyethylene
spheres, 75 to
106
micrometers
-ve Charged
white plastic
+ ve
charged
Black
Plastic
13. Electrophoretic Ink- Rearranging charged pigment
particles using an applied electric field
• Developed by the E Ink Corporation
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 13
Millions of
Microcapsules,
100
micrometers in
diameter
(size of a
human hair)
Each capsule contains
- Oily solution (black dye)
-numerous suspended
titanium dioxide particles
Titanium particles
–vely charged and
naturally white
14. M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 14
• The brightness and resolution of electrophoretic-based e-ink
is better than that of gyricon-based e-ink, but both are
monochromatic in nature.
• To create color, E Ink joined hands with the Japanese
company Toppan Printing, which produces color filter
Using
Microcapsule
Allowed the display to be used
on flexible plastic sheets instead
of glass
15. Generations of E-ink
E Ink Vizplex -internal name of E Ink's current line of display technologies
E Ink Pearl- is the second generation of E Ink Vizplex displays, a higher
contrast screen
E Ink Triton - third generation of E Ink Vizplex displays: a colour display that is
easy to read in high light. The Triton is able to display 16 shades of gray,
and 4096 colours.
Drawback of electrophoretic e-ink is
– Low Refresh rate causing Ghost of the images.
– drawing a new text or image is too slow and creates a flicker effect.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 15
16. • Cholesteric based bi-stable display
– Possess a helical structure
The planer texture
» They reflect circularly polarized light
The focal conic texture
» Scatter light in forward direction
Switched from planar to focal conic texture by Low Voltage
Focal conic texture to planar by high voltage
Used in price labels,e-books.
• Electrowetting
– Modification of the wetting properties of a surface(typically hydrophobic)
with applied electric field
• Electrochromic
– Reversibly changing color when a burst of charge is applied
Are other technologies used to increase resolution.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 16
17. Self-Emissive based flexible displays
-FOLED
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 17
A flexible organic light emitting diode (FOLED) is a type of organic light-emitting
diode (OLED) incorporating a flexible plastic substrate on which the electroluminescent
organic semiconductor is deposited. This enables the device to be bent or rolled while
still operating. The organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally,
at least one of these electrodes is transparent. An OLED display works without
a backlight
18. How OLED technology works?
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 18
Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) -
The substrate supports the OLED.
(polyethylene terephthalate (PET))
Anode (transparent) – positively
charged wrt to cathode, provides
"holes“ when a current flows through
the device.(Indium Tin Oxide)
Cathode (may not be transparent) -
The cathode injects electrons when
a current flows through the device.
(Barium or Calcium)
Conducting layer-made of organic
plastic molecules that transport
"holes" from the anode.(polyaniline)
Emissive layer-made of organic
plastic molecules (different from the
conducting layer) that transport
electrons from the cathode; this is
where light is made.(polyfluorene.)
19. M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 19
OLED light is created
through a process called
electrophosphorescence
•The color of the light
depends on the type of
organic molecule in the
emissive layer.
•Manufacturers place several
types of organic films on the
same OLED to make color
displays.
•The intensity or brightness
of the light depends on the
amount of electrical current
applied: the more current,
the brighter the light.
20. Small molecule OLED vs Polymer OLED
• Although small molecules emit bright light, deposition onto
the substrates is by thermal evaporation process in vaccum.
• This is an expensive manufacturing process called vacuum
deposition.
For depositing thin films of Polymers-Vacuum deposition is
not a suitable method.
However, polymers can be processed in solution, and spin
coating is a common method of depositing thin polymer films.
This method is more suited to forming large-area films than
thermal evaporation.
No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can also be
applied on the substrate by a technique derived from
commercial inkjet printing.M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 20
21. M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 21
OLED ACTIVE AND PASSIVE DISPLAYS
22. Advantages and Disadvantages
FOLED
•Advantages
•Thinner(hence brighter), lighter ,flexible(used
plastic instead of glass)
•Backlight not required hence consume less
power
•easier to produce and can be made to larger
sizes. As they are essentially plastics, they can
be made into large, thin sheets. It is much
more difficult to grow and lay down so many
liquid crystals.
•Large field of view about 170 degrees
•Low heat generation
•Low Power requirement
•Contrast Ratio Over 1,000,000:1
Disadvantages
Lifetime -Red and green OLED films have
longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours),
blue organics currently have much shorter
lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours
residual stress from the deposition of layers
onto a flexible substrate
thermal stresses due to the different
coefficient of thermal expansion of materials in
the device,in addition to the external stress
from the bending of the device.
•Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are
expensive right now.
•Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 22
23. Its wide variety of applications..
1. Smart Cards, Electronic Paper
2. Mobile communications
3. Personal computers/
portable displays/E-Readers
4. Large area displays
5. Wearable Electronics
6. Automotive Applications
7.Non-display Applications (toys, plastic arts etc.)
8. Electronic billboards
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 23
25. Challenges
• Encapsulation is challenge for flexible OLED devices.
• Integration of components
Conclusion
• Flexible electronic displays have the
opportunity to revolutionize an Industry.
• Effort to understand the failure limits and
mechanisms have been gaining momentum.
M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 25
26. References
• Development of a Flexible Electronic Display Using Photographic Technology by Stanley W. Stephenson,
David M. Johnson, John I. Kilburn, Xiang-Dong Mi, Charles M. Rankin, Robert G. Capurso
• Flexible Electronics: The Next Ubiquitous Platform by
By Arokia Nathan, Fellow IEEE, Arman Ahnood, Matthew T. Cole, Sungsik Lee, Member IEEE, Yuji Suzuki,
Pritesh Hiralal, Francesco Bonaccorso,Tawfique Hasan, Luis Garcia-Gancedo, Andriy Dyadyusha, Samiul
Haque,Piers Andrew, Stephan Hofmann, James Moultrie, Daping Chu, Andrew J. Flewitt,Andrea C.
Ferrari, Michael J. Kelly, John Robertson, Fellow IEEE,Gehan A. J. Amaratunga, and William I. Milne
• Invited Paper: Ultra-thin and Flexible LSI Driver Mounted Electronic
Paper Display using Quick-Response Liquid-Powder Technology Ryo Sakurai, Reiji Hattori+, Michihiro
Asakawa+, Takuro Nakashima+, Itsuo Tanuma,Akihiko Yokoo, Norio Nihei, and Yoshitomo Masuda
• Distinguished Paper: Ultra Thin and Flexible Paper-Like Display using QR-LPD Technology Reiji Hattori,
Shuhei Yamada
• IBM Research Report Unraveling Flexible OLED Displays for Wearable Computing Chandra
Narayanaswami, M. T. Raghunath
• Flexible and Roll-able Displays/Electronic Paper A Brief Technology OverviewRong-Chang (R.C.) Liang
• Flexible display enabling technology Sigurd Wagnera, Stephen J. Fonashb, Thomas N. Jacksonb, James C.
Sturma aPrinceton University, bPennsylvania State University
• Resources from How Stuff Works.
• Resources From Wikipedia. M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology 26
