There are two main types of optical fiber signal loss: scattering and absorption. Scattering losses include Rayleigh scattering caused by molecular irregularities and Mie scattering caused by larger defects. Absorption losses are caused by intrinsic material properties like ultraviolet and infrared absorption in silica glass, as well as extrinsic impurities introduced during manufacturing. Proper fiber design and high material purity can minimize these signal losses to enable effective optical fiber communication.

1. BY:Sagar Adroja

2. 1.Linear Scattering Losses
Rayleigh Scattering losses
MIE Scattering losses
2.Absorption Losses
Ultraviolet Abosorption
Infared Absorption
Ion Resonance Absorption

3. Q. What is a
Light Scattering?
The propagation of light through the core of an
optical fiber is based on total internal
reflection of the lightwave. Rough and
irregular surfaces, even at the molecular
level, can cause light rays to be reflected in
random directions. This is called diffuse
reflection or scattering, and it is typically
characterized by wide variety of reflection
angles.

4. Linear Scattering

6. Light Scattering typically
characterized by wide variety of
reflection angles.
Light scattering depends on
the wavelength of the light being
scattered.
Basically, scattering losses are caused by
the interaction of light with density
fluctuations within a fiber. Density
changes are produced when optical fibers
are manufactured.

7. 
The scattering of light in optical
quality glass fiber is caused by
molecular level irregularities
(compositional fluctuations) in the glass
structure.
There are tow types of scattering Losses.
(1)Rayleigh scattering Losses.
(2)MIE scattering Losses.

8. 
Atoms and other particles inevitably scatter
some of the light that hits them. The light
isn't absorbed, just sent in another direction
in a process called Rayleigh scattering, after
the British physicist Lord Rayleigh, as shown
in Figure.

9. Rayleigh scattering of light.

10. However, the distinction between
scattering and absorption doesn't matter
much if you are trying to send light
through a fiber, because the light is lost
from the fiber in either case.
Scattering depends not on the specific type
of material but on the size of the particles
relative to the wavelength of light.

11. The closer the wavelength is to the particle size,
the more scattering. In fact, the amount of
scattering increases quite rapidly as the
wavelength decreases. For a transparent solid,
the scattering loss in decibels per kilometer is
given by
where A is a constant depending on the
material.

12. Rayleigh scattering is more evident after sunset.

13. Rayleigh scattering causes the blue hue of the daytime sky and the reddening of the sun at sunset

14. Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in the
atmosphere causes diffuse sky
radiation, which is the reason for the blue
color of the sky and the yellow tone of the
sun itself.
Scattering by particles similar to or larger than
the wavelength of light is typically treated by
the Mie theory or the discrete dipole
approximation.

15. v
If the size of the defet is greater than
one-tenth of the wavelength of
light,the scattering mechanism is
called MIE Scattering.
Mie scattering ,caused by these large
defects in the fiber core,scatters light
out of the fiber core.

16. The irregularities in the core,cladding interface,
Their refractive index difference along the fiber
Length,diameter fluctuation.
There all are irregularities produced these mie
scattering.

17. Removing imperefctions due to glass
manufacturing process.
Carefully controlled extrusion and coating of
the fiber.
Increase the fiber guidance ,which depends on
refractive index difference.

18. Absorption is a major cause of signal loss in an
optical fiber.
Absorption is defined as the portion of
attenuation resulting from the conversion of
optical power into another energy form, such
as heat.

19. Imperfections in the atomic structure of the
fiber material
The intrinsic or basic fiber-material properties
The extrinsic (presence of impurities) fibermaterial properties

20. Imperfections in the atomic structure induce
absorption by the presence of missing molecules
or oxygen defects.
Is also induced by the diffusion of hydrogen
molecules into the glass fiber. Since intrinsic and
extrinsic material properties are the main cause of
absorption, they are discussed further.

21. 
Intrinsic absorption is caused by basic fibermaterial properties.
If an optical fiber were absolutely pure, with no
imperfections or impurities, then all absorption
would be intrinsic.
Intrinsic absorption sets the minimal level of
absorption.

22. In fiber optics, silica (pure glass) fibers are used
predominately. Silica fibers are used because of
their low intrinsic material absorption at the
wavelengths of operation.

23. 
In silica glass, the wavelengths of operation
range from 700 nanometers (nm) to 1600 nm.
This wavelength of operation is between two
intrinsic absorption regions.
The first region is the ultraviolet region (below
400-nm wavelength). The second region is
the infrared region (above 2000-nm
wavelength).

24. Intrinsic absorption in the ultraviolet region is caused
by electronic absorption bands. Basically, absorption
occurs when a light particle (photon) interacts with an
electron and excites it to a higher energy level. The tail
of the ultraviolet absorption band is shown in figure.
The main cause of intrinsic absorption in the infrared
region is the characteristic vibration frequency of
atomic bonds. In silica glass, absorption is caused by
the vibration of silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bonds. The
interaction between the vibrating bond and the
electromagnetic field of the optical signal causes
intrinsic absorption. Light energy is transferred from
the electromagnetic field to the bond.

25. Extrinsic absorption is caused by impurities
introduced into the fiber material.
Trace metal impurities, such as iron, nickel,
and chromium, are introduced into the fiber
during fabrication.
Extrinsic absorption is caused by the
electronic transition of these metal ions from
one energy level to another.

26. Silica (pure glass) fibers are used because of
their low intrinsic material absorption at the
wavelengths of operation. This wavelength of
operation is between two intrinsic absorption
regions.

27. Bending the fiber also causes attenuation.
Bending loss is classified according to the
bend radius of curvature: microbend loss or
macrobend loss.

28. Macrobend losses are observed when a fiber
bend's radius of curvature is large compared to
the fiber diameter.
Fiber sensitivity to bending losses can be
reduced. If the refractive index of the core is
increased, then fiber sensitivity decreases.
Sensitivity also decreases as the diameter of the
overall fiber increases. However, increases in the
fiber core diameter increase fiber sensitivity.
Fibers with larger core size propagate more
modes. These additional modes tend to be more
lossy.