A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has been a technical challenge for years. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases, conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes
I was presented this ppt in college .........
A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has been a technical challenge for nowadays. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases, conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
A flexible display cannot rely on a normal layer of glass as used in displays common at the time since glass does not fulfill the criteria of flexibility. Instead of glass it is possible to build displays on metal foil and a variety of plastics, each of which pose many difficult issues waiting to be resolved. For example, a plastic substrate replacing glass would need to over some properties of glass, i.e. clarity, dimensional stability, thermal stability, barrier, solvent resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion coupled with a smooth surface. No plastic isomers have all these properties, yet, so any plastic-based substrate will almost certainly be a multilayer composite structure.
Transparent electronics is an emerging technology that employs wide band-gap semiconductors for the realization of invisible electronics circuits and optoelectronics devices.
Flexible displays are essentially very thin display screens that can be printed onto flexible or stretchable material and then attached to other surfaces or produced in a variety of shapes
I was presented this ppt in college .........
A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has been a technical challenge for nowadays. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases, conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
A flexible display cannot rely on a normal layer of glass as used in displays common at the time since glass does not fulfill the criteria of flexibility. Instead of glass it is possible to build displays on metal foil and a variety of plastics, each of which pose many difficult issues waiting to be resolved. For example, a plastic substrate replacing glass would need to over some properties of glass, i.e. clarity, dimensional stability, thermal stability, barrier, solvent resistance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion coupled with a smooth surface. No plastic isomers have all these properties, yet, so any plastic-based substrate will almost certainly be a multilayer composite structure.
Transparent electronics is an emerging technology that employs wide band-gap semiconductors for the realization of invisible electronics circuits and optoelectronics devices.
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh KumarSourabh Kumar
www.androroot.com
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh Kumar
Flexible electronics is a new trend in electronics industry to handle the increasing burden on chips. It is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrate. This technology is increasingly being used in a number of applications which benefit from their light weight, favourable dielectric properties, robust, high circuit density and conformable nature. Flexible circuits can be rolled away when not required. To replace glass, plastic substrate must offer properties like clarity, dimensional stability, low coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity etc. Recent advances in organic and inorganic based electronics proceeds on flexible substrate, offer substantial rewards in terms of being able to develop displays that are thinner , lighter and can be rolled when not in use. This paper will discuss about the properties, preparation methods, applications and challenges in this rapidly growing industry.
Keywords : Electronics, Flexible, Circuits, Silicon, Substrates
TRANSPARENT ELECTRONICS
Abstract: Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field focused on producing ‘invisible’ electronic circuitry and opto-electronic devices.
Applications include consumer electronics, new energy sources, and transportation; for example, automobilewindshields could transmit visual information to the driver. Glass in almost any setting could also double as an electronic device, possibly improving security systems or offering transparent displays. In a similar vein, windows could be used to produce electrical power. Other civilian and military applications in this research field include realtime wearable displays.
As for conventional Si/III–V-based electronics, the basic device structure is based on semiconductor junctions and transistors. However, the device building block materials, the semiconductor, the electric contacts, and the ielectric/passivation layers, must now be transparent in the visible –a true challenge! Therefore, the first scientific goal of this technology must be to discover,understand, and implement transparent high-performance electronic materials. The second goal is their implementation and evaluation in transistor and circuit structures.
The electronics during the past 10 years, the classes of materials available for transparent electronics applications have grown dramatically. Historically, this area was dominated by transparent conducting oxides (oxide materials that are both electrically conductive and optically transparent) because of their wide use in antistatic coatings, touch display panels, solar cells, flat panel displays, heaters, defrosters, ‘smart windows’ and optical coatings. All these applications use transparent conductive oxides as passive electrical or optical coatings. The field of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials has been reviewed and many treatises on the topic are available. However, more recently there have been tremendous efforts to develop new active materials for functional transparent electronics. These new technologies will require new materials sets, in addition to the TCO component, including conducting, dielectric and semiconducting materials, as well as passive components for full device fabrication.
COMBINING OPTICAL TRANSPARENCY WITH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Transparent conductors are neither 100% optically transparent nor metallically conductive. From the band structure point of view, the combination of the two properties in the same material is contradictory: a transparent material is an insulator which possesses completely filled valence and empty conduction bands; whereas metallic conductivity appears when the Fermi level lies within a band with a large density of states to provide high carrier concentration. Efficient transparent conductors find their niche in a compromise between a sufficient transmission within the visible spectral range and a moderate but useful in practice electrical conductivity.
Presented for TTI Vanguard "Shift Happens" conference (http://bit.ly/TTIVshifthappens) visit to PARC, this is an overview of an all-printed and therefore low-cost, disposable sensor that conforms to the curvature of a helmet.
Developed for DARPA to monitor soldiers' blast exposure and prevent traumatic brain injury, the technology can be applied to multiple biomedical and other applications.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of flexible OLED displays are becoming better through newer and thinner materials, roll-to roll printing, and larger production equipment. Thinner materials along with new materials increase flexibility, reduce moisture permeation and thus increase the lifetime, and reduce cost. Flexibility enables displays that conform to complex shaped things such as wrists and backpacks and that can be fit inside pens and other tubes. Along with other technologies, this further facilitates information access.
Hybrid bonding methods for lower temperature 3 d integration 1SUSS MicroTec
* Overview of primary 3D bonding processes
* Mechanics of metal bonding options
* Mechanics for hybrid bond materials
* Process requirement comparisons
* Equipment requirements for hybrid bond processes
3DIC and 2.5D TSV Interconnect for Advanced Packaging: 2016 Business Update -...Yole Developpement
3D TSV technology is becoming a key solution platform for heterogeneous interconnection, high end memory and performance applications.
TSVs have been adopted for MEMS, Sensors, and Memory devices. What will the next technology driver be?
Through-silicon vias (TSVs) have now become the preferred interconnect choice for high-end memory. They are also an enabling technology for heterogeneous integration of logic circuits with CMOS image sensors (CIS), MEMS, sensors, and radio frequency (RF) filters. In the near future they will also enable photonics and LED function integration. The market for 3D TSV and 2.5D interconnect is expected to reach around two million wafers in 2020, expanding at a 22% compound annual growth rate (CAGR). The growth is driven by increased adoption of 3D memory devices in high-end graphics, high-performance computing, networking and data centers, and penetration into new areas, including fingerprint and ambient light sensors, RF filters and LEDs.
CIS still commanded more than 70% % share of TSV market wafer volume in 2015, although this will decrease to around 60% by 2020. This is primarily due to the growth of the other TSV applications, led by 3D memories, RF filters and fingerprint sensors (FPS). However, hybrid stacked technology, which uses direct copper-copper bonding, not TSVs, will penetrate around 30% of CIS production by 2020. The TSV markets for RF filters and FPS are expected to reach around $1.6B and $0.5B by 2020 respectively. The report will explain the market’s dynamics and give an overview of all segments and key markets. It will also provide market data in terms of revenues, units and wafer starts for all the different segments, including market share.
This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
Benjamin Wohlfeil's presentation at the EPIC Online Technology Meeting explored how innovation in co-packaged optics is addressing key data center interconnect challenges.
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh KumarSourabh Kumar
www.androroot.com
Seminar report on Flexible Electronics by Sourabh Kumar
Flexible electronics is a new trend in electronics industry to handle the increasing burden on chips. It is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrate. This technology is increasingly being used in a number of applications which benefit from their light weight, favourable dielectric properties, robust, high circuit density and conformable nature. Flexible circuits can be rolled away when not required. To replace glass, plastic substrate must offer properties like clarity, dimensional stability, low coefficient of thermal expansion, elasticity etc. Recent advances in organic and inorganic based electronics proceeds on flexible substrate, offer substantial rewards in terms of being able to develop displays that are thinner , lighter and can be rolled when not in use. This paper will discuss about the properties, preparation methods, applications and challenges in this rapidly growing industry.
Keywords : Electronics, Flexible, Circuits, Silicon, Substrates
TRANSPARENT ELECTRONICS
Abstract: Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field focused on producing ‘invisible’ electronic circuitry and opto-electronic devices.
Applications include consumer electronics, new energy sources, and transportation; for example, automobilewindshields could transmit visual information to the driver. Glass in almost any setting could also double as an electronic device, possibly improving security systems or offering transparent displays. In a similar vein, windows could be used to produce electrical power. Other civilian and military applications in this research field include realtime wearable displays.
As for conventional Si/III–V-based electronics, the basic device structure is based on semiconductor junctions and transistors. However, the device building block materials, the semiconductor, the electric contacts, and the ielectric/passivation layers, must now be transparent in the visible –a true challenge! Therefore, the first scientific goal of this technology must be to discover,understand, and implement transparent high-performance electronic materials. The second goal is their implementation and evaluation in transistor and circuit structures.
The electronics during the past 10 years, the classes of materials available for transparent electronics applications have grown dramatically. Historically, this area was dominated by transparent conducting oxides (oxide materials that are both electrically conductive and optically transparent) because of their wide use in antistatic coatings, touch display panels, solar cells, flat panel displays, heaters, defrosters, ‘smart windows’ and optical coatings. All these applications use transparent conductive oxides as passive electrical or optical coatings. The field of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials has been reviewed and many treatises on the topic are available. However, more recently there have been tremendous efforts to develop new active materials for functional transparent electronics. These new technologies will require new materials sets, in addition to the TCO component, including conducting, dielectric and semiconducting materials, as well as passive components for full device fabrication.
COMBINING OPTICAL TRANSPARENCY WITH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Transparent conductors are neither 100% optically transparent nor metallically conductive. From the band structure point of view, the combination of the two properties in the same material is contradictory: a transparent material is an insulator which possesses completely filled valence and empty conduction bands; whereas metallic conductivity appears when the Fermi level lies within a band with a large density of states to provide high carrier concentration. Efficient transparent conductors find their niche in a compromise between a sufficient transmission within the visible spectral range and a moderate but useful in practice electrical conductivity.
Presented for TTI Vanguard "Shift Happens" conference (http://bit.ly/TTIVshifthappens) visit to PARC, this is an overview of an all-printed and therefore low-cost, disposable sensor that conforms to the curvature of a helmet.
Developed for DARPA to monitor soldiers' blast exposure and prevent traumatic brain injury, the technology can be applied to multiple biomedical and other applications.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of flexible OLED displays are becoming better through newer and thinner materials, roll-to roll printing, and larger production equipment. Thinner materials along with new materials increase flexibility, reduce moisture permeation and thus increase the lifetime, and reduce cost. Flexibility enables displays that conform to complex shaped things such as wrists and backpacks and that can be fit inside pens and other tubes. Along with other technologies, this further facilitates information access.
Hybrid bonding methods for lower temperature 3 d integration 1SUSS MicroTec
* Overview of primary 3D bonding processes
* Mechanics of metal bonding options
* Mechanics for hybrid bond materials
* Process requirement comparisons
* Equipment requirements for hybrid bond processes
3DIC and 2.5D TSV Interconnect for Advanced Packaging: 2016 Business Update -...Yole Developpement
3D TSV technology is becoming a key solution platform for heterogeneous interconnection, high end memory and performance applications.
TSVs have been adopted for MEMS, Sensors, and Memory devices. What will the next technology driver be?
Through-silicon vias (TSVs) have now become the preferred interconnect choice for high-end memory. They are also an enabling technology for heterogeneous integration of logic circuits with CMOS image sensors (CIS), MEMS, sensors, and radio frequency (RF) filters. In the near future they will also enable photonics and LED function integration. The market for 3D TSV and 2.5D interconnect is expected to reach around two million wafers in 2020, expanding at a 22% compound annual growth rate (CAGR). The growth is driven by increased adoption of 3D memory devices in high-end graphics, high-performance computing, networking and data centers, and penetration into new areas, including fingerprint and ambient light sensors, RF filters and LEDs.
CIS still commanded more than 70% % share of TSV market wafer volume in 2015, although this will decrease to around 60% by 2020. This is primarily due to the growth of the other TSV applications, led by 3D memories, RF filters and fingerprint sensors (FPS). However, hybrid stacked technology, which uses direct copper-copper bonding, not TSVs, will penetrate around 30% of CIS production by 2020. The TSV markets for RF filters and FPS are expected to reach around $1.6B and $0.5B by 2020 respectively. The report will explain the market’s dynamics and give an overview of all segments and key markets. It will also provide market data in terms of revenues, units and wafer starts for all the different segments, including market share.
This is a brief introduction to MicroLED also known as micro-LED, mLED or µLED, which is a latest self-emitting display technology that shares many traits with OLED. MicroLED has the potential to take on and outperform OLED, but it won’t completely displace OLED and LCD. Here we discuss the basic structure, differences with OLED and LCD. What are the major challenges? Advantages and Disadvantages, Application and the Future of MicroLED.
Benjamin Wohlfeil's presentation at the EPIC Online Technology Meeting explored how innovation in co-packaged optics is addressing key data center interconnect challenges.
E-paper is a portable, reusable storage and display medium that looks like paper but can be repeatedly written on (refreshed) - by electronic means - thousands or millions of times.
"Internet of Ideas: Paper Electronics" by Nino Guarnacci, Andrea Bosis.
I giusti ingredienti per realizzare idee e prodotti innovativi ricercati sul mercato sono la fantasia e l’ingegno ispirati dall’innovazione tecnologica, durante il talk vedremo come questa formula sia ancora più vera nell’era dell Internet delle Cose, dove una semplice carta da disegno diventerà un sensore capacitivo, le sue probabili e possibili applicazioni nel mondo reale e come programmarNe una porta di accesso al mondo Cloud Enterprise. Avere un dettaglio sugli strumenti tecnologici utili a liberare l’immaginazione anche grazie ad un lavoro sperimentale del Politecnico di Milano.
Flexible display is a display which is flexible in nature; differentiable from the more prevalent traditional flat screen displays used in most electronics devices. In the recent years there has been a growing interest from numerous consumer electronics manufacturers to apply this display technology in e-readers, mobile phones and other consumer electronics.
Flexible displays are an exciting development because of their physical and performance attributes and their capability to enable new products requiring displays with unique form factors that the current rigid glass substrate based displays cannot support. Flexible displays can be very thin, light weight, have unique form factors and be highly rugged and not prone to breakage on impact unlike rigid and flat glass substrate based displays. The flexible form factors such as having an arbitrary shape, ability to be curved, conformal, bendable, and roll-able can enable a variety of new applications and products.
Android graphic system (SurfaceFlinger) : Design Pattern's perspectiveBin Chen
SurfaceFlinger is a vital system service in Android system, responsible for the composting all the application and system layer and displaying them. In this slide,we looked in detail how surfaceFlinger was designed from Design Pattern's perspective.
Features foldable electronics
I know perfectly that many people could think: Hey guy, this stuff is only a dream, good for some sci-fi movies.
This general opinion is normal because so far we have seen electronics always opaque but, before show these project, I wanted to be sure they were feasible.
Well, if you read the ebook " A foldable world" - http://www.biodomotica.com/foldable-nanotech.htm - you will find that all this is true.
Most important universities, companies and research centers around the world are working on nanotechnology and on projects that I like: transparent electronics.
You don't need a Ph.D. in Physics to understand articles inside the ebook. At the end of reading you will begin to ask for a new foldable & transparent laptop ;-)
These devices are not yet available but are NOT sci-fi.
Printed electronics and nanotechnology will rules and changes the world before than you think.
Forget what have seen so far about electronic gadgets: printed electronics is coming with new unbelievable features.
This products will be thin, light, without wires, flexible, water-proof, shock resistant, low energy, solar recharge and recyclable.
This technology will be out of laboratory and completely available by a few years, so it’s not too early to think how the nanotechnology will change our life and how interact with invisible electronics.
Transparent and foldable electronic is a part of the coming printed electronics and these forecasts are my personal point of view:
Electronics should be user-friendly and eco-friendly, cheap and standard.
Some products will have only 2 dimensions. If you want 3rd dimension is possible use packaging technology (boxes) or glued printed electronics sheets or print directly on surfaces of 3d objects.
Philosophy of product designer is going to be more near to fashion designers or graphic designers:
products thought as dress, using ribbons and sheets.
Transparent and thin means not only invisible electronics but you can also customize it with your creativity.
Help and tutorial “how use it” are visible on the products’ surface.
With “artificial muscles” inside is possible move, vibrate or open printed sheets.
Using surface’s treatment like gecko's paws is possible shape or attach devices everywhere.
Solar nanocells recharge devices by sun or infrared rays.
Without wires for electric energy is possible use it everywhere.
Neither fall or water can damage our precious electronic friend.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how transparent electronics are becoming economic feasible. Transparent electronics can turn windows into displays and solar cells and enable more aesthetically pleasing designs. Home, car, and office windows can be used to display information or absorb solar energy. The former is also applicable to contact lenses and glasses. Transparent electronics can also enable new forms of designs such as transparent phones, appliances, and monitors. Improvements in transparent conductive films such as indium tin oxides, other forms of oxides, and graphene enable these transparent displays.
Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field concentrates on producing ‘invisible’ electronics circuit and optoelectronics devices. The application contains consumer electronics such as automobile windshield, transparent solar panel, transparent display and real time wearable display. In the conventional Si/III-V based electronics, the structure is based on semiconductor junction & transistor. However, the basic building material for transparent electronic devices which is to be transparent and in visible range is a true challenge. Therefore, to understand and implement such technology there are two scientific goals, to have a material which are optically transparent and electrically conductive and to implement an invisible circuitry. Development of such invisible transparent electronic devices needs expertise together from pure and applied science, material science, chemistry, physics &electronic science.
Transparent Electronic PPT
Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field focused on producing ‘invisible’ electronic circuitry and opto-electronic devices. Applications include consumer electronics, new energy sources, and transportation; for example, automobile windshields could transmit visual information to the driver. Glass in almost any setting could also double as an electronic device, possibly improving security systems or offering transparent displays. In a similar vein, windows could be used to produce electrical power. Other civilian and military applications in this research field include realtime wearable displays. As for conventional Si/III–V-based electronics, the basic device structure is based on semiconductor junctions and transistors. However, the device building block materials, the semiconductor, the electric contacts, and the dielectric/passivation layers, must now be transparent in the visible –a true challenge! Therefore, the first scientific goal of this technology must be to discover, understand, and implement transparent high-performance electronic materials. The second goal is their implementation and evaluation in transistor and circuit structures. The third goal relates to achieving application-specific properties since transistor performance and materials property requirements vary, depending on the final product device specifications. Consequently, to enable this revolutionary technology requires bringing together expertise from various pure and applied sciences, including materials science, chemistry, physics, electrical/electronic/circuit engineering, and display science.
TECHNICAL REPORT ON OLED TECHNOLOGY
Self-emissive organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are a new promising technology with high expected profitability on the display market, which is currently dominated by liquid crystals. They show low driving voltages in combination with unrestricted viewing angles, high color-brilliance, light weight, small film-thicknesses and low production costs.
this a presentation on transparent electronics. check out a really wonderful technology evolved in...............
Presented by :
1. ISLAM MD RAISUL 13-23674-1
2. HASAN,RAKIB-UL 13-23538-1
3. AZAM MD. AKIBUL 13-23680-1
4. RAHMAN MD. RIFAT 13-23747-1
5. RAHMAN ASHIKUR 13-23293-1
AIUB (EEE)
Course Name : POWER STATION
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
1. Flexible Display Technology 2014-2015
Dept. of E&C,AIT Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A durable and flexible display with low-power consumption, high-contrast ratio, has
been a technical challenge for years. They have to be lightweight, rugged, and in some cases,
conformal, wearable, rollable and unbreakable. The recent successful integration of flexible
display technologies and the traditional web-based processing and/or inkjet technologies has
opened up the possibility of low cost and high throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing and has
shown the potential to replace the paper used today.
A flexible display cannot rely on a normal layer of glass as used in displays common at
the time since glass does not fulfill the criteria of flexibility. Instead of glass it is possible to
build displays on metal foil and a variety of plastics, each of which pose many difficult issues
waiting to be resolved. For example, a plastic substrate replacing glass would need to over some
properties of glass, i.e. clarity, dimensional stability, thermal stability, barrier, solvent resistance
and a low coefficient of thermal expansion coupled with a smooth surface. No plastic isomers
exhibit all these properties, yet, so any plastic-based substrate will almost certainly be a
multilayer composite structure.
Flexible displays are an exciting development because of their physical and
performance attributes and their capability to enable new products requiring displays with unique
form factors that the current rigid glass substrate based displays cannot support. Flexible displays
can be very thin, light weight, have unique form factors and be highly rugged and not prone to
breakage on impact unlike rigid and flat glass substrate based displays. The flexible form factors
such as having an arbitrary shape, ability to be curved, conformal, bendable, and rollable can
enable a variety of new applications and products. In this chapter, we will discuss the various
attributes of the flexible displays, their potential applications, and the display media appropriate
for flexible displays.
2. Flexible Display Technology 2014-2015
Dept. of E&C,AIT Page 2
CHAPTER 2
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
Before introducing the different types of flex displays, an overview of the enabling
technologies is necessary. These technologies include many components that must be compatible
and convergent to enable a truly flexible display. The necessary technologies include robust
flexible substrates, conducting transparent conducting oxides and /or conducting polymers,
electro-optic materials, inorganic and organic electronics, and packaging technologies. In
addition to these technologies, many processes must also be developed and optimized in
conjunction with the materials development, such as roll-to-roll manufacturing, and printing.
2.1 Flexible Substrates
The primary flexible substrate candidates are plastics and thin glass. Plastic substrates
are inexpensive, roll-to roll processable and can be laminated to multi-layers, but they also
impose limitations with respect to thermal processing and barrier performance. Companies are
developing coatings for these substrates as well as new plastic substrates to compensate for these
constraints. Thin glass substrates exhibit better thermal stability and have higher visual
transparency than plastics, but cannot fully bend and are not compatible with roll to roll
processing. The use of thin metal substrates is a complementary approach to the glass and plastic
displays. Flexible metallic substrates provide excellent barrier properties, thermal and
dimensional stability over a broad temperature range. In addition, they offer potential integration
with backplane technology for active-matrix displays.
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2.2 Encapsulation
Since flexible displays utilize polymer materials, a barrier layer is essential in
protecting and enclosing the functional materials and layers from oxygen and degraded water.
Since organic materials tend to oxidize and hydrolyze, oxygen and water permeation through a
flexible substrate is of particular importance flexible electronics. Although single-layer barrier
layers do provide the packaged materials with some protection, it appears that multiple layers are
necessary for organic light emitting diode applications for long-term stability.
2.3 Organic and Inorganic Conducting Layers
Indium tin oxide is the typical conducting layer used in display technology because of
its excellent sheet resistance and optical clarity. However, the process temperature required for
ITO on glass is incompatible with plastic substrates. Therefore lower temperature processes have
to be developed for ITO in order for it to be considered for flexible display applications. When
ITO is deposited on a polymeric substrate, it can crack under tensile strain and cause catastrophic
failure. Conducting polymers are also being considered for flexible display applications.
Although their sheet resistance and optical properties are not as attractive as ITO, they don‟t
have exceptional mechanical properties and low process temperatures. As ITO and conducting
polymer technology compete for the conducting substrate solution, there is a new conducting
substrate technology based on nanotechnology. Flexible and transparent electrodes have been
formed from carbon nanotube dispersions in the combination with wet coating processes and
printing techniques. Hence inorganic and inorganic conducting layers are crucial components in
flexible electronic display units.The research is being done to develope a new substrate which
has all the properties of a good organic and inorganic conducting layers as well as the properties
of the carbon nanotube dispersion material.
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2.4 Electro-optic Materials
The various types of electro-optic materials for flexible display fall into three
categories – emissive, reflective, and transmissive. For emissive applications, small molecules
and polymers are being used for OLED applications. In order to have a truly low power display,
a reflection mode of operation will have to be implemented on flexible substrates. Polymer-
dispersed liquid crystals, encapsulated electrophoretics, gyricon, and bi chromic ball composites
all operate in the reflective mode. For electronic book and paper applications, an efficient
reflective mode display is crucial to eliminate the power consuming backlight.
2.5 Roll to Roll Processing
Flexible displays are amendable to a roll-to-roll manufacturing process which would be
a revolutionary change from current batch process manufacturing. Roll to roll processing is
where materials are processed and rolled back up. If roll-to-roll manufacturing technology
matures for display processing, it promises to reduce capital equipment costs, reduce display part
costs, significantly increase throughput, and it may potentially eliminate component supply chain
issues if all processes are performed with roll-to-roll techniques. Although batch processing can
still be employed to manufacture flexible flat panel displays, many researchers and technologists
believe that roll-to-roll manufacturing will ultimately be implemented.
Fig 2.1 Roll-To-Roll Processing
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2.6 Thin Film Transistor
For many electro-optic materials, such as OLEDs, polymer-dispersed liquid crystals,
electrophoretics and Gyricon materials, an active matrix backplane will be required for high
resolution. The success of TFTs for plastic substrates to date has been an enabler for flexible flat
panel displays and constitutes a very vital component. Currently, poly and amorphous silicon are
the standards for TFTs for flexible displays. However, organic thin film transistors on polymeric
substrates are also being considered as a candidate for flexible, light weight and inexpensive
switching device.
A TFT backplane may be deformed by internally produced forces. These include
stresses built-in by film growth, by differential thermal expansion or contraction, and by the
uptake or release of humidity. A backplane also may be deformed by an external force that
bends it, shapes it conformally, or elastically stretches and relaxes it. We survey how
mechanical stress may be applied to or develop in a TFT backplane.
Fig 2.2 TFT Display Structure
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CHAPTER 3
FLEXIBLE DISPLAY TYPES
3.1 FLEXIBLE LCD
Flat panel displays generally consist of four layers: a back substrate providing mechanical
strength; a plane of switches on the substrate that addresses each pixel; a light-controlling layer;
and a front panel that holds the top electrodes, encapsulates the light-control layer and offers
support. In liquid crystal displays, the substrate is usually glass coated with amorphous silicon or
organic conductor, in which the pixel-switches (TFTs) are patterned. Trapped between these
electronics and the front glass is the liquid crystal material, which acts as a light-controlling
layer. The spacing between the two of glass pieces must be carefully controlled to make light-
control layer work. Making this sandwich of materials flexible requires finding a set of
technologies that can combine to create a matrix of individually addressable pixels that will flex.
Since the rigidity of a device increases with the cube of its thickness, reducing the thickness of
the glass substrate is an obvious step to take. One method to accomplish this is to etching the
glass after the display is complete. Some researchers also tried to replacing the substrate with a
flexible plastic, but producing reliable amorphous silicon electronics on a flexible substrate is
very difficult using conventional lithographic patterning techniques. In addition, as the display is
flexed to different radiuses, maintaining a fixed electrode gap is extremely demanding.
One flexible LCD very close to commercialization is the cholesteric LCD from Kent
Displays Inc. This display utilizes a liquid crystal material originally derived from animal
cholesterol, hence the name cholesteric. This LCD will be a full-color screen, 160mm across the
diagonal, which is slightly larger than Pocket PC screens. In addition, each color pixel in the
display consists of a red, a blue, and a green cell stacked on top of each other, instead of side by
side as in today‟s full-color laptop LCDs. As a result, the cholesteric LCD‟s resolution is far
superior than that of current laptop displays.
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3.1.1 Passive Matrix LCD
Row & Column approach
Apply small bias to perpendicular lines of electrodes. Bias strong enough to darken bit at line
intersection.
Multiplexed addressing scheme
Advantage: Simple to implement
Disadvantage: Can cause distortion(„ghosting‟ or „crosstalk‟)
Fig 3.1 Flexible LCD
3.1.2 Active Matrix
Each cell has its own thin-film transistor (TFT)Addressed independently from behind LCD
Direct addressing scheme
Advantages: Sharp display, better viewing angle, 40:1 contrast
Disadvantages: Need better backlight, complex hardware
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3.2 OLED DISPLAY
Organic light emitting diodes (OLED) display is another promising technology for
flexible flat panel displays. Flexible OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in
devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage. Potentially, OLEDs can be
embedded in fabrics to create “smart” clothing.
3.2.1 How OLEDs work
OLEDs, like regular LEDs, operate on the principle of electroluminescence, where
injected charge carriers recombine and generate light. All OLEDs have four basic components:
substrate, anode, organic layers, and cathode. Flexible substrate materials are usually plastic, thin
glass or metal foils. The anode is a transparent layer of metal of low work function which serves
to remove electrons when a current flows through the device. The cathode is a metal layer of
high work function which injects electrons when a current flows through the device. In between
the cathode and the anode are the organic layer(s) where transport and recombination of the
electrons and holes occur. Depending on the device, the OLED could have one, two or multiple
organic layers. Figure 1 shows the structure of a bilayer device. Finally a top cover glass is used
to encapsulate the device.
Fig 3.2 Bilayer OLED consists of two organic layers: emissive and conducting
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3.2.2 Manufacturing OLED
The major part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the substrate.
This can be economically done in two ways, organic vapor phase deposition and inkjet printing.
Organic vapor phase deposition involves a carrier gas and a low pressure, hot-walled reactor
chamber. The carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates, where
they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of
making OLEDs. With inkjet technology, the organic layers are sprayed onto substrates just like
inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet printing greatly reduces the cost of OLED
manufacturing by enabling roll to roll processing. In addition, it allows OLEDs to be printed
onto very large films for large displays like electronic billboards.
3.2.3 How do OLEDs Emit Light?
Fig 3.3 OLED-Emission of light
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OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electro-
phosphorescence.
Working
The process is as follows:
1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across
the OLED.
2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an
electrical current is a flow of electrons).
The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the
equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron
holes.
When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy
level of the atom that's missing an electron).
When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light
4. The OLED emits light.
5. The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer.
Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color
displays.
6. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current
applied: the more current, the brighter the light.
Each type has different uses. In the following sections, we'll discuss each type of OLED.
Let's start with passive-matrix and active-matrix OLEDs.
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3.2.4 Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode
strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and
anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected
strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off.
Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.
Fig 3.4 OLED Passive Matrix Arrangement
PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED,
mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text
and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in
cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs
consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently power these devices.
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3.2.5Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED)
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode
layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the
circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.
Fig 3.5 OLED Active Matrix Structure
AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less
power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster
refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-
screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.
Even when the technological challenges are met, there still is a piece missing from the
flexible displays puzzle, the production equipment. Currently there is no infrastructure to
produce plastic displays in any volume. It will be a few years before there are sufficient roll-to-
roll lines to produce displays that will significantly increase the market share. In addition,
OLED‟s commercialization is restrained by key patents held by Kodak and other firms. It is
expected that OLED display technology become widespread once the patents had expired.
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4. GYRICON
Many researchers have attempted to create displays using a light controlling material that
require a cell. For example, Xerox Corp experimented with a material called Gyricon. Gyricon
are spherical beads with one black and one white hemisphere. The spheres are only 100um in
diameter and make a display that is only 200um thick. In the display, the beads are dispersed in a
transparent rubber sheet and suspended in oil, allowing it to rotate in response to an electric field.
For a one polarity, the white hemisphere faces the viewing direction. Reversing the field polarity
will cause the black sphere to be seen. The orientation of the beads stays the same even after the
field is removed, allowing images to be stored. In addition, no backlight is needed to view an
image on the rubber sheet. The display consumes energy only when forming an image and even
this is at very low power. The Gyricon rubber sheet is thin, robust and highly flexible. It can be
made in large sheets or cut by designers to fit the application. The optical properties of the
Gyricon are similar to those of paper, making it attractive for future display applications such as
book and newspaper readers.
In the 1970s a researcher at Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC), Nicholas
K. Sheridon, had the idea of embedding microscopic beads into a flexible film. Each bead is half
black and half white. An electric field applied beneath a bead will cause the bead to rotate in
place in order to show either its white (paper) or black (ink) side, as shown in figure below.
Fig 3.6 Gyricon Display
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5. ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY
In 1995, independent of Sheridon, Joseph Jacobson thought of transparent
microcapsules containing both a dark liquid dye and particles of white titanium dioxide. An
electric charge applied beneath a microcapsule would either draw the titanium oxide to the
bottom, revealing the dark dye (ink) or move the titanium oxide to the top, revealing white
(paper), as shown in figure below. This movement of charged particles in liquid due to electric
fields, called electrophoresis, resulted in Jacobson naming his technology “electrophoretic ink”,
or e-ink. Following further research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media
Laboratory, Jacobson founded the E In.
Even thinner than the Gyricon are electrophoretic displays created by E-ink of
Massachusettes. The electrophoretic material consists of a gel suspension of tiny capsules, each
containing positively-charged white particles and negatively-charged black particles as shown in
figure . A monolayer of the material is sandwiched between a substrate and a top glass electrode
layer. When an electric field is applied between the top and bottom electrodes, the particles move
within the capsules to reflect or absorb incident light. Varying the field strength or the addressing
time on each pixel can also provide some control of grey scale.
Figure 4. E-ink’s electrophoretic display.
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E-Ink's technology has many advantages for flexible flat panel displays. First, the
location of individual pixels is defined by the addressing electrodes, and the electrode gap is not
critical (unlike in LCD). In addition, electrophoretic display is ideally suited for flexible display
applications due to their thin form factor and inherent flexibility. It uses ultra-low power and is
easily read under any lighting from all viewing angles. While E Ink's display materials already
enable fully flexible displays, flexible backplane technology for high-resolution, active matrix
displays is in the development stage.
7. E-PAPER PRODUCTION
Both Gyricon Media and E Ink Corp. have been continuing their research toward the
common goal of producing a thin, flexible „sheet‟ of high-resolution display material. The first
commercial application for each company‟s technology has been store signage; producing signs
that can be changed electronically and that consume no power between changes. While Gyricon
has continued to work in this field, E Ink has concentrated research on developing their
technology for use in portable devices such as eBooks.
E Ink has generated much high profile interest, which bodes well on the future of the
eBook. Lucent Technologies licensed their plastic transistor technology to E Ink, enabling
flexible displays to be produced, as demonstrated in November 2000; in April 2001, using IBM‟s
active matrix technology, a display was produced with a size and resolution comparable to laptop
displays of the time; and working with the TOPPAN Printing Company of Japan, May 2001 saw
E Ink unveil a 3-bit colour display capable of eight different colours.
With all the technology and support behind them, E Ink look set to achieve their ultimate
goal in as little as two years – “radio paper”. Radio paper will be a flexible electronic paper
capable of producing at least 12-bit colour (over 4,000 different hues) at a resolution more than
comfortable for close reading. The displayed content of radio paper will be updated via a
wireless data network, keeping it entirely portable.
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CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
4.1 ADVANTAGES
1. Slimness: With no need for bulky glass, flexible displays are significantly slimmer,
allowing for the thinnest displays we‟ve ever seen.
2. Weight: Without glass, flexible displays are significantly lighter.
3. Durability: With no glass to shatter, flexible displays are pretty much invincible to the
normal drops and bumps we inflict on our prized devices.
4. In the long-term – they should be cheaper. Maybe not to produce.But the relative thinness
and lightness of flexible displays means more of them can fit into one shipping container.
That means they should be cheaper to ship, and (*in theory*) cheaper to buy.
5. THEY ARE FLEXIBLE!
4.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Durability : Although “durability” as one of the advantages of FAMOLED displays, it
could also be one if the technology‟s downfalls. With ~4 layers of components and a
protective casing bending around we are likely to see some wear and tear after a while.
2. Damage by water/moisture : One of the advantages of using glass to encapsulate the
thin- film-transistor and other technology is that it keeps the circuitry safe from moisture
and anything else which might sneak in unwanted – plastic certainly isn‟t as good at
keeping out moisture as glass is, especially if faults start to appear after excessive folding.
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CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS & FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 Applications
1) Lighting
Flexible / bendable lighting
Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space
Transparent lighting doubles as a window
2) Cell Phones
Nokia 888
3) Transparent Car Navigation System on Windshield
Using Samsung‟s' transparent OLED technology
Heads up display
GPS system
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5.2 FUTURE SCOPE
Additional product ideas based on our FOLED technology (and TOLED transparent
OLED technology) include:
Foldable, electronic, daily-refreshable newspapers
Ultra-lightweight and thin, wall-size television monitors
Curved, high-contrast automotive instrumentation displays
Heads-up instrumentation for aircraft and automotive windshields
Office windows, walls and partitions that double as computer screens
Color-changing lighting panels and light walls for home and office
With FOLED technology development advancing well, initial flexible OLED products may be
ready for the market as soon as within the next few years. With continued product innovation
enabled by these new FOLED performance features, we believe that the potential may be much
greater.
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CHAPTER 6
MARKET
While prototypes of flexible displays have been available for several years, the first
commercial flexible flat panel display product has just become available in 2004 in the form of a
display in digital cameras by Kodak.7 Currently, most interest in flexible display is from the
military, where “smart” clothing for outdoor survival is highly desired. The public still thinks of
flexible flat panel display as “cool” but fictional. While flexible displays could capture revenues
in the growing handheld device market, much will depend on whether low-cost manufacturing
can be achieved. As for large area displays like computer monitor and electronic billboards,
much time and processing improvement will be needed before flexible display can take over.
Despite the obstacles, flexible display market is estimated to grow 5-7% over the next 2-5 years
and the current market projections range anywhere form $20,000-30,000 million by 2023.
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
As the components and manufacturing processes of flexible electronics mature, the
concept of flexible flat panel display will eventually become a reality. Flexible displays offer
tremendous advantages over conventional flat panel displays, like light weight, durability, low
power consumption, portability etc. In particular, OLED displays offer bright sharp images at
wide viewing angles and bright light, but are difficult to encapsulate. Gyricon and
electrophoretic displays have thin form factors and can be viewed at a great range of angels, but
their high resolution displays still require development. LCD displays are already mature, but
making the sandwich-structured device flexible is still challenging. Once technical difficulties
are overcome and roll to roll processing becomes feasible, flexible flat panel displays will widely
commercialize and enter all of our lives.
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