Transmission system used for optical fibers Jay Baria
In this presentation I have explained various types of transmission system used for optical transmission and also described about the budget method that has to be followed while selecting an source for optical fibers and also about the factors that should be consider while selecting an source.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
Data Communications and Optical Network - ForouzanPradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy
Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
Transmission system used for optical fibers Jay Baria
In this presentation I have explained various types of transmission system used for optical transmission and also described about the budget method that has to be followed while selecting an source for optical fibers and also about the factors that should be consider while selecting an source.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the various dispersion mechanisms that are observed in optical fibers. Some fundamental terms and concepts are also discussed. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
Data Communications and Optical Network - ForouzanPradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy
Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
These are sample slides taken from my 4 days long "GPON-FTTx" training course. This course has over 380 slides and it is a great source of learning about various topics related to GPON & FTTx. There are tons of exercises and real-world examples provided in teaching material.
These slides present various communications and measurement technology applied for smart grid. Later of the class I will present the same at advance level.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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2. Network Terminology
• Stations are devices that network subscribers use to communicate.
• A network is a collection of interconnected stations.
• A node is a point where one or more communication lines terminate.
• A trunk is a transmission line that supports large traffic loads.
• The topology is the logical manner in which nodes are linked together by
information transmitting channels to form a network.
2
3. Segments of a Public Network
• A local area network interconnects users in a large room or work area, a department, a
home, a building, an office or factory complex, or a group of buildings.
• A campus network interconnects a several LANs in a localized area.
• A metro network interconnects facilities ranging from buildings located in several city
blocks to an entire city and the metropolitan area surrounding it.
• An access network encompasses connections that extend from a centralized switching
facility to individual businesses, organizations, and homes.
3
4. Protocol Stack Model
• The physical layer refers to a physical transmission medium
• The data link layer establishes, maintains, and releases links that directly
connect two nodes
• The function of the network layer is to deliver data packets from source to
destination across multiple network links.
4
5. Network Layering Concept
• Network architecture: The general physical arrangement and
operational characteristics of communicating equipment
together with a common set of communication protocols
• Protocol: A set of rules and conventions that governs the
generation, formatting, control, exchange, and interpretation
of information sent through a telecommunication network or
that is stored in a database
• Protocol stack: Subdivides a protocol into a number of
individual layers of manageable and comprehensible size
– The lower layers govern the communication facilities.
– The upper layers support user applications by structuring and
organizing data for the needs of the user.
5
6. Optical Layer
The optical layer is a wavelength-
based concept and lies just above
the physical layer
•The physical layer provides a physical
connection between two nodes
•The optical layer provides light path
services over that link
•The optical layer processes
include wavelength multiplexing,
adding and dropping wavelengths,
and support of optical switching
6
7. Synchronous Optical Networks
• SONET is the TDM optical network standard
for North America
• SONET is called Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) in the rest of the world
• SONET is the basic phycal layer standard
• Other data types such as ATM and IP can be
transmitted over SONET
• OC-1 consists of 810 bytes over 125 us; OC-
n consists of 810n bytes over 125 us
• Linear multiplexing and de-multiplexing is
possible with Add-Drop-Multiplexers
8. SONET/SDH
• The SONET/SDH standards enable the interconnection of fiber
optic transmission equipment from various vendors through
multiple-owner trunk networks.
• The basic transmission bit rate of the basic SONET signal is
• In SDH the basic rate is 155.52 Mb/s.
8
Basic formats of (a) an STS-N SONET frame and (b) an STM-N SDH frame
9. Common values of OC-N and STM-N
• OC stands for optical carrier. It has become common to refer
to SONET links as OC-N links.
• The basic SDH rate is 155.52 Mb/s and is called the
synchronous transport module—level 1 (STM-1).
9
10. Not to be confused with Wavelength ADM
SONET Add Drop Multiplexers
SONET ADM is a fully synchronous, byte
oriented device, that can be used add/drop
OC sub-channels within an OC-N signal
Ex: OC-3 and OC-12 signals can be individually
added/dropped from an OC-48 carrier
11. SONET/SDH Rings
• SONET and SDH can be configured as either a ring or mesh architecture
• SONET/SDH rings are self-healing rings because the traffic flowing along a
certain path can be switched automatically to an alternate or standby
path following failure or degradation of the link segment
• Two popular SONET and SDH networks:
– 2-fiber, unidirectional, path-switched ring (2-fiber UPSR)
– 2-fiber or 4-fiber, bidirectional, line-switched ring (2-fiber or 4-fiber BLSR)
Generic 2-fiber
UPSR with a
counter-rotating
protection path
12. 2-Fiber UPSR Basics
Ex: Total capacity OC-12 may be divided to
four OC-3 streams, the OC-3 is called a path here
Node 1-2
OC-3
Node 2-4; OC-3
13. 2-Fiber UPSR Protection
• Rx compares
the signals
received via the
primary and
protection paths
and picks the
best one
• Constant
protection and
automatic
switching
14. BLSR Recovery from Failure
Modes
• If a primary-ring device fails in either node 3 or 4, the affected nodes detect a loss-
of-signal condition and switch both primary fibers connecting these nodes to the
secondary protection pair
• If an entire node fails or both the primary and protection fibers in a given span are
severed, the adjacent nodes switch the primary-path connections to the
protection fibers, in order to loop traffic back to the previous node.
14
16. BLSR Fiber-Fault Reconfiguration
In case of failure, the secondary fibers between
only the affected nodes (3 & 4) are used, the
other links remain unaffected
17. BLSR Node-Fault Reconfiguration
If both primary and secondary are cut, still the
connection is not lost, but both the primary and
secondary fibers of the entire ring is occupied
18. Generic SONET network
Large National
Backbone
City-wide
Local Area
Versatile SONET equipment
are available that support wide
range of configurations, bit rates
and protection schemes
19. Passive Optical Networks
• In general, there is no O/E conversion between the
transmitter and the receiver (one continuous light path) in
PON networks
• Only passive elements used to configure the network
• Power budget and rise time calculations has to be done
from end-to-end
• There are star, bus, ring, mesh & tree topologies
• Currently PON Access Networks are deployed widely and
the word PON means mainly the access nw.
The PON will still need higher layer protocols (Ethernet/IP
etc.) to separate multiple users
21. Star, Tree & Bus Networks
• Tree networks are widely deployed in the
access front
• Tree couplers are similar to star couplers
(expansion in only one direction; no splitting
in the uplink)
• Bus networks are widely used in LANs
• Ring networks (folded buses with protection)
are widely used in MAN
• Designing ring & bus networks is similar
22. Network Elements of PON
• Passive Power Coupler/Splitter: Number of
input/output ports and the power is split in different
ratios.
– Ex: 2X2 3-dB coupler; 80/20 coupler
• Star Coupler: Splits the incoming power into
number of outputs in a star network
• Add/Drop Bus Coupler: Add or drop light wave
to/from an optical bus
• All Optical Switch: Divert the incoming light wave
into a particular output
23. Star Network
Power Budget:
Worst case power budget need to be satisfied
Ps-Pr = 2lc + α(L1+L2) + Excess Loss + 10 Log N + System Margin
24. Linear Bus Network
,
10log ( 1) 2 ( 2) 2o
C thru TAP i
L N
P
N L NL N L L NL
P
α
= − + + − + +
Ex. 12.1
25. Add-Drop Bus-Coupler Losses
Connector loss (Lc) = 10Log (1-Fc)
Tap loss (Ltap) = -10 Log (CT)
Throughput loss (Lth) = -20 Log (1-CT)
Intrinsic loss (Li) = -10 Log (1-Fi)
26. Linear Bus versus Star Network
• The loss linearly increases with N in bus
networks while it is almost constant in star
networks (Log(N))
27. Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
• A passive optical network (PON) uses CWDM over a single
bidirectional optical fiber.
• Only passive optical components guide traffic from the central
office to the customer premises and back to the central office.
– In the central office, combined data and digitized voice are sent
downstream to customers by using a 1490-nm wavelength.
– The upstream (customer to central office) uses a 1310-nm wavelength.
– Video services are sent downstream using a 1550-nm wavelength.
27
28. Active PON Modules
• The optical line termination (OLT) is located in a central office and controls
the bidirectional flow of information across the network.
• An optical network termination (ONT) is located directly at the customer
premises.
– The ONT provides an optical connection to the PON on the upstream
side and to interface electrically to the local customer equipment.
• An optical network unit (ONU) is similar to an ONT, but is located near the
customer and is housed in an outdoor equipment shelter.
28
29. PON Protection Methods
PON failure protection
mechanisms include a
fully redundant 1 + 1
protection and a
partially redundant
1:N protection.
29
30. WDM Networks
• Single fiber transmits multiple
wavelengths WDM Networks
• One entire wavelength (with all the data)
can be switched/routed
• This adds another dimension; the
Optical Layer
• Wavelength converters/cross
connectors; all optical networks
• Note protocol independence
31. Basic WDM PON Architectures
• Broadcast and Select: employs passive
optical stars or buses for local networks
applications
– Single hop networks
– Multi hop networks
• Wavelength Routing: employs advanced
wavelength routing techniques
– Enable wavelength reuse
– Increases capacity
32. Single hop broadcast and select WDM
• Each Tx transmits at a different fixed wavelength
• Each receiver receives all the wavelengths, but
selects (decodes) only the desired wavelength
• Multicast or broadcast services are supported
• Dynamic coordination between the TX & RX and
tunable filters at the receivers are required
Star Bus
33. A Single-hop Multicast WDM Network
Multiple receivers may be listening to the same
wavelength simultaneously
The drawback in single hop WDM networks,
Number of nodes = Number of wavelengths
34. WDM Multi-hop
Architecture
Four node broadcast and select multihop network
Each node transmits at fixed set of wavelengths and
receive fixed set of wavelengths
Multiple hops required depending on destination
Ex. Node1 to Node2: N1N3 (λ1), N3N2 (λ6)
No tunable filters required but throughput is less
35. Data Packet
In multihop networks, the source and destination
information is embedded in the header
These packets may travel asynchronously
(Ex. ATM)
36. Shuffle Net
Shuffle Net a popular
multihop topology
Nλ = (# of nodes) X
(λper node)
Max. # of hops =
2(#of-columns) –1
(-) Large # of λ’s
(-) High splitting loss
Ex: A two column shuffle net
Max. 2 X 2 - 1= 3 hops
between any two nodes
37. Wavelength
Routing
• The limitation is
overcome by:
– λ reuse,
– λ routing and
– λ conversion
• As long as the logical
paths between nodes
do not overlap they
can use the same λ
Most long haul networks use wavelength routing
WL Routing requires optical switches, cross connects
etc.
38. Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing
• An optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) allows the insertion or extraction
of one or more wavelengths from a fiber at a network node.
• Most OADMs are constructed using WDM elements such as a series of
dielectric thin-film filters, an AWG, a set of liquid crystal devices, or a
series of fiber Bragg gratings used in conjunction with optical circulators.
• The OADM architecture depends on factors such as the number of
wavelengths to be dropped/added, the OADM modularity for upgrading
flexibility, and what groupings of wavelengths should be processed.
38
39. Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM)
• ROADMs can be reconfigured by a network operator within
minutes from a remote network-management console.
• ROADM architectures include wavelength blockers, arrays of
small switches, and wavelength-selective switches.
• ROADM features:
– Wavelength dependence. When a ROADM is independent of
wavelength, it is colorless or has colorless ports.
– ROADM degree is the number of bidirectional multiwavelength
interfaces the device supports. Example: A degree-2 ROADM has 2
bidirectional WDM interfaces and a degree-4 ROADM supports 4
bidirectional WDM interfaces.
– Express channels allow a selected set of wavelengths to pass through
the node without the need for OEO conversion.
39
41. Optical Burst Switching
• Optical burst switching provides an efficient solution for
sending high-speed bursty traffic over WDM networks.
• Bursty traffic has long idle times between the busy periods in
which a large number of packets arrive from users.
41
42. A 12X12 Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)
Incoming
wavelengths can
be dropped or
routed to any
desired output
43. Optical Cross Connects (OXC)
• Works on the optical domain
• Can route high capacity wavelengths
• Switch matrix is controlled electronically
• Incoming wavelengths are routed either to
desired output (ports 1-8) or dropped (9-12)
• Local wavelengths can be added
• What happens when both incoming fibers have
a same wavelength? (contention)
44. Ex: 4X4 Optical cross-connect
Wavelength switches are electronically configured
Wavelength conversion to avoid contention
45. IP over DWDM
• Early IP networks had redundant management functions in each layer, so
this layering method was not efficient for transporting IP traffic.
• An IP-SONET-DWDM architecture using Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS) provides for the efficient designation, routing, forwarding, and
switching of traffic flows through the network.
46. Optical Ethernet
• The IEEE has approved the 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) standard.
• The first mile is the network infrastructure that connects business or
residential subscribers to the CO of a telecom carrier or a service provider.
Three EFM physical transport
schemes are:
1.Individual point-to-point
(P2P) links
2.A single P2P link to multiple
users
3.A single bidirectional PON