This document discusses electronic paper (e-paper), which aims to create a paper-like display with properties such as high contrast, light weight, and very low power consumption. It describes several types of e-paper technologies being researched, including electrophoretic, cholesteric liquid crystal, electrowetting, and electrochromic technologies. The document also notes desirable features like flexibility and video capability, and applications of e-paper like e-readers, watches, phones, and digital textbooks. Researchers are working to develop full-color e-paper and improve refresh rates to enable uses like e-books and mobile devices.

1. ELECTRONIC PAPERBy Avinash Arun

2. contentsPast and the future…What is e-paper?Desirable features of E-paper and it’s advantage over LCD displayComparison of displaysVarious E-paper technology and companies designing frontplane and backplane of e-paper1) Electrophoretictechnology2) Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display Technology3) Electrowetting Technology4) Electrochromic Technology5) Interferometric Modulator Technology6) Photonic crystal technology7) REED(Reverse Emulsion electrophoretic Display) TechnologyWhat urged researchers to design E-paper?Required future developmentsCurrent state of researchapplications

4. What is e-paper?An Electronic Paper Display is a display that possess a paper-like high contrast appearance

5. ultra-low power consumption

6. a thin, light form.

7. It gives the viewer the experience of reading from paper, while having the power of updatable information. Features of E-paper……Advantage over LCD displayLCD display- back-litE-paper-uses ambient light.LCD display- monostableE-paper display-bistablePower requirement.

8. Comparison of displaysMobilityReadability++BBE-readerPDAPaperPhonePaperE-readerPCLaptopLaptopBBPDAPCPhonePaperPDALaptopE-readerBBPCPhone+Actuality/interactivity

9. Various e-paper frontplane technologyInterferometric Modulator Technology

10. Qualcomm

11. Photonic Crystal Technology

12. Opalux

13. REED Technology

14. ZikonElectrophoretic TechnologyE InkSiPixBridgestoneCholesteric LCD TechnologyFujitsuHitachiKent DisplayKodakNemopticZBD DisplayElectrowetting TechnologyLiquivistaElectrofluidic TechnologyGamma Dynamics

15. Electrochromic Technology

16. Acreo

17. Aveso

18. Ntera

19. SiemensCompanies designing backplane of e-paper areHPNECPlastic LogicPolymer VisionPrime View InternationalRicohSamsungSeiko Epson

20. 1) Electrophoretic technologyWorks on the basic principle of electrophoresis

21. 2) Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display TechnologyIt uses chiralnematic Liquid Crystal (LC) molecules confined between two parallel substrates to define the liquid crystal cell.

22. Bistable liquid crystal phases exists

23. The planer texture reflects the light of specific wavelength

24. The conical texture weakly reflects the light.

25. Multicolored Ch-LCD can be used by using layers of three primary colors stacked on the top of each otherPlaner textureConical texture

26. 3) Electrowetting TechnologyWith no voltage applied, the (colored) oil forms a flat film between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent), insulating coating of an electrode, resulting in a colored pixel. Applying voltage between the electrode and the water causes the interfacial tension to change, which causes the water to move the oil aside. The result is a partly transparent pixel; if a reflective white surface is used under the switchable element, a white pixel results.

27. 4)Electrochromic TechnologyChange in colour due to oxidation or reduction state.Polyaniline and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) are examples of electrochromic materials.High contrast because it absorbs some colours and reflects others5) Interferometric Modulator TechnologyReflects light at a specific wavelength and gives pure, bright colors like those in a butterfly’s wings

28. MEMS are used to switch the display on and off.6) Photonic crystal technologyPhotonic crystals

29. Changing the pattern of molecules in the crystal causes a change in the color of light that the crystals reflectDisadvantages When pixels change from long wavelength colors to shorter ones the speed decreases

30. Its dependence on the flow of electrolyte in response to electricity7) REED(Reverse Emulsion electrophoretic Display) Technologyuses nano-droplets of a polar liquid dispersed in a non-polar liquiduse less energyfaster switching speedsvideo possibleCan be produced using LCD manufacturing technique.

31. What urged researchers to design E-paper?Lack of a useable e-readerMost reading devices use LCDs, which use backlightsHigh power, hence low battery lifeFatigue due to screen flickerMost reading devices are small. Difficult to readCan not maintain original content layoutIf not, they are heavy.Laptop, computers

32. Required future developmentsFull color implementationImplementation of video on it.Flexibility of the e-paper such that it can be rolled or foldedDevelop it in the such that it will reflect infra red rays and the documents can be read by using night vision camera only. So that it can be used by military. For security purpose. LCD has a backplane lightning which consumes much power.So , in case of low power state the same LCD screen can be made to work as a E-paper with no back light on.Current state of research

33. applicationsEducation: digital schoolbooksWristwatchesNewspapersCell phones-Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the Motorola F3, also uses an alphanumeric black/white electrophoretic display.

34. The commercial goods with full color display are expected to be in market within a decade.Thank you