Optical fiber communication involves transmitting light through thin glass or plastic fibers to carry information. Light is modulated to encode information and travels through the fiber's core via total internal reflection. At the receiver, the light is converted back to an electrical signal. Optical fibers allow much higher bandwidth than traditional copper cables and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Their small size and weight make them useful for long-distance telecommunications and high-speed networking.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Signal Degradation In Optical Fiber
Losses in an optical fibre:-
The types of losses in a optical fibre are
Attenuation loss
Absorption
Scattering
Bending loss
Dispersion loss
Coupling loss
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
New Frontiers in Optical Communication Systems and NetworksBehnam Shariati
The need for achieving more flexibility, higher capacity, programmability and embedded cognition at reasonable extra cost in future optical communication networks, is one of the immediate consequences of the overwhelming developments of real-time person-to-person and machine-to-machine interactions and online services. These features are expected to be introduced in the coming years with the emergence of:
• Tactile Internet as a set-horizon to be met in the 5th generation of mobile networks,
• Internet of Things based applications to build smart cities and brand-new style of living, and
• Giant data farms to store and process the ever-increasing generated data.
Since this progress impacts different tiers of the Internet backbone—and by now optical-based solutions have penetrated all of them—new optical networking solutions must be introduced in every tier/network segment to keep with the pace of these new developments. This presentation provides the recent trends and new horizons in that respect.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the working principle, types, classifications, merits, demerits, applications,safety and deployment issues related to Raman Amplifiers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Signal Degradation In Optical Fiber
Losses in an optical fibre:-
The types of losses in a optical fibre are
Attenuation loss
Absorption
Scattering
Bending loss
Dispersion loss
Coupling loss
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
New Frontiers in Optical Communication Systems and NetworksBehnam Shariati
The need for achieving more flexibility, higher capacity, programmability and embedded cognition at reasonable extra cost in future optical communication networks, is one of the immediate consequences of the overwhelming developments of real-time person-to-person and machine-to-machine interactions and online services. These features are expected to be introduced in the coming years with the emergence of:
• Tactile Internet as a set-horizon to be met in the 5th generation of mobile networks,
• Internet of Things based applications to build smart cities and brand-new style of living, and
• Giant data farms to store and process the ever-increasing generated data.
Since this progress impacts different tiers of the Internet backbone—and by now optical-based solutions have penetrated all of them—new optical networking solutions must be introduced in every tier/network segment to keep with the pace of these new developments. This presentation provides the recent trends and new horizons in that respect.
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a bidirectional, high speed , fully networked wireless communication technology similar to Wi-Fi. Li-Fi was first put forward by Professor Harald Haas,University of Edinburgh, during a TED Talk in 2011. Li-Fi is a form of visible light communication and a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC) and could be a complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or even a replacement in contexts of data broadcasting. It is so far measured to be about 100 times faster than some Wi-Fi implementations, reaching speeds of 224 gigabits per second.
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless-communication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication(VLC). The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smartphones to exchange data using light of varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten meters. For more recent trends in electronics please visit radeshyamece.blogspot.com
All about fibre optics prepares by some university students.It covers all the aspects of optical fibre which includes the working principle, advantages of optics, application and how total internal reflections occurs in a wire.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
1. Prof. V. Krishnakumar
Professor and Head
Department of Physics
Periyar University
Salem – 636 011
India
2. • is a method of transmitting information
from one place to another by sending light
through an optical fiber.
• The light forms an electromagnetic
carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information.
3. The process of communicating using fiber-optics
involves the following basic steps:
• Creating the optical signal using a
transmitter,
• relaying the signal along the fiber,
ensuring that the signal does not become
too distorted or weak,
• and receiving the optical signal and
converting it into an electrical signal.
4. Why Optical Fibers ?
As mans need and hunger for communication increased, the amount of bandwidth required
increased exponentially.
Initially we used smoke signals, then horse riders for communicating. But these ways were
way to slow and had very little bandwidth or data caring capacity.
Then came the telephone and telegraph that used copper wires for communication. But soon
demand out striped the capacity and capability of copper wires and data transport got added to
voice communication. Then came Coaxial copper cables, VHF and UHF Radios, Satellite but
demand still outstripped the supply.
It was not until Optical Fibers came on the scene that
large amount of communication bandwidth became
economically and easily available to everyone.
As an example 50,000 voice / data circuit copper cable
is massive in size and very expensive, while a single
Optical Fiber, the diameter of human hair, can carry
5,00,000 circuits of voice and data. This capacity is
increasing day by day as supporting electronics is
developing. In itself the capacity of Optical Fibers is
limitless.
5. • 1880 – Alexander Graham Bell
• 1930 – Patents on tubing
• 1950 – Patent for two-layer glass wave-guide
• 1960 – Laser first used as light source
• 1965 – High loss of light discovered
• 1970s – Refining of manufacturing process
• 1980s – OF technology becomes backbone of
long distance telephone networks in NA.
6. • An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or
plastic fiber that carries light along its
length.
• Light is kept in the "core" of the optical
fiber by total internal reflection.
7. • Optical fiber consists of a core, cladding,
and a protective outer coating, which
guides light along the core by
total internal reflection.
8. Core – thin glass center of the
fiber where light travels.
Cladding – outer optical
material surrounding the core
Buffer Coating – plastic
coating that protects
the fiber.
9. • The core, and the lower-refractive-index
cladding, are typically made of high-quality
silica glass, though they can both
be made of plastic as well.
10. • consists of three concentric sections
10
plastic jacket glass or plastic
cladding fiber core
12. • Contains one
or several
glass fibers at
its core
– Surrounding
the fibers is a
layer of glass
called
cladding
13. 3 TYPES OF OPTICAL
FIBERS
1. Plastic core and cladding
2. Glass core with plastic
cladding ( called PCS fiber-
Plastic Clad Silica )
3. Glass core and glass
cladding ( called SCS -
Silica Clad Silica )
14.
15. • Sunlight shines down
into the water
• Ray A comes from
straight up into the
water and does not
bend much
• Ray B comes at a
shallow angle and
bends a lot more
Fish3.gif
16. • The light ray
that comes
from the fish to
the origin
cannot escape
the water
• Total Internal
Reflection
17. Guiding Light With Water
• Light in a stream of
water stays inside the
water and bends with it
• This was first
demonstrated in the
1840s
18. • There is a critical angle at which
no light can be refracted at all,
so 100% of the light is reflected
• Light is trapped in the water and
cannot escape into the air
• This works with any dense
medium, such as plastic or glass,
the same way it works with water
• Image from glenbrook.k12.il.us
19. Snells Law
n 1 q 1 n
2 q
2
flection Condition
When n n and as increases eventually
goes to rees and
n n or nn
is called the Critical angle
For there is no propagating refracted ray
q q
q q
=
q q
q
q q
=
>
= =
>
1 3
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
1
1
:
sin sin
Re
90 deg
sin sin
c c
c
c
20.
21. • The minimum angle of incidence at which
a light ray ay strike the interface of two
media and result in an angle of refraction
of 90° or greater.
22. • The maximum angle in which external
light rays may strike the air/glass interface
and still propagate down the fiber.
23. • θin (max) = sin-1
• Where,
• θin (max) – acceptance angle (degrees)
• n1 – refractive index of glass fiber core (1.5)
• n2 – refractive index of quartz fiber cladding (1.46)
24. • Used to describe the light-gathering or
light-collecting ability of an optical fiber.
• In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of
an optical system is a
dimensionless number that characterizes
the range of angles over which the system
can accept or emit light
25. The numerical aperture in
respect to a point P depends
on the half-angle θ of the
maximum cone of light that
can enter or exit the lens.
26. • Two main categories
of optical fiber used
in fiber optic
communications are
multi-mode optical fiber
and
single-mode optical fiber
.
27. • Single-mode fibers – used to transmit
one signal per fiber (used in telephone and
cable TV). They have small cores(9
microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red
light from laser.
Index of
refraction
28. • Single-mode fiber’s smaller core (<10
micrometres) necessitates more
expensive components and
interconnection methods, but allows much
longer, higher-performance links.
29. • Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many
signals per fiber (used in computer
networks). They have larger cores(62.5
microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red
light from LED.
Index of
refraction
30. • Multimode fiber has a
larger core (≥ 50
micrometres), allowing
less precise, cheaper
transmitters and
receivers to connect to
it as well as cheaper
connectors.
31. • However, multi-mode fiber introduces
multimode distortion which often limits the
bandwidth and length of the link.
Furthermore, because of its higher dopant
content, multimode fiber is usually more
expensive and exhibits higher attenuation.
32. Elements of a Fiber Data Link
• Transmitter emits light pulses (LED or
Laser)
• Connectors and Cables passively carry
the pulses
• Receiver detects the light pulses
Cable
Transmitter Receiver
33. • LEDs produce incoherent light
• laser diodes produce coherent light.
34. • LED is a forward-biased p-n junction,
emitting light through
spontaneous emission, a phenomenon
referred to as electroluminescence.
• The emitted light is incoherent with a
relatively wide spectral width of 30-60 nm.
35. • LED light transmission is also inefficient, with
only about 1 % of input power, or about 100
microwatts, eventually converted into «launched
power» which has been coupled into the optical
fiber.
• However, due to their relatively simple design,
LEDs are very useful for low-cost applications.
36. • Communications LEDs are most commonly
made from gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP)
or gallium arsenide (GaAs)
• Because GaAsP LEDs operate at a longer
wavelength than GaAs LEDs (1.3 micrometers
vs. 0.81-0.87 micrometers), their output
spectrum is wider by a factor of about 1.7.
37. • LEDs are suitable primarily for
local-area-network applications with bit rates of
10-100 Mbit/s and transmission distances of a
few kilometers.
• LEDs have also been developed that use
several quantum wells to emit light at different
wavelengths over a broad spectrum, and are
currently in use for local-area WDM networks.
38. • A semiconductor laser emits light through
stimulated emission rather than
spontaneous emission, which results in
high output power (~100 mW) as well as
other benefits related to the nature of
coherent light.
39. • The output of a laser is relatively directional,
allowing high coupling efficiency (~50 %) into
single-mode fiber. The narrow spectral width
also allows for high bit rates since it reduces the
effect of chromatic dispersion. Furthermore,
semiconductor lasers can be modulated directly
at high frequencies because of short
recombination time.
40. • Laser diodes are often directly modulated,
that is the light output is controlled by a
current applied directly to the device.
41. • The main component of an optical
receiver is a photodetector that converts
light into electricity through the
photoelectric effect.
42. • The photodetector is typically a
semiconductor-based photodiode, such
as a p-n photodiode, a p-i-n photodiode,
or an avalanche photodiode.
43. • Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM)
photodetectors are also used due to their
suitability for circuit integration in
regenerators and wavelength-division
multiplexers.
44. Repeaters
• For long links, repeaters are needed to
compensate for signal loss
Fiber Fiber
Fiber Fiber
Repeater Repeater Repeater
45. • Thinner
• Less Expensive
• Higher Carrying
Capacity
• Less Signal
Degradation& Digital
Signals
• Light Signals
• Non-Flammable
• Light Weight
46. Much Higher Bandwidth (Gbps) - Thousands of
channels can be multiplexed together over one
strand of fiber
Immunity to Noise - Immune to electromagnetic
interference (EMI).
Safety - Doesn’t transmit electrical signals,
making it safe in environments like a gas
pipeline.
High Security - Impossible to “tap into.”
47. Less Loss - Repeaters can be spaced 75
miles apart (fibers can be made to have
only 0.2 dB/km of attenuation)
Reliability - More resilient than copper in
extreme environmental conditions.
Size - Lighter and more compact than
copper.
Flexibility - Unlike impure, brittle glass,
fiber is physically very flexible.
48. • greater capacity (bandwidth
up to 2 Gbps, or more)
• smaller size and lighter weight
• lower attenuation
• immunity to environmental
interference
• highly secure due to tap
difficulty and lack of signal
radiation
48
49. • Disadvantages
include the cost of
interfacing equipment
necessary to convert
electrical signals to
optical signals.
(optical transmitters,
receivers) Splicing
fiber optic cable is
also more difficult.
50. • expensive over short distance
• requires highly skilled installers
• adding additional nodes is difficult
50