1. Electroni
c
Paper
(e-paper)
Presented by:
Pooja Tanwar
MCA (III Sem.)
Banasthali University,
Jaipur, Rajasthan

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Born of E-paper
• Construction of E-paper
• Front Plan
• Back Plan
• Technologies used so far
• Gyricon
• Electrophoretic display
• Electrowetting
• Electrofluidic display
• Interferometric modulator
(mirasol)
• Comparison of E-paper and
LCD
• Power consumption
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications
• Future
• Conclusion
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
 E-paper also known as electronic paper or electronic ink
display.
 Electronic paper is a portable, Re-usable display medium that
read like normal Paper.
 The father of e-paper was Nicholas K. Sheridon. He invent the
Gyricon material from which e-paper will be created.
 The e-paper was created in the era of 1974.
 Electronic paper is non-backlit, light-weight durable and
flexible in nature.
1.

4. What is non-backlit ?
• Non-backlit makes screen easier to read, consume less power
and usable in daylight.
2.

5. Born of E-Paper
This is the Gyricon material invented
by Nicholas K. Sheridon, with the help
of this material the E-paper will be
created.
In the 1970s, Xerox Palo Alto
Research Centre was a powerhouse
of innovation.
One of the first pieces of Gyricon
material to be made, about 2
centimetres on a side from the
1974 era. 3.

6. Construction of E-Paper
• It has two different parts:
1. Front Plane.
2. Back Plane.
• The front plane consist of E-Paper.
• The back plane consist of electronic circuits.
• Back Plane is made up of organic thin film transistor arrays
which provide voltage needed by the E-Paper.
• To form an E-Ink electronic display the ink is printed onto a
plastic film that is laminated to a layer of circuitry.
4.

7. Front Plan
• The Front Plan consist of E-Ink.
• E-Ink is made up of millions of tiny microcapsules.
• Microcapsules have diameter of the order of 100 microns.
• Each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles
and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid .
5.

8. 6.

9. 7.

10. Technologies proposed so far
8.

11. Gyricon
• It was the first electronic paper and was developed in 1970’s.
• Consists of polyethylene spheres having diameter between 75-106
micrometers.
• Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively charged
black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the
other (each bead is thus a dipole).
• These spheres are embedded in transparent silicone made sheet, with
each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely.
• The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then
determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the
pixel a white or black appearance.
9.

12. The spheres of the Gyricon display are trapped in the oil-filled
cavities of an elastomer. Positioning them with a positive or
negative voltage puts them into the reflecting [left] or light-
absorbing [right] black state. Prototypes have been fabricated
at Xerox' PARC.
10.

13. Electrophoretic Display
• Any kind of electrophoretic display relies on electrostatic migration
of light-scattering particles in a dyed colloidal suspension.
• When a positive voltage is applied, the particles migrate
electrostatically toward the electrode on the viewer side.
• If white light-scattering particles are used, a near-Lambertian
reflection can be obtained.
• When a negative voltage is applied, the particles move to the
electrode on the side away from the viewer and become hidden behind
the dye; the viewer sees the color of the dye.
• Once migration occurs under either polarity and the voltage is
removed, the white particles stay in place, creating a bistable memory
device.
11.

14. Electrowetting Display
 Based on the phenomenon of Electrowetting effect- controlling the
shape of a confined water/oil interface by an applied voltage.
 With no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil forms a flat film between
the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating coating of an
electrode, resulting in a coloured pixel.
 When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the
interfacial tension between the water and the coating changes. As a
result the stacked state is no longer stable, causing the water to move
the oil aside.
 This results in a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective white
surface is used under the switchable element, a white pixel.
12.

15. Electrowetting Display(Cont.)

16. Electrofluidic Displays
• Electrofluidic displays are a variation of an electrowetting display.
• Electrofluidic displays place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a
tiny reservoir.
• The reservoir comprises <5-10% of the viewable pixel area and
therefore the pigment is substantially hidden from view.
• Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out of the
reservoir and spread it as a film directly behind the viewing substrate.
• As a result, the display takes on color and brightness similar to that of
conventional pigments printed on paper.
13.

17. Electrofluidic Display(Cont.)
14.

18. Interferometric modulator (Mirasol)
• Technology used in electronic visual displays that can create various
colors via interference of reflected light.
• The color is selected with an electrically switched light modulator
comprising a microscopic cavity that is switched on and off using
driver integrated circuits similar to those used to address liquid crystal
displays (LCD).
15.

19. Mirasol Display
16.

20. Comparison Of E-paper & LCD
Electronic Ink Display Liquid Crystal Display
Wide viewing angle Best image only from one
position
Readable in sunlight Can be difficult to see in sunlight
Holds image without power drain Required power to hold images
Plastic or glass Glass only
Light Weight Power supply and glass make
LCDs relatively heavy
Thin (~1 mm) Thick (~7 mm)
17.

21. Power consumption
This analysis done for E ink triton.
Mechanical / Dimensional for 6" Display:
Electrical specifications:
Supply Voltage: 2.7—3.3 V DC
Power Consumption:
Active update peak: 1800 mW
Active update typical: 750 mW
Standby typical: 1 mW 18.

22. Advantages of E-paper
 High resolution, High contrast.
 Readable in any ambient light conditions.
 Readable at any viewing angle.
 Excellent ergonomic features, easy to hold, carry, and use.
 Light weight, at most comparable to an equal sized sheet of card.
19.

23. Advantages of E-paper(Cont.)
 Flexible, or at least bendable.
 Cheap, maybe not as cheap as paper, but easily affordable by
everyone.
 Reasonable large area, preferably A4.
 Once a display is written it will stay displayed even when power is
switched off.
 Due to use of e-paper the trees are saved.
20.

24. Disadvantages of E-paper
• Full color implementation- not yet.
• Implementation of video on it- not yet.
• Flexibility of the e-paper such that it can be rolled or folded- not
yet.
• Develop it as such that it will reflect infra red rays and the
documents can be read by using night vision camera only, or so
that it can be used by military and security purposes.
21.

25. Applications of E-paper
• Education : Digital school books
• Wristwatches
• Mobile Display
• Keyboard
• Computer Monitor
• Electronic Newspaper
• Smart Cards Display
• Electronic Shelf Label
• Electronic Billboards
• Digital Photo Frames
22.

26. Future of E-paper
 The next generation of e-
paper readers will add
color, include improved
hardware that can refresh
pages more quickly, and
have more
 Advanced wireless
capabilities.
 E-paper reader may soon
replace the age-old
newspaper & possibly,
Even certain types of
books.
23.

27. Future of E-paper
 The future smart mobile which is made from E-paper.
 In future we can see the direct
video paper 24.

28. Conclusion
 Electronic ink is not intended to diminish or do away with
traditional displays. Instead electronic ink will initially co-exist
with traditional paper and other display technologies.
 In the long run, electronic ink may have a multibillion-dollar
impact on the publishing industry.
 Ultimately electronic ink will permit almost any surface to become
a display, bringing information out of the confines of traditional
devices and into the world around us.
25.

29. References
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
 http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/portable-
devices/lighter-brighter-displays
 http://www.eink.com/technology.html
 http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B007RF5F0Q/ref=famstr
ipe_kp3
26.